Quan điểm của chủ nghĩa Mác về sự biến đổi giai cấp công nhân - giá trị lý luận và ý nghĩa thực tiến hiện nay.pdf

TAP CHf PHATTRigN NHAN LLfC - S6 3(56)2017 NGH! QUYET CUA BANG VA THlTC TIEN CUOC SONG QUAN DIEM CUA CHU NGHIA MAC VE SU BIEN Odl GIAI CAP CONG N H A N -GIATR! LY LUAN VAY N G H I A T H I / C TIEN HIEN NAY TS PHAM VAN GIANG hon so vdi cac hinh thdc bdc lot cdc xa hdi cd giai cdp trudc dd Chinh mdu thuSn quan hd san xudt da 1dm xudt hien nhiing "cudc dau tranh gifta nha tu ban vd ngudi cdng nhan lam thug bat dau eung vdi ban than cdc quan he tu ban ehu nghia."'^' Mdc dil vdy, nhCtng cudc ddu tranh ciia cdng nhdn luc v5n chua cd u'nh chat giai cdp cua giai cap vd san theo dung nghia, vi ban thdn giai cap cdng nhan Idc ndy chua "thdnh hinh" ddy dd Giai cap cong nhdn chua trd thdnh mdt khdi ddng nhat, nhftng cdng nhdn lam vide "tai nhd" it nhieu hp ddc lap tuong ddi vd mdt kinh te, tay cdn cd nhftng tu ligu san xuat cua ridng minh Vi vay, ea nhiing cudc d^u tranh cdng khai vdn khdng the coi dd Id phong trao cdng nhan Khi danh gjd ve phong trao cdng nhdn thdi ky nay, Cac Mdc cho rang, "cudc ddu tranh gjai cdp cdn d trang thdi tiem tdng, hode ehi mdi bde Id nhftng bieu hien don nhdt md thdi."''*' Bdi vi, "Idc dau, nhfing didu kidn kinh te da bien quan chungnhan dan thdnh nhftng ngudi lao ddng Su thdng tri cua tu ban da tao cho quan chiing ay mdt hoan canh chung, nhflng loi ich chung Vay Id quan chdng ay da Id mpt giai cdp ddi ldp vdi tu ban, nhung chua phai la mdt giai cdp vi nd."'^' Giai doan mdi cua su phat trien giai cdp cong nhdn gdn lidn vdi qud trinh phat trien ciia chii nghia tu ban cdng nghiep, duoc danh dau b&ng cude each mang cdng nghidp vao cudi the ky XVIII ddu die ky XDC, cu the la gan vdi su lan rdng cua san xuat cdng xudng, giai cap cong nhan cdng nghiep xuat hi$n Thdi ky ndy, giai cap cdng nhdn cdng nghigp khde ve cdn ban so vdi cdng nhdn 1dm thue thdi ky cdng trudng thu cong, hg Id nhiing ngudi true tiep san xu^t hodn todn tdch khdi tu lieu san xuat Nhflng mdu diudn vd loi ieh kinh te - xd hdi gifla giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap tu san cdng sau s^e da lam eho giai c^p cdng nhdn thuc su thay dupe ban chat bdc lot cua chu nghia tu ban, Xii dd hp tftng budc y thftc dupe dia vi, vai tro lich sft eua minh Id phai dau tranh Idt dd giai cap tu san, xod bd chd dd tu ban chd nghia d^ xay dung che dd xd hdi mdi Qua nhCttig thdt bai cdc phong trSo thuc tien dau tranh, giai cdp cdng nhan cdng giac ngd vd dat den trinh dp sdng tao 1^ luan, di den xay diing to chfic chinh tri ddc l^p de td ehftc va lanh dao phong Udo dau tranh tU '" V.I Lenin: Toan f^, Nxb, Ti6n bp, Mat-xco-va 1976, tap 3, giai phdng giai cap minh, ddng thdi giai phong trang 552-553 "' C.Mac-Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Ngi 1993, tap 23, trang 529 '" C.Mac-Ph.Angghen' Toan lap Nxb, Chinh trj qu6c gia Ha N0i 1993, tap 23, trang 612 '^' C.Mac-Ph.Angghen: Toan lap, Nxb, Chinh trj quoc gia, HaN?i 1993, tap 23, trang 25 '*! CMac-Ph.Angghen: Toan Igp, Nxb Chinh tri quo": S'^' Ha Noi 1995, tap trang 256 PHAM VAN GIANG- QUAN DIEM CUA CHU NGHIA MAC toan xd hdi, thi luc dd giai cdp cdng nhan da trd cao ban so vdi dai bd phdn cong nhan cdng thdnh giai c^p "vi no" Cae Mae cho rdng, "trong nghiep."'