áp dụng phương pháp teacch trong can thiệp sớm trẻ

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Educational Sci., 2014, Vol 59, No 2, pp 132-142 This paper is available onHne at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn AP DUNG PHUONG PHAP TEACCH TRONG CAN THIEP S6M CHO TRE ROI LOAN PHO TU K! D6 Thj Thao Khoa Gido due Ddc biet, Trudng Dai hoc Supham Hd Ndi Tom tat Nhflng kho khan ma tre roi loan tfl ki thudng gap phai la: khd khan giao tilp, khd khan viec tri giac, nam cau true va doan bilt dien bien cua nhiem vu Qua u-inh hpc tap ciia tre se dupc khdc phuc rit nhilu nhd viec sfl dung phUdng phap TEACCH Trong bai viel nay, chung tdi gidi thieu TEACCH vdi tif each la phuong phap can ihiep va lap trung lam rd cac vin de ve phUdng phap TEACCH la gi; Cac flng dung cua phfldng phap TEACCH, Uu va nhifpc diem ciia phUdng phap TEACCH, de xuit bien phap ap dung phfldng phap TEACCH tai Viet Nam vii tien hanh ap dung TEACCH vao can thiep cho tre RLPTK de ap dung mpt each cdng phifdng phap TEACCH Tit khda: Roi loan tu ki, can thiep, phfldng phap, TEACCH, giao tifep, hanh vi Md dau Rdi loan tfl ki (RLPTK) cang dfldc phat hien nhilu d tre em Viet Nam va dang nhan dfldc quan tam bdi khdng chi cac bac cha me, giao vien ma ca cac nha nghien cflu tam Ii, bac sT Do vay, viec ap dung mpt each cd he thdng v6 cd sd li luan va flng dung cac phfldng phap (PP) giao due chuyen biet vdi tre RLPTK la mot nhu ciu cap thi6t cho cac cd sd dao tao va cham sdc tre em khuySt tat hien Tri lieu va Giao due cho tre Tfl ki va tre cd khd khan vd giao ti^p (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children - TEACCH) dfldc tiin hanh tfl nam 1966 bdi cac chuyen gia tam li, cac nha nghien cflu thudc trfldng Dai hpc B§c Carolina, ML Ngfldi cd cdng Idn nhit viec xay dflng va phat trien chfldng trinb TEACCH la Tidn sT Eric Schopler (1927 - 2006) Bat dau tfl dfl an Nghien cflu tre em, mdt dfl an nham cung cip cac dich vu danh eho tre RLPTK va gia dinh Nam 1972, tai Bac Carolina, TEACCH da dfldc cbinh thflc dfla vao chfldng trinh can thiep cho tre RLPTK Ngay nay, TEACCH da dfldc sfl dung kha phd bien tai biu het cac bang d Mi Khdng dflng lai d nfldc MT, TEACCH da dfldc phd bien tai nhieu nfldc thupc Chau Au, Ngay nhan bai 2/9/2013 Ngay nhan dang 15/12/2013 Lien he: D6 Thi Thao, e-mail: thao2006lrang@yahoo.com 132 Ap dung phuang phdp TEACCH can thiep sdm cho Ire roi loan phd' tu ki Chau A va Nam Mi, dac biet la tai Anh Cd the ndi, TEACCH la mot nhflng PP can thiep tre RLPTK bign, uy tin nhit hien TEACCH da tap trung va giai quylt mdt each cd hieu qua nhflng khd khan cua tre RLPTK bang viec ciu true hoa boat ddng day hpc cho cac tre em Nhflng khd khan ma tre RLPTK gap phai nhfl: giao tiep, tri giac, nam cau true va doan biet diln bien cua nhiem vu qua trinb bpc tap dfldc khSc phuc rit nhieu nhd viec sfl dung TEACCH Vi vay, ap dung phfldng phap vdi tre RLPTK Viet Nam la rit quan trpng doi vdi cha me va giao vien day tre RLPTK va ca nhflng nha nghien cflu vl cd sd li luan va thflc tiln day hpc cho tre cd nhu ciu dac biet hien Noi dung nghien cu'u Hien nay, TEACCH dfldc tiep can d hai phfldng dien chfnh, phfldng dien thfl nhit la chfldng trinh can thiep va phfldng dien thfl hai la phfldng phap can thiep Chfldng trinh TEACCH cung cip cbo tre RLPTK va gia dinh tre cac dich vu can thiep va dao tao Tuy nhien, bai viet chflng tdi xin dfldc gidi thieu TEACCH