Di dân từ nông thôn ra thành thị ở nước ta hiện nay thực trạng và giải pháp

DI DAN TU" NONG THON RA THANH THI NUdc TA HIEN NAY: THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP LUONG NGQC THUY' Tom tat: Nudc ta dang qud trinh ddy manh c6ng nghiip hoa, hi^n dgi hoa; v$y, viic di din tit ning thin thi la mit qud trinh tit yeu sUphdt triin kinh ti-xdh6LBii viit di vio phin tich thilc trang di ddn tit ning thin thi initdcta hiin nay, trin casd bii vi& dua nhom nhiing gidi phdp trudc mdt vi liu dii di khac phifc nhiing vin de dgt qui trinh di din, gop phdn cung cdp nguin nhdn tac ci chdi bidng phifc vu cing nghifp hoa, hiin dpi hda dat nudc TU khia: Di din: ning thin; thinh thi; cdng nghifp hoa: hiin dpi hoa Thflc trang di dftn ti* nong thfln lim, du thtta lao dgng Them vio dfl, mflc thj cl nfldc ta hien thu nhjp, dilu kijn sinh sfl'ng gifla thinh Chung ta da vi dang chflng kiln thj vft nflng thfln cfln cfl sy chflnh ljch Ifln, nhfing dflng di dftn ttt nflng thfln thftnh mflt bfl phftn khfing nho cU dftn fl nflng thj vft efte khu cflng nghijp mfiy thfln CO thu nhjp thft'p, khflng du trang ehyc nftm gin dfty Dfl lft mflt hijn tflgng trai eho eujc sfliig thuflng ngfty, cho vijc xa hfli efl tfnh tfi't ylu vft ngfty eftng hgc hftnh eua cai vi chfla b jnh om • — ry-j "6 F"v "Ut uaiui cua eai va cnua bgnh flm biln trinh kmhhfla tl-xft dau Trong bfll canh dfl, mflt bfi phftn nflng hgi cua dfitquft nuflc ta phfit Cflngtriln nghigp vft dfin khue hoi CUfl dfit nilrv la P A „ ™ - „ u ; f t _ L I , , , phai , , rfli qug thftnh thj vft f eac cflng vfli nfl Ift quft tnnh dfl thj hfla diln cflng nghijp dl tim kilm vijc lftm, tftng mflt cich hit sflc nhanh chflng, cac khu them thu nhjp vft Iflp tre cfln mong cfl cflng nghijp mgc lgn, cftc thftnh dugc dugc nhflng co hfli thftng tiln cho ban thfin mfl rflng, cftc khu dfl thj mfli dugc xfty minh Dfl Ift nguygn nhftn chinh tjo Iftn dyng ngfty cftng nhilu Sfl tftng truflng sflng di dftn tfl nong thfln thftnh thj vi tjp trung fl khu vuc thftnh thj vft cftc khu eac khu cflng nghigp nghijp hijn cflng nghijp, noi diln nhflng sy thay Tuy nhien, xflt trgn mgt gflc dg khftc dii tflng ngfty, ndi tjo nhilu cflng Sn gflc dj vl sti phat triln, thi hijn tugng di vijc lftm, nhilu ngftnh nghi da dang, dfli dan ttt nflng thfln thinh thj li xu huflng hfli mflt lyc lugng lao dgng Ifln phftt triln cfl tfnh quy luftt cua xft hgi mft Nlu thftnh thi vi eae khu cflng nghigp cfic nuflc tifln tien trfln t h i gifli da trai qua cho thfiy mgt bflc tranh sfli dflng vl sin Dfl lft qua trinh chuyen dii tfl nin kinh tl xuft't vft djeh vu; thi fl nflng thfln, mflt nflng nghijp sang nin kinh t l cflng dijn Hch ding kl dfi't nflng nghigp bi thu nghijp, lft quft timh titng buflc xftc Ijp ty hli dl phat triln eae khu cflng nghijp,' khu trgng cflng nghijp ngfty cftng Ifln hdn ty dfl thj, mfl giao thflng, xfty dung