di dân từ nông thôn ra thành thị trong quá trình công nghiệp hóa

DI DAN TLT NONG THON RA THANH THI TRONG QUA TRINH CONG NGHIEP HOA VA DO THI HOA N i r d c TA HIEN NAY LUONG NGOC THUY* Trong vii thap ky qua, nhung cudc di dan gifta cac vung miin Iren dit nude ta, die biet Ii nhimg cudc di dan d at tu ndng thdn thi da duge cac nha nghien cflu, cic nhi quin Iy va toan xa hdi quan tam Dai hdi dai bieu Dang toin qudc lin thfl VI nam 1986, Dang ta da khdi xudng cdng cudc ddi mdi toin dien dat nude, lay ddi mdi kinh ti li trpng tam Theo dd, nin kinh li ke hoach tap trung bao cap da timg budc bi xda bd, nhudng budc cho nin kinh le nhieu thinh phan, van hinh theo co che thi trudng ed sy quan ly cfla Nha nudc Qua trinh ddi mdi kinh te da timg budc chuyen ddi co eau kinh te nude ta tfl mdt nudc ndng nghiep Ihinh mdt nudc cdng nghiep hien dai Trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda - hien dai hda, nhieu khu cdng nghiep Idn da duge xay dyng d eic thinh phd nhu Ha Ndi Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh, Da Ning, Tp Hd Chi Minh, Bien Hda, Binh Duong, Cung vdi qua trinh cdng nghiep hda la qua trinh dd thi hda eung diln hel sflc nhanh chdng Trong cac khu cdng nghiep, khu dd thi phat irien va sy nang ddng cua cac Ihanh phan kinh te da tao dugc nhieu cdng an viec lam thi d dd ngudn nhan lyc Iai bi ihieu hut, khdng dfl de dap ung cho nhu cau san xuit ITnh vyc cdng nghiep vi cac nganh dich vu efla thinh phd Ndng thdn se la ngudn cung cap chinh ve lao ddng cho sy thieu hut ay Ihdng qua cac ddng di dan tu ndng thdn ihj Trong eie vimg mi ddng ngudi di cu tfl ndng thdn tim den thi mien Ddng Nam Bd li vflng ed sflc thu hut ldn nhat, vi day la khu vyc hoat ddng hel sflc nang ddng vdi nhieu khu cdng nghiep Idn ddi Tinh den nam 2009 mien Ddng Nam Bd da thu hut duge han 1,6 Irieu ngudi di cu din lam viee Tiep den la tam giac kinh te Irpng diem d Bie Bg gdm eie thinh phd nhu Hi Ndi, Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh cung la noi tbu hut ddng dio ddng ngudi di cu tu ndng ihdn phd Hai phd la Da Nang va Can Tho cung Ihu hul nhieu ngudi nhip cu bon cac ihanh phd cdn lai NhQng sd lieu cfla cudc Tdng diiu tra dan sd va nha d nam 2009 cho chflng la hinh ' ThS ; Vi?n X i hgi hpc Vi?n Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam NghlSn cdu Con ngudi ad 2(71) 2014 Di ddn tic ndng than dung phan nio bfle tranh chung ve tinh hinh di dan tfl ndng thdn thi d nudc ta khoang thdi gian tfl nam 1999 - 2009 nhu sau: - Miin Ddng Nam Bd, noi tap trung cic khu cdng nghiep Idn nhu khu cdng nghiep Sdng Thin I & II, khu cdng nghiep Tan Tao, khu cdng nghiep Viet Nam - Singapore, khu cdng nghiep Bien Hda, cd ti suat nhap cu tang tfl 63 ngudi len 127 ngudi nhap cu/IOOOdansdtai - Vung ddng bang sdng Hdng tang tfl 11 ngudi Ien 16 ngudi nhap cu/1000 dan sd tai Ha Ndi la thu dd cfla ca nudc, noi cd nhieu dy an kinh te, nhieu khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat vi cac cdng ty dugc diu tu bdi cic nhi dau tu nudc ngoai cung nhu cie nhi dau tu nudc Tinh den het nam 2010, cac khu cdng nghiep d Hi Ndi da thu hflt dugc 508 dy an, dd cd 240 dy an dau lu nudc ngoai va 268 du an dau tu Uong nudc Cac khu cdng nghiep tip Irung di vio boat ddng nhu khu edng nghiep Bac Thang Long, Sai Ddng B, Nam Thing Long, Ndi Bai khu cdng nghiep Thach That - Qudc Gai, Quang