^' Do dd, Cac Mac ban ve giai cap cudc ddu tranh - ma chftng ta chi ndu Ifin vai giai cdng nhan da dung den nhiing khai niem "cdng doan - quan chung ay tap hpp lai, tu hpp nhdn thuong nghidp"'^"'; "giai cap dong dao thdnh giai cap vi nd Nhfing loi ich ma nd bao nhOmg ngudi gjdm ddc cdng nghiep va thuong v6, trd nhufng loi ich giai cap Ma cudc nghidp""" ddu tranh gifta giai cdp vdi giai cap Id mdt cudc Vetinhtdt ydu cua xu hudng tri thfic hda cdng ddu tranh chinh tri."'^' Do dd, vdi su ddi ciia nhan, thu gfti Dai hdi qudc te cac sinh chu nghia Mac vd nhftng td chfte cb'nh tri dau vien xa hdi ehu nghia, PhAngghen da de cap tidn, thi luc giai cap cdng nhdn mdi chuyen den thuat ngft "giai cdp vd san lao ddng tri dc" tft d^u tranh "tu phat" len dau tranh "tu giac" (das intellektuelle Proletariat) vidt: "Cac ban mdi "thdnh hinh" vdi tu each la giai cdp chfnh hay cd gang lam cho nidn y thftc dupe tri - xa hdi rang giai cap vd san lao ddng tri dc phai dupe Cdng vdi qua trinh phat trien cua phuang hinh tfi hang ngu sinh vien, giai cap thftc san xudt tu ban chu nghia, tfi gifta the cd sft mdnh phai kd vai sat cdnh vd cftng diing ky XIX gjai cdp cdng nhdn ngdy cdng cd them mdt ddi ngft vdi nhiing ngudi anh em cua nhung bidu hign mdi, "cdng nghiep hien hp, nhftng ngudi cdng nhdn lao ddng chdn tay, dai da bidn xudng thp nhd ciia ngudi thp ca ddng vai trd quan trpng cudc cdch mang gia trudng cdng xudng Idn ciia nha tu sap tdi day."'^^^^ Bdi vi "su nghiep giai phdng giai ban cdng nghidp, nhOtng nhdtieucdng nghidp, cap cong nhdn cdn can phai cd nhiing bac si, tidu thuong nghidp va ngudi thuc loi nhd, thp ky su, nhd hda hpc, ndng hpc va cac chuyen thil cdng va ndng ddn la nhihig tdng ldp dudi gia khde, vi van de la phai nam lay viec quan Iy eua tdng ldp trung dang xua kia, ddu roi xudng khdngphai cbi bd may chinh tri, ma cdn ca toan hang ngft gjai cdp vd san."''' Bdi vi, vdi "sd vdn it bd ndn san xudt xa hdi nfia, vd d ddy cdn nhihig di ciia hp khdng du cho phep hp quan Y} nhftng kidn thfic vung chdc chft khdng phai nhung ldi XI nghidp dai cdng nghiep."'