eae cflng trinh thtiy Igi v v nflng dftn lai roi vio tinh trjng thilu dfit canh tic, thilu vijc "ThS Xi hji hi)c, NghiSn cUu vi8n ViSn XS hSi hoc Vi?nH4nlamKhoahoci5h^iVi?tNam la NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XAHOl tifi-ait LUONG NGOC THUY trgng nflng nghijp nen kinh te quoc dftn, dan so nflng thfln ngfty eftng thu hep, dftn s l thj ngfty cang gia tftng Vijc thuc hijn quft trinh cflng nghijp hfla, hijn dji hfla vft dfl thj hoa fl nuflc ta I i ygu c i u khach quan cua sy phat trien dfit nuflc Trong quft trinh dfl, tat nhien phai cfl sU dilu chuyin mgt bg phftn lao dgng tfl nflflg thfln t h i n h thj, mflt bfl phftn lao dgng nflng nghigp sang lao dgng cflng nghijp v i dich vy m vfty, vijc di dftn tfl nflng thfln thftnh thj thoi ky chuyen dii n i n kinh t l cua dft't nuflc I i khflng the trftnh khoi efl tang truflng ctia eac trtmg tam dfl thj vfi cflng nghijp, tjo thgm thu nhftp cho gia tfinh v i gop p h i n xfla dfli giam ngheo khu vtle nflng thfln Vai tro tfch cyc cua dflng di dan la khflng t h i phu n h j n Tuy nhien, lyc lugng lao dgng nfty ciing cfln nhilu nhuoc diem nhu; Mdt Id, lye lugng lao dgng di cif nfty manh v l so lugng, nhung no lai y l u kflm v l m j t chft't lugng Tnldc h i t lft p h i n dfing s l hg khflng dugc dfto tao, ngn trinh chuyen mfln, tay n g h i thft'p Hai Id, hg khflng dUOc trang bj nhiing h i l u bifl't e i n thilt v l dieu kijn lao dgng, v l t i e phong cflng nghijp, v l mfli truflng sinh sfliig fl dfl thj v.v Ba Id, p h i n dflng sfl' hg Ift nhiing ngufli di cu t u do, t h i l u tfnh t l chflc, thilu nhiing thflng tin d i y du vft chinh xftc v l ntii hg se de'n Theo s l U j u thong kg, tfl nftm 1999 d i n nftm 2004 dft cfl 6,5 triju ngufli di cU, ^ t o n g dfl chu y l u Ift di cU tfl nflng thfln vfto • V t h i n h p h i v i eic khu cflng nghijp Djc bijt ttt nfim 2004 - 2009, l i n sflng di cu n i y diln I at vi dfl I i thoi ky dft't NhQng nhuge dilm trfln khiln cho lao nuflc tiln hftnh xfty dyng nhilu khu cflng dflng du cu khflng trftnh khfli nhflng khfl nghijp, khu che xufit fl miln Dflng Nam khftn phai deS mftt vfli nhfing vfiii d l bj, thu dfl Hft Nfii vft fl nhifl'u t h i n h p h i nhfl: vijc lim; v l n h i fl; v l ehftm sflc sflc khfic nuflc Hijn tugng di cu dang khfle vft se cfln tifl'p diln tUdng lai"' Vi vdn di viic ldm Phfin tfch CO cft'u cua dflng cU cu nfty cho Theo k i t qua nghign cflu cua du ftn thfiy: Bfl Lao dflng - Thuong bmh vft Xft hfli cflng - 'Ty Ij nfi di cU chiem 61,3%; nam di cU bSnftm 2013 cho thfiy, cfl 30,5% ngufli lao chifl'm 31,7% dflng di cu lftm cftc cflng vijc efl djc dilm fi - VI dfl tuli: Dji da s l lao dgng di cu cfl nhiem tiing In, bui bin; 14,1% lftm cflng tuoi dufli 30, nhflm di cu den efte khu vijc dflc hji, 10,4% lftm cflng vijc cfl tinh cflng nghijp efl tuli trung binh Ift 23 tuli chfit nguy hiem'^' VI trinh dfi chuyfln