la mdt phfldng phap can thiep cbo tre RLPTK vdi bdnflngdung thflc tiln day hpc 2.1, Gi6i thieu vl TEACCH - phtfdng phap day hoc cau triic Khi xem xet TEACCH tren phfldng dien la mdt phfldng phap day hpc chung ta ludn ghi nhd rang nguyen tac chu dao nhat cfla TEACCH la day hpc cd ciu true 2.1.1 Phircing phap TEACCH TEACCH la mdt each tilp can theo suot cudc ddi nham giiip tre RLPTK cd mdt cupc sdng hflu ich cdng dong Cach tilp can bat diu cung cap cac thdng tin thj giac, ciu true va sfl dfl doan vi ngfldi ta nhan la kenh hpc tap thuan ldi nhat doi vdi tre la thdng qua thi giac TEACCH la mdt PP dfldc thilt kl dd ngfldi ta day cac kT nang mdi mdt tinh huong mdt thiy mot trd; cac kl nang hien tai dfldc thflc hanh mdt tinh hudng ddc lap va cac cd hdi tfldng tac xa hpi dien cac hoal ddng nhdm Ban chit cua phfldng phap TEACCH la qua trinh day hpc cd ciu true Hieu mdt each ddn gian thi day hpc cd cau trflc chinh la each thflc thill kl va to chflc hoat ddng day hpc theo khudn khd, trinh tfl logic va dn dinh PP TEACCH hfldng din viec thiet ke mdt he thdng boat dpng day hpc cd ciu trflc, dd, tao tdi da nhflng gi cd the tilp thu bang kenh thi giac Cach day bao gom: chfldng trinh, td chflc phdng Idp va vat lieu, sfl hfldng dan ddn gian, rd ret Phfldng phap cd linh vflc can thiep: BSt chfldc; Nhan thflc; Van ddng thd; Van ddng tinh; Ki nang ngdn ngfl; KT nang tfl lap; Ki nang bat chfldc xa hdi Dil cd rit nhilu nghien cflu tren the gidi vl hieu qua cua viec ap dung PP TEACCH giao due tie RLPTK Nhflng y kiln danh gia phin Idn deu cho rang viec ap dung PP TEACCH giiip cai thien nhflng vin dl hanh vi va giao tilp cua tre RLPTK Sfl cau true giiip tre tap trung mpt each thich hdp vao nhiem vu, giflp tre tiep can vdi nhflng chfldng 133 trinh hpc tap va hd trd tinh tfl lap cho tre 2.1.2 Cd Sd cua phtfdng phap TEACCH giao due tre roi loan tuf ki Thfl nhit, tang cfldng kha nang hieu Tre RLPTK thfldng cd kha nang phanflngtdt vdi nhflng hfldng din mang ti'nb chit kit ciu chinh, vi vay mudn td chflc boat dpng day hpc cho tre RLPTK dem lai hieu qua cao ngfldi ta phai cau trflc hda hoat ddng day hpc cho cac em - Thfl hai, ban chl vin de hanh vi.-Tre RLPTK cd thfldng rat boi rdi trfldc sfl th^ ddi, trfldc nhflng sfl viec xay ma khdng dfldc bao trfldc va cac em cd the cd nhflng hiinh Vl khdng phu hdp Mot mdi trfldng dfldc ciu true giflp tre de hieu giam thieu nhflng hanh VI khdng phu hdp cua tre - Thfl ba, bd trd sfl dpc lap: Viec ciu true hda hoat dpng hpc lap giup tre RLPTK cd the de dang lam viec theo hfldng dan tfl dd cd the lam viec ddc lap va tfl tin - Thfl tfl, day hanh vi phu hdp Mdt mdi trfldng dfldc ciu true hda vdi cac boat dpng va cac hanh vi dfldc mong dpi se trd nen de hieu va dl hpc hdn ddi vdi tre RLPTK 2.1.3 Cac U'ng dung cua phtfdng phap TEACCH a) Cdu trdc hda mdi trudng vdt chdt: Tre RLPTK thfldng gap khd khan viec nhan ra: muc dich sfl dung cua cac mdi trfldng, dau la chd ciia ca nhan va diiu la cho cua tap the chinh vi vay giao dye, ein ciu trflc boa vl mdi trfldng vat chit Muc tieu cua viec cau trflc hoa mdi trfldng vat chit la: tao ranh gidi rd rang gifla cac khu vflc khac nhau, danh dau cac kbu vflc khac tfldng flng vdi cac boat dpng, giiim thieu nhflng kich tbicb tbi giac va thinh giac anh hfldng din viec tham gia cac hoat dpng cua tre Cac bfldc ein lam de ciu true hoa mdi trfldng vat chat: Budc L Danh gia mflc dp nhan thflc cua tre de