BI^N D O I CO CAU XA HOI VIET NAM TRONG THOI KY DOI MOI NGUYEN VAN KHAI4H" NGUYEN TUAN ANH " Tdm tdt: Sau gan 30 nam dfli mdi, ca ciu xa hgi Viet Nam da co nhilu thay dfli Bien dfli ca cau xa hfli di lien voi phan tang xa hgi cang sau sic, gia tang manh me bat binh dang xa hgi Trudc thyc tl nay, yeu ciu dat la phii co chinh sach quin ly, chfnh sach an sinh va phuc lpi phu hgp nhim phat triin bin vdng kinh te - xa hpi cda dit nudc TH khda: Ca cau xi hpi, phan tang xa hfli, bat binh ding xa hpi Mo' dau Sau gin 30 nara dfli radi, nfln kinh tfl Vift Nam da ttii qua hai diu mflc quan trgng trpng qui trinh phit trifln Thii nhdt, nira 2007, Viet Nam trd thinh thinh viSn chinh thdc thu 150 eda Tfl chde Thddng mgi Thi gidi, md diu mgt giai dogn hpi nhgp mdi cda nfln kinh te Vift Nara vio nfln kinh tl toin ciu Tren thyc tfl, nin kinh tl Vift Nara da gia ting radc dp hgi nhip quflc tfl, vdi sy hifn difn cua cae cflng ty tren thj tradng tcin ciu, cie cflng ty da qu6c gia sin xuit hing hoi d Vift Nam, vi giao djch tii ehinh ngiy cing qudc tfl hoi Dflng thdi, lao dpng Viet Nara cflng tien vao thj traong tcin ciu vdi vifc ngiy cing nhiflu ngudi Viet Nara dfln 14ra vifc tai cic nudc trfln thi gidi Thii hat, nam 2010, sau 25 dii mdi, Vift Nam td mgt quflc gia ngheo nhit thi gidi vdi thu nhip binh quan diu ngudi dudi 100 dfl la My da trd thinh quie gia cd thu nhip trung binh thip'" Hai chi bio quan trpng niy khflng chi chdng td sy phit trifln vupt bge, toin difn eda Vift Nam, nhit li ttong ITnh vyc kinh tfl, mi edn ehimg tfl ring xi hfli Vift Nara dang ehuyfln bien nhanh chdng vfl mat ciu true bii cinh toan ciu boa manh rae hifn Thyc tien dang dat li phii nhin thuc siu sic qui trinh chuySn biSn niy dS co chinh sich, giii phip quin ly phd hgp nhim giu vflng fln djnh xi hgi vi tiflp tyc phit triin dit nudc Bii viflt phin tich nfli dung vi xu huong cda sy bifln dfli niy vi nflu mgt vii ggi y vfl rait chinh sich Bien doi cor cau xa hgi Ca cau xi bfli hay ciu trdc xi hgi (sccial stracWre) ii rafli quan hf qua Igi eg trit ty gida cic thinh tfl idiie eda rapt he thflng xi hgi hay rapt xa *"' Giao su, tiin sT, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi '"' Phd giao su, tien sT, Trudng Dgi hpc khoa hpc x3 hpi va nhan van, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi '" The World Bank, 'Tdng Quan ve Vipt Nam" (bttp://Mww.warldbank.arg/vl/country/vielngm overview) 87 Tgp chi Khgg hgc xd hpi Viet Nam, sd 6(79) - 2014 hpi*" Ndi din eo ciu xa hoi/hay cau true xa hpi li dS cap dSn cich rai cic nhdm xa hgi co ban (hay cdn gpi 14 cic bp phin/eic thinh phan chd yen cda rapt hf thflng xi bfl cy thi) lien hf/quan hf vdi Thdng thudng, noi dfln co ciu xa hpi, cac nh4 nghifln cdu chd y dfln cic logi cp ciu xa hpi quan ttpng/cp ban nhu: ca cau giai cap, ca eiu nghe nghifp, eo ciu nhin khiu, co ciu lanh thfl, CO eiu dan toe, ca ciu tfln giio Blln dii CO ciu x i hpi hay biin dfli ciu trdc x i hfli d Vift Nam dfli, mdi rit dang chd y, nhit li trfln hai phuang difn Thii nhdt li, sy thay doi vfl sfl lupng v i chit lugng eda cae nhdm x i hpi chd yflu x i hpi Thic hat li, sy thay dfli eda rafli quan hf qua lgi gifla cac nhflra co bin niy Sy thay dfli trfln hai phucmg difn dd phin inh co hgi phit trien, nhit li tteng vin de ngufln nhan lyc, ngu6n vfln cen ngudi - ca sd quan trpng nhit cda phit ttiln kinh tl xa hpi dat nude Trpng 30 qua, Vift Nam da tu bd nfln kinh te tap trang quan liflu bap cip dfl xiy dyng nen kinh te nhiflu thinh phin djnh huong xa hfli chu nghla, day raanh eong nghifp hoi, hifn dgi hoi, chd dpng, tich cyc, hpi nhip quoc tfl Qui ttinh niy di din din sy thay dii cda co cau xi bfli Xet vfl ragt ca ciu giai cip da c6 nhdng thay d6i sau sic tit ea cic thinh phin giai cip, td giai cip c6ng nhin, n6ng din, din ting lop fri thdc Glal cdp eong nhdn d i co nhitag budc phit trien ca ve s i lupng v i chit lupng Ve mat so lugng, theo so lifu cua Tong cyc Thflng ke, nflu nam 2005, si lupng ngudi lao dgng lim vice cic loai hinh doanh nghifp frfln ci nudc chi kheing 6,07 trifu thi so niy ting ISn dSn 7,94 trieu nira 2008; 8,70 trifu nim 2009; 9,83 trifu nim 2010 v i 10,89 ttieu nam 2011*^' Nhu viy, chi ttong vdng nam, td nam 2005 dSn 2011, so lae dpng cic doanh nghifp tten ei nude da tang gin trifu ngufli Ve mat chdt luang, cflng nhin qua ddo tgo cd ting ISn, nhimg ty If khflng Ion Chi tinh nira, td 2009 din 2012, ty If lao dpng W 15 tofli trd ISn di qua dio tgo v i dang lira vifc nSn kinh tfl toomg dng li 14,8%; 14,6%; 15,4%; v i 16,6%*" Treng giai dogn MSn nay, mgc dd chi chiSra khoing 11% ting s i din cu cua ei nude, nhung lyc lugng niy di lim phin Ion sin phara cua xa hpi, udc tinh chiSm khoing 60%i tdng sin pham xi hpi v i ddng gop hon 70% ngan sach nhi nudc*'' Dd li nhflmg chi bao minh chdng cho tim quan trpng cua giai cip cong nhan doi vdi nfln kinh tfl Vift Nam ttong giai dogn diy mgnh cdng nghifp hda, hifn dai hoa hifn '^' Scott, John and Gordon Marshall (2005), Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p 644 '^' Tdng cyc Thing ke (2013), Nien gidm thong ke, NxbThdng ke Ha Npi, fr 210 '"' Tdng cyc Thong ke (2013), Nien gidm thong ke, Nxb Thong ke, HaNpi, fr.I22