mfln ky thujt: Qua s l heu tren, efl the thfiy ring, 66,1% lao dflng di eu khflng cfl trinh trinh dfl chuyen mfln, tay n g h i thfip nen chuygn mfln, ehua qua dfto tjo Ttt nhflng s l U j u trfln dfiy eho thfiy, lao Din theo: kft qua nghien eto cua ill in Tinh hinh djng di cU tfl nfing thfln thftnh thj lft Iflc dl chuyen lao ddng IU ning thin m thinh thi vi cdc **BCI)« nghiip bSi canh Vift Nam yio nhip lugng lao dflng tre khfle, dflng dao v l mfit «TOr B« Lao d^ng, ThiMng binh v4 XH hSi c6ng b« ' so lugng, Ift nguon nhfin lye to Ifln bo sung ngily2«8ffiOI3 "> Din a e o ; kSl qua nghiSn cOu ciia du i n Tinh hinh cho sU thie'u hyt lao dgng Hnh vUe dl chuyii lao ding til ning thin thinh thi vi cdc san xuft't cflng nghijp v i Unh vyc djeh vu khucing nghifp bdi canh Vift Nam gia nhip WTCr B? Lao dSng, ThtMng binh v i Xi hai c6ng hi da djng d t h i n h thi, gflp p h i n dang k l vio ngiy 26/8/2013 s03-2gi« NHANLOC KHOA HOC XAHOl f^ DI D A N T U N N G T H O N R A T H A N H THI d NUOC TA HIEN NAY da s l ngilfli th cU khflng cfl dilu kijn lya cing, ranh thoat nflflc, mfli truflng nhilm chgn cho minh tihiTng viec lam phfl hgp, anh huflng d i n sflc khoe khfing chi dfii vfli hg phai chfip n h j n nhiing vijc l i m khflng ngufli lao dflng dg'n de thue trg, m i cfln l i on dinh, vijc l i m vfli thu nhftp thfip, mfli vfiii de bflc xuc dfli vfli dftn cU sfl tai truflng Iftm viflc dflc h j i Nhilu ngufli Mftt khac, nhtlng chi phi sinh hojt ciing s l hg phai Iftm vijc quft sflc, anh huflng Ifln den thu nhftp ctia ngufli lao dilu kijn an t o i n lao dflng khfing tlam dgng di CU r a t h i n h thj Theo k i t qua bao, tbu nhjp khfing tUtmg xflng vfli sflc nghien cflu cua Bg Lao dgng Thuong lao dflng bo binh vft x a hfli cflng bfl'thi co tfli 86,3% lao Mgt dilm dftng luu J Ii, h i u h i t nhflng dflng di eU phai thug nhft fl vft chi cfl 2,9% ngufli lao dflng di cU thftnh p h i deu dft mua duge nhft Tiln thug nhft, dijn thilu hilu bilt v l lujt lao dflng nfln hg nude sinh hojt chilm tfli 23% thu nhftp khflng bilt ty bao v j cac quyin v i quyen eiia ngufli lao dgng Dftc bijt, hon 85% lao Igi cua minh luftt phftp quy djnh dflng di cu phai t r a t i l n dijn, nuflc sinh NhQng ngufli lao dflng t y thuflng thfla hojt theo gift thoa thuftn vfli ehu nhft vft thuftn mijng v l tiln cflng, viee lftm vfli chii thuflng cao gft'p hai de'n ba l i n gia Nhi sti dyng lao djng, chfip nhftn l i m vijc nuflc quy djnh™ NhU vfty, cfl t h i khing khflng cfl hgp ding lao dgng, khflng cfl bao dinh r i n g , nhft fl l i vfin d l nan giai dli vfli hilm Vi vfty, thfli gian lao dflng eua hg cfl nhfing ngufli di dftn, vft dfl cung l i trfl ngai kflo dfti d i n 10 gifl trgn ngfty; khflng Ifln nhft't m i hg phai duong d i u bao dam c h i dg nghi ngoi; I m dau Vdn di chdm sdc sdc khde khflng duge cbftm v l y t l Sfle khoe I i vfl'n q u j eua ngufli, 14 Vivdndinhdd