xac dinh xem tre cd the nhan cac mdi trfldng khac cho tflng hoat ddng thdng qua he Ihong hinh anh hd trd nao Budic Xac dinh cac khu vflc tfldng flng vdi tflng hoat dpng cua tre ein dfldc ciu true hoa va phan chia ranh gidi cac khu vflc, gan he thdng hd trd nhan bilt (vat, hinh anh, chfl ) tren tflng khu vflc Budc'3 Hfldng dan tre sfl dung mdi trfldng vat chit da dfldc ciu true hoa b) Cdu true hod hoat dpng: Viec cau true hoa boat dpng dfla din cho tre mpt sd thdng tm cd ban: Muc dich cua hoat ddng la gi? Trong khoang thdi gian phai thflc hien bao nhieu boat ddng, nhiem vu Quy trinh thflc hien va nao thi chflng kit thiic cdng viec Dilu gi se xay hoat ddng kit thuc (tre se phai lam gi tilp, se dfldc thfldng gi nlu hoan cdng viec ) Cac bfldc ein lam de ciu trflc hod hoat dpng: Budc L Lfla chpn hinh anh rd rang lam ndi bat thdng tin chinh vl hoat ddng Budc Hinh anh dfldc to chflc, cau true giup tre cd the dl dang nhan cac thdng tin lien quan den boat ddng: lam nhfl the nao, bao nhieu, den nao c) Lich bdng hinh dnh: Muc tieu cua viec sfl dung hch bang hinh anh: Xay dflng lich theo cac thdi quen hang Xfl li nhflng tinh huong gay cang thing Dfla mdl hoat ddng mdi Xay dflng mot thdi quen mdi Khi chuyen tfl boat ddng sang hoat ddng Ap dung phuang phdp TEACCH can thiep sdm cho tre rdt loan tu kt khac cho tre Cac bfldc xay dflng lich bang hinh anh: Budc / Quan sat kT nang giao tilp va danh gia mflc dp nhan thflc cua tre de xac dinh dfldc mdt sd thdng tin can thilt cho viec xay dflng lich bing hinh anh Budc Xac dinh muc dich cua lich Lich se dung boat ddng nao (gid an, gib ngu, gib hpc ), dung mdt boat dpng xac dinh hay cac boat ddng hang Budc Xac dinh he thong hinh anh nao la phu hdp nhit vdi tre Budc Hfldng dan tre each sfl dung lich bang hinh anh d) Hinh dnh hod vd cdu true hod thdng tin: Hinh anh hoa thdng tin giflp tre RLPTK cd the: Hpc cac ki nang mdi, dac biet la cac kT nang hpc dfldng Luyen tap nhflng kT nang ma tre da lam dfldc va cd the lam mpt each ddc lap vdi sfl hd trd cua he thong hinh anh Lam cho nhiem vu cac hoat ddng nhdm hoac Idp trd nen de hieu Phat tnen kj nang giai quyet van di va kT nang kham pha Phat trien linh ddc lap cac thdi quen hang Phat trien kha nang hieu nhflng boat ddng khac nhfl boat ddng nhdm va chdi Cac bfldc can lam de hinh hanh hda va cau true thdng tin: Budc Danh gia mflc dp nhan thflc cua tre khdng chi phuc vu viec xac dinh cac muc tieu giao due cho tre ma cdn de xac djnh he thdng hinh anh phu hdp vdi kha nang nhan thflc cua tre Budc Lfla chpn hinh anh rd rang, sac net va dfldc trinh bay vdi cau true dl hieu Budc Sfl dung he thong cac ki hieu, cac hinh anh hd trd phu hdp vdi mflc dp nhan thflc cua tre 2.1.4 Uu diem va han che cua phifdng phap TEACCH - Uu diem: TEACCH tap trung vao tflng ca nhan tre va nhflng diem manh cua chflng Sfl dfl bao trfldc vl mdi trfldng se giam thieu sfl lo au va giflp tre tap trung tdi da vao cdng viec, - Han che: TEACCH qua ciu trflc doi vdi tre, lam ban chl sfl quyll dmh va sfl sang tao cua tre mac dfl sfl linh hoat cd the dfldc khuyen khich khudn kho TEACCH cung kha gd bd vi phai tap trung vao nhflng dd dung phuc vu cdng tac to chflc (bang, chfldng trinh) va ein nhilu nhan lflc de thflc hien Tuy nhien, TEACCH da cai thien dang ke hanh vi vii giao tilp phu hdp cua tre RLPTK Sfl ciu true giup tre tap trung mpt each thich hdp vao cac nhiem vu ma khdng phai lo Iang vii ngfldc