Minh I khu cdng nghiep Ha Ndi - Dai Tu khu cdng nghiep Phu NghTa Do sy phat trien manh me cac khu cdng nghiep va khu cdng nghe cao nen Ha Ndi cd nhu cau tuyen dung mdt sd lugng rat Idn lao ddng vao Iam viec, bao gdm cic nha khoa hpc, cac ky su, cdng nhan ky thuat va ca lao ddng phd thdng Ngoai ra, sd ngudi di cu tu ndng thdn Ha Ngi lam eac nghe tu nhu giup viec gia dinh ban hing rong thu mua phe lieu, lim thue cac nha hang, cua hieu cung la mpt luc lugng ddng dao Nam 1999, ti le nhap cu vao thu dd la 21,2%, nam 2004 la 29,6% va nam 2005 la 35,6%, tinh trang vin dang tiep tyc gia tang' Bang 1: Mot so tinh va co di cu thuan ducrng tu* nam 2004 - 2009 Thanh So ngu-oi di cir den tren 1000 dan 77 Da Nang 340 Binh Ducmg 66 Dong Nai 136 Tp.H6 Chi Minh 50 Tp HaNoi (Nguon: Tdng dieu tra Ddn sd vd nhd d ndm 2009) Dieu ndi Ien rang, cac khu cdng nghiep va cac khu thi cd sue hip dan manh me ngudn lao ddng d ndng thdn, bdi le, dd la noi cd the dip flng nhu cau ve viec lim, ling them thu nhap, la manh dat cd nhieu co hdi thing lien cho lao dgng di cu tfl ndng thdn Ihanh thi dac biet la ldp ngudi Ire tudi Neu chi nhan manh den sy sdi dpng eac khu edng nghiep vi dich vu d phd lam cho bd mat thi thay ddi timg va tao sflc bap din ddi vdi ddng di cu "Nhap cu v^o Ha Noi: Thuc trang va bien ph^p quan ly" http:// cpv.org.vn 50 NghlSn cuu Con ngudf s6 2(71} 2014 Luang NgQC Thiiy tfl ndng thdn thi thi chua du, bdi vi chinh nhimg diiu kien sin xuat sinh sdng d ndng Ihdn cung gdp phin thflc day su gia ling ddng di cu Khi nghien cflu cac vin de ve ndng nghiep, ndng din va ndng thdn, chflng ta phai thfla nhin ring, qui trinh ddi mdi, bd mat ndng thdn da cd nhihig thay ddi ro ret: Kinh te hd gia dinh phit trien da tao nang suit lao dgng hon bin thdi ky hgp tic xa ndng nghiep; tu mdt nudc ndng nghiep thieu luong ihyc kinh nien trd thinh nude xual khau gao dting thfl hai tren the gidi; edng cudc xoa ddi giam ngheo da thu dugc nhftng thinh tyu ma ca the gidi phai edng nhan; ca nudc khdng edn hd ddi, ti le cic hd ngheo da giam hang nam Dieu kien sdng cua ndng din cung da dugc cai thien dang ke, phan Idn cic xa, ke ca cac xa mien nfli da cd dien sinh hoai, cd dudng d Id vio den Irung tam xa, nhieu xa da vi dang thyc hien be tdng bda dudng ling, ngo xdm khien viec di lai d ndng thdn dugc thuan tien, de dang, saeh se; chuang trinh xda bd nha dot nit, nha tam dang dugc thyc hien mgi eieh tich cue d cac xa; chg vi cac cfla hing, cfla hieu eiing duge md rdng de dip ung nhu cau mua ban cua nhan din, trudng hgc vi uam y le xa ciang cd nhftng budc phat trien, Nhu vay, so vdi Ihdi ky trudc ddi mdi Ihi mflc ngheo tuyet ddi d ndng thdn (ca ve mflc thu nhap va dieu kien sdng) da giim manh Tuy nhien, tat ca nhftng ddi thay ay van khdng du sue hap dan de niu keo mdt bd phan cu dan d Iai ndng thdn, trai Iai da cd hien tugng nhieu ndng dan khdng edn tha thiit vdi rudng dong, hg cho ba cay re, tham ebi edn cho mugn rudng de gia nhap vao ddng ngudi di cu phd tim ke sinh nhai Tfl chuyen sang nen kinh le nhieu phan hinh thflc hgp lac hda ndng nghiep trude dd khdng eon thich hgp nen da bi giai the Nam 1993, Nhi nudc Ihuc hien viec giao dat san xuat lau dai cho ndng dan, chia lai rupng dat cho cac hd gia dinh, va hinh thuc kinh ti hd ddi Tu dd den dien tich dat ndng nghiep cua mdi hd dugc chia vin khdng Ihay ddi, ti le sinh