mflt nhflng dieu kien d l lao dflng efl Vijc dftp flng nhu ciu nhft fl eho eu dftn hiju qua Tuy nhign, dfli vfli p h i n Ifln smh sing fl thftnh phfl', vin dft 14 mflt kho ngufli di cU thi muc tigu kinh t l dugc dftt khftn to Ifln cua chinh quyin sfl tai Nay, lgn h i n g d i u , nen vftii d l ehftm sfle sflc thih trjng nhjp eu, mgt so lugng Ifln khoe cho ban thftn hg lai bj d i y Ifli xuIng lao dflng tfl nflng thfln vfto thftnh p h i ngn hftng thfl ylu khfl khftn dfl Iji tftng lgn gfip bgi Tren Lao dgng di efl t u hijn dang gfip thflc t l , hijn nay, khu vyc kinh tc Nhft nhilu khfl khfin vijc t i l p cjn vfli cac nuflc dft xfla bfl e h l bao efip v l nhft fl, djeh vy ehftm sfle sflc khoe fl thftnh phi; eon khu vye kinh t l tu nhftn chua siii bfli vi hg khflng cfl bao hilm y t l , vi chi phf sftng xfiy dyng, hojc ehUa xfiy dung du djeh vu ehftm sfle sfle khoe qua cao so vfli nhft fl cho cflng nhfin hay ngufli lao dflng thu nhfip cua hg thug Khi Nhft nuflc vft chii sfl dung lao Mflt vfin d l c i n quan tftm dffi vfli lao djng hijn chua efl kha nftng cung flng nhft dflng di cu lft lao dflng nfl, da s l l a o dflng fl thi eic hfl tu nhfin da tham gia dfip flng nfl di Cfl It dugc trang bj kiln thflc v l nhu c i u thyc t l nfty Tuy nhifln, cftc khu nhft trg t u nhftn xay dung thuflng Ift nhflng cftn nhft tjm, dijn tich chftt hgp D5n theo: kft qua nghiin c«u cua dl) i n "Tinh hinh loo dfng til ning thin thinh thi vi cdc dijn, nuflc khflng d i m bio, khflng an toftn! "-2t1t LUONG NGQC THUY khoi lugng ldn nhan Itlc tit cic ndi v l lam vice; d6 d nong thon lai du thfla lao dgng, thieu viec lim; m i t khic, su chJnh lech v l thu n h i p cac dilu kien song gifla ndng thon v i t h i n h thj da thuc d i y mdt bg p h i n nhflng ngudi ndng dan t h i n h p h i tim ke sinh nhai De giai quylt hien tugng di dan n i y mgt each c i n ban, cin CO nhflng giai phap t i c djng vio chinh nhflng nguyen n h i n do, cho nong thon vin ddng vai tro cung c i p nguIn nhan lilc cho t h i n h pho; dong thdi v i n bao dam su phat trien khong ngiftig cua nong thdn Nhflng giai phap n i y dugc ggi l i nhflng giai phap co ban (giai phap l i u dii) Chflng ta CO the chia ehiing t h i n h hai ^ n h l m ehinh: nhdm giai phap chuyen dli H j p c l u kinh t l nong nghigp va nhdm nang ^ T a o chit lugng cu d i n ndng thdn Nhom gidi phdp chuyen ddi ca cdu kinh tendng nghiep Sti k h i c bijt gifla ndng thon v i t h i n h thj khong chi bilu hijn v l m i t giai elp v i t i n g Idp xa hgi, loi sing v i v i n boa cua cic c6ng dong, m i dilu c i n ban nghiJn cflu su khac bijt n i y l i c i n tilp cjn t r j n quan dilm san xui't, tflc l i cin xem xJt d moi khu vflc i y tiln h i n h san xui't nhu t h i n i o , b i n g each nao Ndng thon von t i n tai phuong thflc san xuat thu c5ng, mgt phudng thflc thich hgp vdi trinh dd rugng d i t p h i n t i n manh mun, ning s u i