^' Do do, rdng."'"' phdn eua giai cap vd san mdt da dang, Khi lue luong san xuat phat tridn cang la vd san cdng nghiep hay vd san thi, vd dat den trinh dp xa hdi hda, thi quan he san xuat san ndng nghiep va ca cdng nhdn cdng trudng tu ban chu nghia cung tat yeu phai cd su bien thu cdng ddi, dd cd sir bien ddi quan he sd Den nhftng thap nien nfla sau the ky XIX, hiiu Trong dieu kien dd Cac Mac cho rang, viec luc luong san xuat cd nhOtng budc phat cdng nhdn cd s6 huu co phan "la diem qua dp phat trien mdi, thi giai cap cdng nhan cd su t^t nhien de tuban lai chuyen sd huu cua bien ddi, phdn tang ve nghe nghiep va trinh dp nhung ngudi san xuat, nhung khdng phai vdi Trong dieu kidn dd, xem xet qua trinh luu tu each la sd huu tu nhdn cua nhung ngudi san thdng eua tu ban, Cac Mac da coi "nhan vidn tac gia: Phong trao cong nhan quoc te - nhiing van de van phdng, nhdn vien thuong nghiep va nhdn '"lichNhifiu sit va Iy ludn, Nxb Chinh tn qu6c gia, Ha N6i 2004, vien ky thuat cd trinh dp lanh nghe va hpe vdn tip 2, trang 97 ''^ C.Mac-Ph.Angghen Toan tdp, Nxb, Chfnh tn qu6c gia, Ha Ngi 1995,tap4,trang256, '" C Mdc-Ph,Angghen: Toan 0p, Nxb, Chinhttjquoc gia Ha N6i 1995, t ^ 4, trang 606 *'' C.Mac-Ph-Angghen Toan tap, Nxb Chinh tn quoc gia Ha Noi 1995, tap 4, trang 606 ""'C Mac-Ph.Angghen: Toan lap, Nxb Cliinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi 1994, tap 25, p h k I, trang 444, "" C,Mac-Phj\ngghen: Toan Igp Nxb, Chinh tij quoc gia Ha Ngi 1994, lap 25, phJin I,ttmig595, '''' C Mac-Ph.Angghen Toan tap, Nxb, Chinh tn quoc gia, Hi N6i 1995, tap 22, trang 613 *"' C.Mac-Ph Angghen: Toan lap, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Noi 1995, tap 22, trang 613-614 PHAM VAN GIANG - QUAN DiJM CUA CHO NGHIA MAC xuat rieng le nfla, md vdi tu each Id sd hfiu cua nhung ngudi san xuat hen hiep, sd hCai xa hdi true tidp."''^' Nghia Id sd hfiu xd hdi hod, hay xa hoi hod tu lieu san xudt de dap ftng yeu cau ngdy cdng phat trien ciia luc lupng san xuat Vd sau, VLLenin da bd sung nhttng thudc tiiih mdi cua giai c^p cdng nhan thdi dai de qudc chu ngbia vd each mang vd san, dac biet Id didu kien chii nghia xa hdi hien thue Theo VLLenin, sir phdn chia giai cap xa hdi phai dua vao dia vi vd su khde cua cac tap dodn ngudi ttong quan hd ddi vdi chd dp sd hCtu tu lieu san xuat, ttong quan he ddi vdi td ehftc, quan ly san xuat vd quan hd phdn phdi san pham Vi vdy VLLenin khdng dinh, sau cdch mang vd san thdnh cdng, giai cap cdng nhdn da ttd didnh giai cap cam quyen, dia vi kinh te - xa hdi cua giai cap cdng nhdn hodn toan thay doi, tfi than phdn nd Id lam thud ttd giai cap thdng tri vd chinh tri, thdng qua dpi tien phong la Dang Cdng san lanh dao toan xa hpi, cai tao xa hpi eft, xay dung xa hpi mdi Va cdch mang xd hdi chu nghia Thdng Mudi Nga vi dai Idn dau tien lich sfi da kh4ng dinh nen chuyen chinh vd san, lap nen mdt ki^u nha nude mdi - nha nude xd hdi chu nghia giai e^p cdng nhan va nhdn ddn lao ddng ldp nen Day Id su kien ma "tfi ttudc eho tdi Iftc bdy gid chfia he cd ttong lich sfi cdch mang the gidi."''