MOT SO YEU TO TAC DONG DEN VAN DE LY HON VIET NAM HIEN NAY PHAN THI LUYEN " Tom tab Bii vie, tap trung phdn tich mgt si yiu litdc ding din vi'n di ly hin i Viil Nam hiin Chinh su thay doi eia cdc yeu tivi diiu kiin eia ehung lam phd va mdi quan hi hin nhdn nhil au tie ding cia phdp lug,; su thay dii vi vi Ihi, vai iri eua ngudi phu nH xi hgi; mic di ring buic eia gia dinh, ddng hg, du luin xd hii Ti khda: Hin nhdn; lic ding; phdp lui,; gia dinh; dbng hp, diluan xd hii; Iy hin Yeu to t i c ddng hfti vilt nfty dflpc hilu lft nhflng y l u td lftm gia tftng hojc giam ti Ij ly hdn mjt khoang thdi gian nhft't djnh vft b mdt khu vile ttia IJ nhft't djnh Trong suit hai the ky qua, sti biln dd'i xa hdi diln mstnh me, quft trinh cdng nghijp hda, hijn dai hda cflng vdi su tiln bd ctia khoa hpc ky thuftt da kdo theo si^ thay dd'i cftc quan hj xa hji, dd ed quan hj gia dinh Ly hdn trd thftnh hijn tflpng xft hdi phi biln trdn ph?m vi toftn thi gidi cae quoc gia phUflng Tfty, nia sau cua the ky 20 ti Id ly hdn ludn tri b mflc eao Vidt Nam thai gian gin dfty, ti Ij ly hdn cflng dang tftng len nhanh chdng Vfty, ed nhflng ylu to nfto tie ddng din vijc gia tftng ti le ly hdn d Vijt Nam hijn nay? Tai xu hfldng ly hdn mft phu nfl la nguydn dOn lai gia tftng? Trong bfti vilt nfty, Chung tdi sd phan tfch lftm rd mjt s l ylu t l tae dpng din vft'n dl Iy hdn d Q >MNMC>NO^"' NSm 2013 B i o cio t i n g k i t ngftnh Toft ftn tfl nam 2005 - 2013 cua Toft an nhftn dan t O l C3.0 Qua s l hdu Bang eho thfty, ed sil gia tftng v l s l vu ly hdn dupc thu IJ vft giai quylt ca nfldc Trong vdng nftm, tfl nftm 2005-2013, slcftp vp chong dupe Tda ftn giai quydt cho ly hdn tftng 42,6%, tfl 55.757 cjp len 130.864 cjp Sfl dao djng tftng diu qua cftc nftm, dat eon so tfl 5000 din 15.000 vu/nftm Ti Ij phu nfl la nguyen dfln cftc vu ly hdn ngfty cftng tftng, theo s l hdu thd'ng kd chie'm g i n 51% Thdi gian ehung sdiig gifla cie eftp vp ching trfldc ly hdn ngfty cftng ngftn Theo chung tdi, cd nhilu ylu td' tftc djng din si^ gia tftng hijn tupng ly hdn d Vijt Nam hijn Tuy nhidn, bfti vilt nfty, chflng tdi di chi di sau nghien cflu mdt s l ylu td t i e ddng ddii ly hdn nhfl: p h i p lujt; su thay dd'i vi the, vai trd cua ngudi phu nfl; sfl t i c ddng cua gia dinh, ddng hp, du luftn xa hdi de'n vfc d l ly hdn Stf tac dong c i a p h i p luSt d i n vftTn d e ly h d n Su bife dm xa hji cd t h i dupc nhftn rd ndt thdng qua sfl thay doi v l phftp luftt St? thay dd'i ve phftp lujt lft ylu t l quan t i c ddng den vfc d l ly hdn I^ua cic giai doan khic nhau, cic dsio luftt cua Vijt Nam ngfty ctog cdi md hon, d l eao sU tu eua ngudi, bao ve quyin cua phti nfl, tao dilu kijn cho vijc ly hdn