t lao dgng khong cao v i tuong flng vdi n6 l i tac phong lao ddng ttl do, tfly tign; eon cie t h i n h lai p h i t triln san xuit c6ng nghijp theo hudng hien dai Chinh StJ khac bijt n i y l i nguyJn n h i n s i u xa tao su ehJnh ljch v l thu nhjp, mflc sing v i cie m i t sinh hoat khac gifla t h i n h thj v i nong thdn D l n i n g cao trinh dJ phat trien nong nghijp c i n thtic hijn vijc chuyen dli cd cau kinh te ndng nghijp theo hudng eing nghiep hda nong thon; k i t hdp gifla phat trien nong nghijp vdi cdng nghijp nong thon Viil d l cdng nghijp h i a ndng thdn l i viil de ldn, can cd nhflng cong trinh nghien ctiu chuyen bijt de dua duge nhiJng phuong hfldng, btldc tii eu thi, phfl hgp vdi dilu kijn cua nfldc ta Tuy nhiJn, v l CO ban, chflng ta cd t h i de cip de'n nhflng hudng chinh nhfl sau: Thii nhdt, tflng bflde chuyin cac xi nghiep nhu: det may, da giiy, c b l biln nong san, v.v ve cac viing nong thon; ding thdi cac t h i n h ldn eiing nhu cic tinh c i n c l chinh sach thu hut d i u tu nfldc ngoii v i khuyen khich eae n h i d i u tfl nfldc d i u tfl vio eae dti i n c6 quy mo nho, g i n vdi khu vflc njng thdn, n h i m thu hflt mgt s l lao dgng dU thfla, dang thilu viec l i m nong thJn, giam thilu tmh trang di cfl tu t h i n h p h i Thii hai, phat trien cie l i n g n g h i thti cdng, giam bdt cie xa t h u i n ndng Thtle t l cho thiy, nong d i n cac x i t h u i n nong thudng c6 thu n h j p t h i p , gia trj ngiy cJng lao dgng khdng cao, ddi sing eua mJt bJ p h i n khong nho b i con gJp nhilu khd k h i n , mgt so ndi ndng d i n it tha thilt vdi rujng dong, rdi bo que huong d l gia n h j p vio dong di cU t h i n h p h i tim k l sinh nhai Vi thi, vijc p h i t trien l i n g nghi, giam bdt cic x i t h u i n ndng l i mJt nhflng bijn phap giai quylt vijc lim, t i n g thu n h j p eho cie hg nong d i n , d l hg ngiy cing g i n bd hdn vdi q u i hfldng Thii ba, chuyen n i n san xui't ndng nghijp d t ^ tren kinh nghijm v i cdng cif thti cdng sang n i n san x u i t co h i a b i n g may mde v i flng dung cic t h i n h tiju khoa hgc ky t h u i t Tfl giai t h i cac hgp t i c xa nong nghiep kilu cu, kinh t l hg gia finh da ddng vai tro tich cue, thflc diy sif NHM IVC KHOA HOC XAHOl Q] DI DAN T U N O N G THON RA THANH THI d NU(3C TA HlfiN NAY p b i t trien n i n nong nghijp nfldc ta miy ehue n i m qua Tuy nhiJn, nhin chung, kinh t l hd gia dinh v i n bj bd hep khuon kho d i t dai bj p h i n chia manh mtin, nong san hang htia f»n cfaiem ty le thip, phudng pfaap canh t i e cdn dtla trgn kinh nghigm, thoi quen hdn l i ap dung nhflng tiln bg khoa hgc ky thuit, c6ng CII san xuat eon thd so (mac du, mgt BOfaglli mua dugc may ciy, may tudt lua, may bdm loai nho de ili eiy thue, tuot lfla, bflm nfldc thug v.v ) De dfla n i n ndng nghijp nude ta trd nen ndng ngbijp tiJn tiln thi cin phai k h i e phuc nhiing nhuge dilm ndi tren Trong