lai dilu giup tre tiep can vdi chfldng trinh hoc tap 2.2, De xuat ap dung TEACCH vao can thiep sc(m cho tre RLPTK tai moi trvthng chuyen biet 2.2.1 Yeu cau cua viec silf dung TEACCH * vi chuyen mdn vd nhdn sif: Giao vien (GV) can dfldc trang bi kiln thflc va kT nang sfl dung PP TEACCH mdt each nghiem tuc bang each dfldc cung cap tai lieu, td chflc tap huin hfldng din thflc hien Ben canh dd, de ap dung mdt each cdng PP TEACCH 135 Dd Thj Thao ndi rieng va giao due tre RLPTK ndi chung ein cd dpi ngu cac nha chuyen mdn cd trinh dp cao Cac nha chuyen mon se lam cdng tac danh gia tre, cung vdi GV va cha me (CM) lap kl hoach giao due, hfldng din GV each ap dung PR Moi nha chuyen mdn cd the hd trd khdang - tre Cin cd sfl phoi hdp chat che gifla gia dinb va nha trfldng qua trinb ap dung PR Nhflng boat dpng dfldc xay dflng tren cd sd PP TEACCH can dfldc thong nhit gifla mdi trflbng giao due gia dinb va nha trflbng Dam bao sd Ifldng giao vien, viec ap dung PP TEACCH, dac biet la thdi gian diu chilm rit nhilu thdi gian, nhan lflc vay cac cd sd giao due khdng nhflng phai dam bao chit Ifldng dpi ngii GV ma cin dam bao ca sd Ifldng; mdi GV tfl din tre * vi ca sd vdt chdt: Phdng hpc du rpng (it nhat 30m^) de chia cac gdc bpc tap rieng biet, khdng gian thoang mat Chia gdc vdi cac phdng hpc Idn, cd gdc bpc tap ca nhan cho tre, cd khu vflc de dd dung ca nhan Dam bao sfl yen tTnh, khdng cd nhieu cac yeu tl gay nhilu Dd dung day hoc phong phu da dang, tranh anh, bieu tfldng, tu cac loai, hop, rd dflng dd dung phu hdp vdi PP TEACCH * vi thdi gian: Yeu ciu tre cin dfldc can thiep ca boat dpng nhdm va tilt ca nhan cin it nhit 25 gib/ tuan Trong dd, thdi gian can thiep ca nhan danh cho moi tre tfl - 12 gid Gia dinh cd dieu kien, cd the cd them thbi gian can thiep tai nha * vi cdch thtic to chifc cdc hoat ddng: GV va CM cin flng dung bon flng dung cua TEACCH dd la: ciu true hoa mdi trflbng vat chat, thbi gian bieu bang hinh anh, xay dflng he thong hoat ddng, hinh anh hda thdng tin thi hieu qua can thiep cho tre se cao hdn GV cin cau true hoat mdi trfldng vat chit phdng hpc ca nhan ndi to chflc tiet ca nhan va ca ldp hpc chung dfla tren hoat ddng chung cua ldp; tre dfldc xay dflng lich bang hinh anh de sfl dung ca gib hpc theo nhdm/Idp va ca nhflng boat dpng hpc tap/sinh boat ca nhan tai trfldng 2.2.2 De xuat ap dung TEACCH vao can thiep sdm cho tre RLPTK tai Viet Nam Biin phdp Nang cao nhan thflc cho can bp, GV, CM ve tre RLPTK, can thiep sdm va phfldng phap TEACCH - Y nghTa: Ho trd kiln thflc va kT nang giup cho giao vien va cha me cd the sfl dung tdt hdn phfldng phap TEACCH qua trinh can thiep cho tre RLPTK - Muc tieu: Cung cip kiln thflc, kT nang nham nang cao nhan thflc cho GV va CM vl: Giao due tre RLPTK, tim quan trpng cua CTS ddi vdi tre RLPTK, each danh gia va ap dung PP TEACCH can thiep cbo tre RLPTK Tfl dd giup GV va CM cd them kien thflc, kT nang giao due tre RLPTK va ap dung cd hieu qua PP TEACCH vao giao due tre RLPTK - Cach lam: Md cac ldp bdi dfldng, tap buin ngSn ban Day cung la bien phap quan de cd the nang cao nhan thflc cho GV va CM; Cfl giao vien tham gia cac khda dao tao, bdi dfldng dai han cac trfldng dai hpc, cao dang to chflc: Day la each lam ben vflng giup GV cd chuyen mdn sau va cd the dao tao lai cac GV vii CM; Ho trd chuyen mdn sau bdi dfldng tap huin: Giflp GV thiinh thuc li thuylt va thflc hanh thdng qua cac budi dfl gib va chia