^' Trong chd dd xa hdi mdi - xd hpi xd hdi chu nghia, giai c^p cdng nhdn ttd thdnh giai cap lanh dao, la ngudi 1dm chii xa hdi nhd tu ban vd bi giai cdp tu san bdc lot gia tri thang du, cd sft mdnh xoa bd che dp tu ban chu nghia, xdy dung che dp xa hdi mdi Trong chij nghia xa hpi, giai cap cdng nhdn Id nhiing ngitcii lam chu, lanh dao xa hdi thdng qua dpi tifin phong Dang Cpng san, cimg vdi nhdn dan lao ddng xay dung che dp xa hdi mdi - xd hdi xahoi chu nghia va cpng san chu ngbia Tft phan tich tren day cho thdy, giai c^p cdng nhan Id pham tru lich sfi, ndn ttong qua trinh phat tnen se cd them nhiing bieu hidn, dac trung mdi Do dd, luc lupng san xudt ng^y eang phat trien, giai cap cdng nhan cflng duoc nang eao ve ttinh dp hpc van vd chuyen mOn, vdi tu each Id mdt bd phdn cdu thdnh ciia luc lupng san xuat hidn dai Didu da dupe chu nghia Mac du bao lire luong san xudt phat tridn ddn ttinh dp khoa hpc - ky thuat trd lue lupng san xu^t true tiep Ngdy nay, didu dang ttd thdnh hien thuc va Id xu hudng ph^t ttien tat yeu cua the gidi duong dai, d cac nude tu ban chu nghia phdt tridn, hien tupng cdng nhdn "cd cdn" "cd tr^ng" "cd hongf Id bidn Cdng nhan ttuydn thdng cang giam di ttong co cau cua giai cdp cdng nhan, xu hudng dang ngdy cdng ttd tat yeu khoa hpc va cdng nghd dang ngdy cdng trd thdnh luc lupng san xuat true tidp Viec rut ngdn khoang cdch gifla nghien cftu khoa hpc va san xuat da ddn den mdt thue td, cdc nhd nghien ciiu, sang che, cac ky su, ky thuat vien cao c^p gia nhdp vdo hang ngfl giai cdp cdng nhan Cd the ndi, theo quan didm cua chd nghia eang ddng Dd la nhung cdng nhdn lao dpng tri Mac - Lenin, giai cap cdng nhan Id nhung ngudi dc, hay cdn gpi la cdng nhdn tri thftc Rd rdng giai lao dpng nen san xudt cdng ngliifip ngdy cap cdng nhan da md rdng vupt khdi pham cang hien dai, bien ddi vd phat tridn cung vdi trd nghd nghiep cua giai cap vd san Su thu nho su phdt tridn cua luc lupng san xudt Trong chu cda giai cap cdng nhan cdng nghiep cd nghia nghia tu ban giai cap cdng nhan khdng cd bode la su Idn Idn cua giai cap d nhflng nganh khdng sd hflu tu lieu san xuat chu yeu cua xa nghe mdi Giai cap cdng nhan ndu trudc ddy hdi, de sdng budc phai bdn sftc lao dpng eho chu yeu lao ddng bang cdng cu truydn thong, thi hien nhflng nude phat tridn chu yeu '"" C,Mdc-Ph.Angghen' Toan tgp Nxb Chinh In quoc gia, Ha N§i Id vdn hdnh nhung ddy chuydn san xuat cong 1994, t ^ 25, phk I, liang 668 nghiep hien dai Day Id xu hudng van dong t^l "^' VI.Lenin: Toan tdp, Nxb Tign bo, Mat-xca-va 1976, tiip 35, trang 284 PHAM VAN GIANG - QUAN DI^M CUA CHU NGHTA MAC yeu cua lich sft ndi chung va cua giai cdp cdng nhdn ndiridng.Khai niem giai cap cdng nhdn tfl dd dupe md rdng, bd sung them npi ham, dd Id cong nhdn tri thftc Vi vdy, khdng the ndi giai cap cdng nhdn da "hda nhdp" vdo tang ldp tri thfic, bi ngudi may vd cdc ddy chuydn cdng nghd tu dpng hda thay thd Giai cap cdng nhdn hidn vdn la dai bieu cua liic lupng san xudt hidn dai, cd sfi menh dau ttanh xda bd che dd dp bfic bdc