chflng ta v i n thfla n h i n vai tro cua kmh t l hg gia dinh, v i n coi nd l i ddn vj san x u i t ndng nghigp i ndng thdn thi cung cin nghign cflu v l viii d l da dgng hda cie hinh thflc t i n tai ctia niS Cflng vdi hhih tfaflc t i n tgi ctia kinh te hJ dfla tren quy mg nho le nhfl hijn nay; phai ching ngn nghign cflu v i nhan rjng hinb thflc kmh te trang trai - mJt hmh thflc kmh te hJ gia dinh c6 quy mo ldn hdn, c6 quy hoach v i ke hoach san x u i t t i t hfln, nhu ciu ap dung cac t h i n h tifu khoa hgc ky thujt cao hdn Mat fainfa thflc t i n tai cao hdn ctia kinh te hJ gia dhifa l i hmh thflc Bin k i t mJt s l fae vdi t h i n h mJt ddn vj san xuit Cd t h i ndi, dd l i htoh thflc hgp tac x i kilu mdi dila trgn su ttl nguyjn cua eac he, hg tu hen kit vdi nhau, ttl quyet djnh v i pfauong faudng san xuit, v l quy m3 v i to chflc san xui't, v l tigu thy san phim v.v Thdtu, chuyin dicfa co d u kinh t i n d n g nghijp theo hfldng cdng nghijp fada ndng thdn vdi nfaflng nji dung ndi trgn se l i m cho ndng thon kfadng chi san x u i t neng nghijp ddn t h u i n m i cdn cd c i cong nghijp v i cac ling n g b l thu cdng nghiep Q NHiNUC KHOA HQC XAHOl Nong than trd t h i n h ndi da dang hda san xuit, da dang hda n g i n h ngfai, ndi taio nhilu c8ng i n vijc lam, p h i n cang lgi lao dgng dan cfl, giai quyet p h i n ldn lao dgng dfl thfla, tfl dd h a n c h i dong di cu ttj t h i n h thi Nhdm gidi phdp ndng cao cAd*f luang cu dan ndng thdn Thii nhdt, n i n g cao c h i t Ifldng nguIn nhan Itlc khu vtle ndng than, dap ling nhu cau c8ng nghijp h i a , hign dai hda ndng nghijp, ndng thdn Qua trinh c6ng nghigp h6a, hign dgi hda ndng nghijp, nong than ddi hoi phai ed life Iflgng lao dgng tre khoe, c6 kig'n thflc, c l ky ning, c6 nhigt tinh v i t i c phong lao ddng d n g nghijp Ti't ca nhflng p h i m c h i t dd khdng phai tfl nhign m i ed, chung l i san phim cua met q u i trinh d i o tao v i r i n liiyjn cua moi ngfldi lao djng Vi vjy, v l h d l dio tao n h i n lflc cho khu vifc nong thdng li vijc l i m cflc kJ quan trgng, cd y nghia quyet djnh d i n sfl t h i n h bai cua s\f nghijp cdng nghijp hda, hijn dai hda ndng nghijp, ndng thdn Do viy, mli tinh tfainfa, dja phUdng c i n c6 quy hoacfa, k l hoach dio tao n g h i cho lao dgng ndng thdn de dap flng nhu c i u p h i t triln kmh t l xa hgi cua dia phuong Cflng vdi vijc d i o tao nguIn n h i n lilc, c i n cd k l hogch sfl dung hg eac xi nghijp d neng then, cic l i n g n g h i v i san xui't ndng nghijp D i n g thdi, c i n cd chinfa sich flu dai doi vdi cic can bJ khoa hgc ky t h u i t cl trinh dd cao ve phuc vu cac nginh san xui't i ngng then San p h i m cua su nghijp cdng nghijp hda ndng then, khang ch! d e h l san xuft ctia cai v j t c h i t d l i dio, n i n g cao mflc s i n g cua ngudi ndng d i n m i tao met Itlc lugng lao djng ed c h i t lugng mdi, phong cich mdi d neng than Cfait s