se kinh nghiem vdi 136 Ap dung phuang phdp TEACCH can thiep sdm cho tre roi loairphd tu ki Bien phdp Tang cflbng ap dung dung quy trinh phu hdp vdi yeu ciu cua phfldng phap TEACCH - Y nghTa: Lam viec theo kl hoach thflc chit la tiln trinh thflc hien mdt each khoa hpc Id gic va chat che theo quy trinh - Muc dich: Ap dung nhflng yeu ciu cd ban qua trinh sfl dung PP TEACCH nham nang cao kit qua sfl dung PP - Cach lam: Can cfl vao tinh hinh thflc tl tai cd sd va nhflng yeu ciu ciia PP TEACCH de thilt kl + Ve hinh thflc can thiep va nhan lflc: tre dfldc can thiep tai trfldng/trung tam thdng qua hinh thflc can thiep ca nhan va theo nhdm nhd, dfldc can thiep them d nha bdi CM va/hoac gia sfl -I- vl thdi gian: tre dfldc can thiep tai trfldng/trung tam ngay/tuin vdi thdi Ifldng it nhit 25 gib trd len/ I tuin theo chuan cua PP de Theo chflng tdi, tre cin dfldc can thiep khoang 36 gid/1 tuan thi tre se tiln bd nhanh hdn Trong dd, gid can thiep ca nhan khoang 12 gib/tuin va can thiep nhdm khoang 24 gid/ tuin + Ve cd sd vat chit: Phdng nhdm cin du rdng de chia cac gdc hpc rieng biet Can cd phdng can thiep ca nhan Dd diJng hpc tap, tu dflng dd da dang Sfl dung cac dd dung hien cd, dl xuit gia dinh va trfldng/trung tam bd sung them mdt sd dd dung De tien cho viec theo ddi kl hoach, kit qua can thiep cin dfla miu KHGDCN, miu ghi chep kit qua mpt each thdng nhit Giao vien cin ciu true boat mdi trflbng vat chit phdng hpc ca nhan ndi to chflc tilt ca nhan va ca ldp hpc chung dfla tren hoat ddng chung cua ldp; tre dfldc xay dflng lich bang hinh anh de sfl dung ca gid hpc theo nhdm/ldp va ca nhflng hoat dpng hpc tap/sinh boat ca nhan tai trfldng Bien phdp Tang cflbng sfl phdi hdp gifla gia dinh va nha trfldng/trung tam can thiep sdm - Y nghTa: Cd dfldc sfl phoi hdp chat che gifla gia dinh \i\ [rung tam mpi hoat ddng cua cdng tac can thiep cung nhfl viec ap dung PP TEACCH cho tre se giup cho cdng tac giao due Ire RLPTK dat hieu quii cao hdn - Muc tieu: Tang cfldng sfl phoi hdp viec cham sdc vii giao due tre Cd sfl thong nhit viec ap dung PP TEACCH va lap ke hoach can thiep cho tie - Cach lam: GV va CM cin bdp tac vdi mpi giai doan, quy trinh cua viec thflc hien chfldng trinh, PP can thiep cho tre Viec lap kl hoach can thiep cin cd sfl thong nhil gifla GV vii CM de giup tre khdng bj khiic biet gifla mdi trflbng giao due Cin cd mdt quyen sd lien lac gifla gia dinh va nha trfldng de CM nim dfldc tinh hinh hoc tap tai cua tre tai trflbng Bien phdp Diu tfl cd sd vat chit, trang thilt bi cho viec ap dung PP TEACCH - Y nghia: De iip dung PP TEACCH cd hieu qua cho nhdm tre RLPTK can phai cd CSVC va trang thilt bi diy du cho viec ap dung PP de cdng tac CTS dat hieu qua tdi flu - Muc tieu: Cd dfldc CSVC va trang thilt bi diy dii va phu hdp vdi ndi dung cua PP dfla ra, 137 - Noi dung: Dau ti! CSVC va trang thiSt bi tiiiet ygu va trang thiet bi chuyen diing - Cach lam: Tao khong gian yen tinh cho tre hoc tap, tranh nhOng kich thich ben ngoai Chuan bi nhflng diing cln thiet cho cac hoat dpng hpc ciia tre nhit dung hpc tap cho tflng bai day de phu hpp vdi PP de Co the tfl lam cac dung phu hpp vdi npi dung cua bai day Sfl dung nhieu hop, tii cac loai de phuc vu cho viec cau true hoa ISp hoc, cac npi dung bai hpc 2.2.3 Vl du ap dung TEACCH vao can thiep sdm cho tre RLPTK a Thdng tin ket qud ddnh gid ve tre De CO dirpc diem manh va han chl cua tre, chung toi sfl dung