lot, xdy dung che dp xa hdi dan ehu, cdng being, van minh, vi ngudi Theo quy luat luc lupng san xuat phat tridn cang raang tinh xa hpi hda, thi cd phan hda ttong td chfic, qudn ly san xuat Id tat yeu, tung budexa hdi hda sdhOrutu lidu san xuat lao ddng tao ra, la budc qua dp Idn chu ngbia xa hdi Tuy nhidn, ndn san xudt tu ban chu nghia, vide ed ph^n hda da va dang dupe giai cdp tu san thuc hien nhu la mot bien phap nham dieu ehinh quan he san xuat, dieu chinh each thfic bde lot, bdng viec nhupng lai cho ngudi lao dpng mpt it cd phan Dieu vfta de xoa diuxung dot quan he gifia chu vdi thp, ddng thdi day ciing la mpt hmh thftc huy ddng gja tri cua chu nghia tu ban VI.Lenin cho rang, "su dan chu hoa viec sd hfiu ed phieu thuc chi la mdtttongnhCmg phuong phap tang them uy lire cho bpn dau sd tdi chinh."''^' Xet tten thiic te, sd cd phan ma ngudi cdng nhdn cd nhd hon rat nhieu so vdi tdng tu bdn fing ra, nen cdng nhan thudng khdng dupe tham gia dai hpi cd ddng, khdng dupe tham gia vdo qud trinh phdn phdi ket qua san xuat Vd hinh trung, giai cap cdng nhan hi tudc doat quydn vd bdc lot dudi mdt hmh thfic tinh vi hdn didu kien phdt trien mdi cua chu nghia tu ban \^ thuc te hodn toan chiing thuc nhiimg y kien cua Lenin phe phan nhiing ly thuyet tu san - cai luong vd "dan chu hod tfi bdn" ma ngudi ta nan nham td didm cho chu nghia de qudc va lam lu md sir thdng tri cua cdc td chfte ddc quydn, Bpn trum tft ban dang Ipi dung viec luu hanh rdng rai nhiing cd phieu nhd de tang cudng bdc lot va Ifta hip nhdn dan, de lam giau cho chiing Trai vdi nliGng ldi tuyen bd cua bd mdy myen truyen tu san ndi rdng cac nude de qudc chu nghia hidn nay, nhiing cd phieu nhd ("nhan ddn") dang luu hdnh rdng rai, ttong thuc te chi cd mdt sd it cdng nhdn lanh nghd - nhftng dai bidu ciia cdi gpi la tdng ldp cong nhdn quy tdc mdi cd thd mua dupe cd phieu Chang han nhu d Hpp chimg qudc Hoa Ky nam 1958 cd khoang nfta trieu gia dinh cdng nhdn cd cd phieu, nhung gia tri cua nhflng cd phieu dd chi chiem 0,2% tdng gia tri ciia todn bd cd phieu cd nude Trong luc dd chi rieng mdt gia dinh Duy-pdng da cd sd cd phieu nhidu gdp 10 Idn so vdi sd cd phidu cua todn the cdng nhdn My cdng lai Nhu vay, thuc te dang ddnh dd nhung 1^ thuyet cd tinh chat tan duong vd viec bien cdng nhdn nhiing ngudi sd hiiu (ngudi cung sd hutu) cac xi nghiep, vd vide "lam cho" thu nhdp cfta cdc nha tu ban "ddng deu" vdi thu nhdp eua cdng nhan Chu nghia tu ban hidn dai cd ddc diem la cai hd sdu ngdn cdch gifta lao dpng va tu ban, gifla nhan ddn vd cdc td chfte ddc quyen ngdy cdng sdu sdc thdm."""' Vi vay, chu nghia tu ban hidn dai khdng phai giai cdp cdng nhan cd ed phdn, ed phieu thi khdng cdn bi bde lot hay "tan bidn" vao cdc giai tang khde, ma dia vi va vaittdcua giai cap cdng nhdn vdn khdng thay ddi '"^i V,I Lenin Todn t^, Nxb Tien bg, Mat-xco-va 1976, tap 27, trang 439