hang nam d cac dia phuang cao hon ti le chit nen binh quan rudng dit theo dau ngudi cang thap Mat khac de dap irng nhu ciu phat triin kinh li - xa hpi hang nam khu vuc ndng thdn bi thu hdi mot sd dien lich dit ndng nghiep di xay dyng cae khu cdng nghiep, khu dd thl, md mang dudng giao thdng, xiy dung cac cdng trinh thuy lgi, Theo djnh hudng quy hoach tong the phat trien be thdng dd thi Viet Nam den nam 2025 va lim nhin din nam 2050 Thii tudng Chinh phu phe duyel thi nhu cau sfl dung dil xay dyng dd thi din nam 2015 vao khoang 335.000 ha, chiem 1,06% dien tich dat tu nhien cua ca nude; nam 2020 khoang 400.000 ha, chiim 1,3% dien tich dai tu nhien ca nude; nam 2025 khoang 450.000 ha, chiim 1.4% dien tich dat tu nhien ca nudc" Do dd, xel vi tdng the dat ndng nghiep ngiy cing bi thu hep lai, edn dit edng nghiep va dat dd ihi ngiy cang md rdng ihem Hien nudc ta edn khoang trieu dat canh tac; vdi dien lieh dd chi can 19 trieu lao dpng dd ca nudc cd 25.6 trieu lao ddng dang ^ Quy^t djnh 445/OD - TTg cua Thii tucmg Chinh phii ki 7/4/2009 v^ viec phe duyet dieu chinh dinh hudng quy ho^ch t6ng tha phit tri^n h? thdng thi Viet Nam d^n nfim 202.5 va l^m nhin d^n nam 2050 NgMSn cUU Con ngUdf s6 2(71} 2014 - Di ddn tic nong thon sinh sdng d ndng thdn Dieu dd phan anh tinh trang ndng dan dang thieu dat canh tic, Ihieu viec lam, sd lugng lao dgng du thfla rat Idn, thdi gian ndng nhan ting Ien Them vao la gia tri cdng ndng nghiep, die biet d cac xa thuan ndng rat thap Neu mdt hd gia dinh chi trdng vao thu nhap hai vy Ifla va mdt vu mau hang nam cdng vdi mpt il Ihu nhap tu chan nudi gia sflc, gia cam nhd le gia dinh thi thu nhap cfla hg sau trfl cic chi phi diu vio chi cdn "lay cdng Iam Iai" nhu ngudi ndng dan van thudng ndi Dd Ii chua ki nhung rui ro vi thien tai, dich benh thudng xiy hang nam gay mit mfla vi thit bat cho ndng dan Thu nhap cfla mdt bd phan khdng nhd cu dan d ndng Ihdn khdng dfl trang trai cho cac nhu cau sinh hoat cfla gia dinh, hpe hanh cfla cii, chua benh dm dau, cho nen hp da rdi que huong thinh phd tim ke sinh nhai Theo nghien cuu cfla Le Bach Duong vi Nguyen Thanh Liem thi "hon mdt nfla sd ngudi di cu rdi que huong len phd hg khdng hii Idng vdi cdng viec va mflc thu nhip d que va hi vgng se cd nhieu ca hgi viec Iam tdt ban d thinh phd Cfl bdn ngudi di cu thi cd mdt ngudi di gia dinh thieu dat canh tic vi/ hoac thieu viec lim hay that nghiep lau nam"^ Mdt nhan Id khac tic ddng den viec di din tfl ndng thdn Ihinh thi la su phan hoa giau ngheo, su chenh lech ve thu nhap, dieu kien sdng, kha nang tiep can vdi cac dich vu xa hdi co bin giua ndng thdn vi cd khoing each ngiy cang ldn Theo sd Heu thdng ke cfla Tdng cue Thdng ke thi thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi d thi va ndng thdn tfl nam 1999 den nam 2008 nhu sau: Bang 2: Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi d khu vuc thi va ndng thon tir nam 1999 den 2008 Donvi lOOOd Nam Khu vu'c 1999 2002 2004 2006 2008 517 622 845 1605 Thanh thi 1058 225 275 378 762 Nong thon 506 (Nguon: Nien gidm thong ke nam 2009 cua Tong cue Thong ke) Qua sd lieu bang tren cho ta thay, sudt 10 nam, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi d ca khu vyc ihanh thi Ian ndng thdn deu lien tuc tang, nhung mfle tang d khu vyc thinh Ihi ludn cao hon hai Ian so vdi mflc tang d khu vyc ndng Ihdn Khoing each