thang CARS de danh gia mflc dp Tfl ki va PEP-R de danh gia sfl phat trien cua tre lam cd sd de xay dflng ke hoach giao due ca nhan cho tre Xin gi6i thieu sP Iflpc ve hai thang danh gia Thang danh gia mflc dp Tfl ki tre em (The Childhood Autism Rating Scale CARS): La mpt cong cu chuan mflc, dflpc thiSt kl dac biet va sfl dung rpng rai nhSt cho tre tuoi Schopler va cong sfl thiet ke (1980) CARS co the sfl dung danh gia tre Tfl ki vdi nhiiu muc dich khac nhfl: cho chfldng trinh can thiep sdm, ehfldng trinh phat tnen tam th&n d lfla tuoi tien hpc dflcing va d cac trung tam chan doan phat trien tam than Trong s6 cac cong cu danh gia Tfl ki, CARS dii dflpc ket hpp gifla thflc hanh va nghien cflu CARS sfl dung hflu ich cho viec: theo doi dinh ki cua tre Tfl ki; danh gia hieu qua dieu trj vii thu thap cac thong tin nham ho trp fldc tfnh ti le hien m^c ciia Tfl ki va danh gia ket qua chflc nang (dac biet la cac thong tin ve can thiep va cung cap dich vu) CARS la mpl cong cu ket hpp bdi bao cap cua cha me va quan sat trflc tiep cua cac chuyen gia khoang 30 - 45 phut ve 15 ITnh vuc Mdl linh vuc cha diein tif I den 4: I = Khong roi loan phat trien = R6i loan phat trien mflc dp nhe = R5i loan mflc dp trung binh = Roi loan mflc nang Tdng diem cua 15 linh vflc: Khong mac Tfl ki = 15 - 30 diem Tu ki mflc dp nhe - trung binh = 30 - 36 diem Tfl ki mflc nang = 36-60 diem Thang danh gia va trj lieu ca nhan cho tre Tfl ki va tre khuyit tat phat tnen (Pep- R) la bp cong cu cung cap mpt PP lfldng co gia trj ve kha nang cua tre Tfl ki va khuyet tat phat trien Pep- R dflOc sfl dung phii hpp nhat chp tre d mflc dp phat trien tfl thang dSn tuoi Pep-R da dflpc chflng minh la co dp tin cay va dp gia tri cap qua trinh sfl dung, cong cii niiy da dflpc sfl dung rpng rai d cac qu6c gia, da dflpc cong nhan ttnh hieu qua tfl nhieu chuyen gia va CM Cdng cu Pep- R da dflpc Alpern (1957) va cac nha nghien cflu thupc dlt an "Nghien cflu Tie em cfla Trfldng dai hpc BJc Carolina va sau dp la Chfldng trinh TEACCH", dii tim cac mmh chflng va da khang dinh rang co the danh gia dflpc mot each day du nang life cfla tre Tfl ki nlu cac tieu muc danh gia dfla phCi hpp vdi mflc dp phat trien Pep- R se cung cSp thong tin 131 tieu muc dfldc phan chia 138 Ap dung phucmg phdp TEACCH irong can thiep sdm cho tre roi loan tu ki ve ITnh vflc phat trien cua mdt ca nhan bao gom: bat chfldc, tri giac, van ddng tinh, van dpng thd, phdi hop tay mat, nhan thflc the hien, nhan thflc ngdn ngfl Pep- R cung dfldc thiet ke de nhan dang nhflng hanh vi (HV) khdng phu hdp dien hinh d tre RLPTK trdng ITnh vflc HV vdi 42 tieu muc: quan he va anh hfldng, chdi va quan tam den vat lieu chdi, dap flng cam giac va ngdn ngfl Cdng cu sfl dung de danh gia cua Pep- R gdm mdt nhdm dd chdi va cac tai lieu hpc tap dflpc tiln hanh tren tre bing nhflng boat ddng cd to chflc Ngflbi kiem tra quan sat, danh gia va ghi lai nhflng dap flng cua tre qua trinh danh gia Tdm tat kit qua danh gia mieu ta dfldc die'm manh, diem yeu cua tre ciic ITnh vflc phat trien va H V - Ket qud dupc md td ngdn gpn nhU sau: P la mpt be trai 54 thang tuoi, hien be dang hpc tai trflbng chuyen biet sau mdt nam hpc tai trflbng hda nhap ma khdng dat hieu qua Kit qua chan doan theo thang danh gia CARS dat 44 diem (rdi loan Tfl ki mflc dp nang) Kit qua danh gia phat trien bang thang danb gia Pep-R cho thiy cac ITnh vflc phat trien dat dfldc tfldng dfldng cac dd tuoi nhfl sau: Bat chfldc 19 thang, tri giac 18 thang, van dpng tinh 22 thang, van ddng thd 30 thang, phoi hdp tay mat 19 thang, nhan thflc the hien 14 thang va nhan thflc ngdn ngfl 15 thang Tudi phat trien dat dfldc Iii 18 thang, cham hdn so vdi tuoi thflc lii 29 thang Chi sd phat trien DQ = 33 P chfla cd ngdn ngfl, thfldng xuyen the hien hanh vi chdng doi va khdng hdp tac chuyen tfl boat ddng sang boat ddng khac Con chfla nhiin biet dfldc ciic khu vflc idp hpc, dd gid boat dpng giao vien ludn phai dimh thdi gian de dfla ire viio dflng gdc boat ddng KT nang van ddng tinh cua cung gap nhieu han chl, chfla bilt cam but dung each, chfla biet cam thia xuc an Con chfla nhiin biet dfldc cac bd phan cd the Nhan thu'c vl mdi trifbng xung quanh rit han che Tuy nhien, se giam thilu boi roi kbi iham gia cac hoat ddng dfldc ciu iriic hda rd rang Tfl kit qua nay, chflng tdi xiiy dflng KHGDCN cho P nhfl sau: b Ke hoach gido due cd nhdn (Xin diia vdi muc tieu dien hinh) Muc tieu 1: Nhan bill cac khu vflc trfldng hoc De thflc hien dfldc muc tieu chiing tdi da ciu true hda nhflng khu gan gui vdi mdt each rd rang va dfldc ki hieu bdi he thdng hinh anh trinh bay ben dfldi Muc tieu 2: Xuc gao tfl bat niiy sang bat khac khdng rdi vai Chuan bi mdt chile kbay khay dat mot bat dflng gao, mdt bat khdng vii thia Chia nhd nhiem vu, dan hinh anh cac bfldc ihflc hien vao mot tam bia dat phia trfldc de tre de quan sat Giiio vien thflc hien miu sau dd yeu cau tre nhin viio tranh va thflc hien nhiem vu Giao vien ludn phai ddng vien khuyen khich tre thflc hien nhiem vu, tranh viec tre bddd gifla chflng 139 Dd Thi Thao Tir ngir "Phong hpc nhdm'" Phong hoc nhdm Phong hpc ca nhan "Phong an" Phdng ngu ^1 " Phdng ngu" Phong van ddng •' Phdng van ddng' ^^ Khu virc chai tir ^'^ ,(3^ Ap dung phuang phdp TEACCH can thiep sdm cho ire roi loan phd' tu ki Muc tieu 3: Nhan biet mau sac De thflc hien muc tieu chflng tdi tiln hanh sfl dung PP TEACCH hinh anh hda thdng tin va ciu true mdi trflbng hoat dpng cua tre Cu the: Dat chiec bat nhfla cd dan mau sac xanh, dd, vang d day bat mdt ro nhd dflng nhflng chile kep cd cac mau tfldng flng Yeu ciu lfla chpn va kep nhflng chile kep dd vao ciic bat cd mau sac tfldng flng Sau tre nhan bilt dfldc cac mau chuyen sang cac mau sic khac Muc lieu 4: Nhan biet bd phan ciia cd the Kha nang nhan thflc cua tre cdn kha ban chl, nen day tre nhan bilt chung ta tiln hanh tflng nhiem vu mpt Diu tien cho tre nhan bilt 1-2 bd phan, sau dd tang len sd Ifldng cac bp phan Chuan bj khay gd khay chia lam ngan, gan lin Ifldt hinh anh ciia cae bd phiin tren khudn mat: mat, mui, mieng, tai Ci gifla khay dat chile dTa chfla cac bd phan de ire lfla chpn Sau giao vien hfldng din tie each thflc thflc hien Giao vien yeu ciu tre tim binh anh thich hdp dat viio khay tfldng flng Sau sau thang can Ihiep cho P theo TEACCH, P da cd nhflng lien tnen nhiit dinh Giam thieu boi roi Bilt tim den khu vflc hpc tap theo thbi gian bieu Ciic muc ticu dfla P deu boan mflc dp kha Mac du tudi phiit trien vii ciic kT niing ciia P van cdn chain hdn so vdi tudi thflc kha xa nhflng P da ddc lap hdn din trfldng, dd Hi dieu dang ghi nhan De cd dfldc nhflng tiln bd cua P, ddi hdi sfl kien dinh viec lfla chpn phifdng phdp, sfl ddng nhat cua cac giiio vien can thiep vii gia dinh ciia P Chiing tdi thiy, TEACCH Iii phfldng phap phu hdp vdi P tai thdi diem Ket luan TEACCH vdi nhflng