chenh lech ve thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi gifta cac dia phuong, cic vflng mien nudc, gifta cac tinh thuan ndng, tinh mien nui, hii dio vdi cac trung ^ Dinh Quang Ha (2010), "Vai tro cua di dan nong thon - thj dii vdi phat trien kinh t^ hp gia dlnh df nong thon" Tap chi Ddn sdvd phdt triin s6 Le Bach Duong va Nguyin Thanh Liem (20II), Tu nong thdn thdnh phd: Tdc dqng kinh le - xa hoi cua di cir a Viet Nam, Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi, tr 28 52 NghlSn cdu Con ngudi s62(71) 2014 ^uorng Ngoc Thuy tam thi ciing ngiy cing Idn Trong tai lieu "Thdng tin chuyen de ve Giim khoang cich chenh Ipch thu nhap" sd nam 2012 cfla Trung tam Thdng tin - tu lieu thudc Vien Nghien ctiu quin Iy kinh ti trung uang (CIEM) cho biet, nam 2011 thu nhip binh quan diu ngudi cfla thfl dd Hi Ndi Ii 1.850 dd la My, tuong duong 37 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam; Tp Hd Chi Minh khoing 3.000 la My, cdn Cin Tho khoing 2.350 dd la My Trong dd, thu nhap binh quan cfla ngudi dan Nam Djnh ehi bing mgt nfla so vdi Hi Ndi, khoing 19,2 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam; cic tinh vflng sau, vung xa nhu Bic Can Ii 14,6 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam, Quang Ngai ehua den Irieu ddng Hi Giang chua tdi trieu ddng Sy phin hda giau ngheo xa hdi ta hien ciing diin sau sac, sd ngudi Viet Nam cd tii sin tfl I trieu dd la My (khoing 20 ti ddng Viel Nam) trd len dang tang manh, nam 2011 tang tdi 33% so vdi nam 2010 Cae sd lieu chinh thflc efla thi trudng chiing khoan ciing ghi nhan, vio Ihdi diem cudi nam 2011 cd din 170 ngudi sd hiru cd phieu cd gia tri tren 20 ti ddng, Irong dd cd hem 100 ngudi cd tii sin ehflng khoin vugt mflc 40 li ddng va ngudi ed tai sin ehflng khoin vugt mflc 2.000 ti ddng Trong tii lieu niy ciing dan sd Heu cua Bp Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa hdi ve sd hd ngheo Uong ei nudc tinh den cudi nam 2011 li irieu hd, chiem 20% ldng dan sd Hd ngheo d day dugc xic dinh la hd gia dinh cd ihu nhip dudi muc 400.000 ddng/ngudi/thing d khu vyc ndng thdn va dudi muc 500.000 ddng/ngudi/lhang d khu vyc dd ihj Vdi mflc Ihu nhip niy thi cudc sdng cfla cic hd ngheo thyc sy het sflc khd khan' Nhftng sd lieu tren day ndi len rang, uong qua trinh ddi mdi, ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan ngiy cang duge cii thien, nhung co hdi dd lai khdng chia deu eho mgi ngudi sy phin hda giiu ngheo vin gia tang, su chenh lech ve thu nhap gifta ihanb Ihi vi ndng ihdn, gifta cae vimg mien van ldn tai va ed xu hudng mdi Idn hon Ve dieu kien sdng gifta ndng thdn va Ihi cung edn cd su each biet ding ke Diiu niy dugc phan anh qua cac chi lieu ve chat lugng nhi d, ngudn nudc hgp ve sinh, dieu kien ve sinh vi mue su dung eac lien nghi Irong gia dinh cua cu dan dd thj so vdi cu din ndng thdn Theo tii Heu ldng hgp cua Nguyen Yen ve di cu vi dd Ihi hda qua kit qua Tdng diiu tra din sd nam 2009 thi d ndng Ihdn ed 4,3% sd hd gia dinh khdng ed dien, d Hi Ndi va Tp Hd Chi Minh ehi ed 0,2% sd hd gia dinh phai chiu tinh trang dd Ti le bd gia dinh dugc sfl dung nude sach d dd thi li 96,8%, eao ban ding ki so vdi 86,6% d ndng thdn Ve trinh chuyen mdn vi hgc vin gifta thi va ndng thdn cung ed mdi khoang each Idn 27,4% dan sd dd Ihj lfl 15 tudi trd len cd Irinh dp trung hpc phd ihdng, 15,3%