flng dung cd ban viec ciu triic hoii mdi trflbng vat chit, xay dflng he thong boat ddng xay dflng thbi gian bieu bang hinh iinh va hinh anh hoii thdng tin cd y nghTa to Idn viec bd trd tinh ddc lap, tang cfldng giao tiep vii giam thieu HV khdng phu hdp d tre RLPTK De ap dung mdt each cdng PP TEACCH can diim biio ciic yeu ciu sau: dam biio cac dieu kien vl cd sd vat chat; dam biio sd lfldng GV; td chflc tap huin va thflc hanh PP; sfl phdi hdp chiit che gifla gia dinh va nhii trfldng nham tao mdi trfldng, npi dung va PP thdng nhit giup tre ghi nhd kien ihflc mpt ciich sau sic nhim khic phuc han che ve tri nhd diii han vii kha nang khiii qual hda, van dung 141 va chuyen giao ki6n thflc tre TEACCH la mot nhflng PP rat phu hpp vdi tre RLPTK Dac biet hieu qua cho nhflng tre RLPTK co thoi quen dinh hinh, tfl hinh anh V6i flng dung, PP TEACCH da dan khac phuc dflpc phSn nao nhflng kho khiin cho tre RLPTK (trong co vSn d l vl hanh vi, kha nang tri giac thj giac, giao tilp va tinh dpc lap) Moi trfldng dflpc c3u triic mpt Ciich ro rang, cd trat tfl, cac boat dpng dfldc thong bao trfldc qua hinh iinh, cac nhieni vu dflpc hinh anh hda dii giflp tre giam thieu nhflng lo au, va dan hinh tre tinh dpc lap d tre TAI LIEU THAIVI KHAO [1] D8 Thj Thiio, 2010 Su dung Pep-R can thiep sdm cho tre cd RLPTK Tap chi khoa hpc, Trudng Dai hpc sfl pham Ha Npi, 55(8), tr 146-157 [2J Bryna Siegel, 2003 Helping children with Autism learn, Oxford university press [3] Eric Schoplre, Rober Jay Reichler, Aan Bashford- Manrgaret Langsing, Lee M Marcus Indiviualized Assessment and Developmentally Disabled Children- Pro.ed an hiternalianal Publisher [4] http://www.brighttots.com/TEACCH_Method_autism [5] www Division TEACCH ABSTRACT Applying the TEACCH approach to Early Intervention of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have difficulties in communication, sensory perception, organization and prediction, all of which can be addressed using the TEACCH approach This article describes TEACCH intervention and its core components, the pros and cons, and suggests strategies in the use of TEACCH in Vietnam and the application of this approach when intervening to assist for children with ASD TEACCH intervention strategies focus on physical and visual structure, schedules, work systems and task organization in order to maximize independence, communication and reduce improper behavior For the TEACCH approach to be successful, conditions or considerations that must be taken into account are the physical environment, the number of teachers, training and practice, collaboration between the families and schools in creating the physical environment, consistent content and ways that to help children to acquire specific information and then make generalized use of thai information in practice  ... phuang phdp TEACCH can thiep sdm cho Ire roi loan phd'' tu ki Chau A va Nam Mi, dac biet la tai Anh Cd the ndi, TEACCH la mot nhflng PP can thiep tre RLPTK bign, uy tin nhit hien TEACCH da tap... cu''u Hien nay, TEACCH dfldc tiep can d hai phfldng dien chfnh, phfldng dien thfl nhit la chfldng trinh can thiep va phfldng dien thfl hai la phfldng phap can thiep Chfldng trinh TEACCH cung cip... TEACCH tren phfldng dien la mdt phfldng phap day hpc chung ta ludn ghi nhd rang nguyen tac chu dao nhat cfla TEACCH la day hpc cd ciu true 2.1.1 Phircing phap TEACCH TEACCH la mdt each tilp can