trd ndn d l dtog Chflng tdi nhftt tri vdi quan diem cho rftng, "hft't cfl nfli nfto lujt phap ly hdn thdng thoing hfln, ti ij ly hdn si eao hfln Doi Isti, luftt phap ly hdn dl dfcg hfln lft d l dftp 1^ nhflng thay dm thfti dp cua xa hji"'" Trong xa hji phong kiln, tu tudng trpng nam, khinh nfl, coi ngudi dftn dng lft " ' T r i n Thj E n , Xuyfc (2002) Oia dinh vi nhing vdn ieov, gu, dmh hl4n dai NXB D ^ hoc Thing kS, Sit-Ii1« NHtNLVCKHOAHIKSldHOl Q ] MOT SO YEU TO TAC DONG DEN VAN DE LY HON tru cdt, lft tftm cua gia tiinh, xa hdi d f c c h i , tidii bd c i a che dp hdn n h f c va nen phip lujt phong kiln thfla nhan sil gia tflnh da dflpc cu the Lujt Hdn bat binh dftng gifla nam vft nfl, gifla vp va n h f c vft Gia dinh nftm 1959 So vdi Lujt ehdng, bao vj quyin gia trudng ciia ngfldi Hdn n h f c vft Gia tflnh nam 1959, Luat d i n dng Quyin ctia phu nfl ndi chung va Hdn nhftn va Gia dinh nftm 1986 dft dl quyin ly hon ctia phu nfl ndi rieng it dflpc cap tdi nhflng quy dinh chung c i a vijc kd't ghi nhftn vft bao ve hdn, nghia vu cua cha me vdi cai, quy Ngay sau giftnh dupc chinh quyin, dinh vijc x i c djnh cha me cho con, vfc ie nhftn thflc dflpc vai trd quan trpng cua gia ly hdn, quan he hdn n h f c c i a cdng dan dinh, Dang vft Nhft nudc ta tta chu trpng Viet Nam vdi ngfldi nude ngoii tdi vfc de hdn n h f c v i gia dinh Ban Hien Qua hPn mudi ba nftm thi hftnh, nhtJng phip diu tien cua nfldc Vijt nam d f c chu nguyen tfie vft cic quy djnh ehung cia cdng hoft nftm 1946 da ghi n h f c : "Dan bft Luftt Hdn n h f c vft Gia dinh nam 1986 vfc ngang quyin vdi dftn dng tren mpi phflflng tilp tuc p h i t huy hiju luc ddi sdiig dijn" (Dilu 9) Tren eO sd Hien phftp nftm xa hdi, dupe ngudi dan chft'p h i n h vft tdn 1946, sftc Ijnh d i u tien cd quy dinh v l hdn trpng Tuy nhifc, q u i trinh phit nhftn - gia dinh dflpc Nhft nude ban hanh trien e i a xa hdi nd eung bde Id nhilu diem dft cdng nhftn quyin "ttl gift thfl vft thilu sdt, efa dupc s i a dli, b l sung eho ly hdn"», xoft bd sti p h t o biet bft't binh phu hpp vdi tmh hinh mdi Mpt so quy dfcg gifla nam vft nfl v l cftc "duydn cd" ly djnh c i a Luftt edn mang tfnh chung chung hdn, thong nhft't luftt j v l ly hdn nen i p diing vfto thtle t l khdng thdiig Cing vdi sy p h i t triln e i a xa hdi, h j nhft't nhu: quy djnh v l cftn cfl ly hdn; vijc thing phip lujt hdn nhftn vft gia tflnh ndi chia tfti san ly hdn, Do dd, Luftt Hjn ehung, c h i dinh ly hdn ndi ridng cung d i n n h i n vft Gia dinh nftm 2000 dft ddi trjn dflpc hoan thijn Tren co sd Hiln p h i p CO sd k l thfla Lujt Hdn n h f c vft Gia dinh nftm 1959, Lujt Hdn nhftn vft Gia dinh nftm 1986, giai quyet dupc mpt s l vfc dl nftm 1959 da dupe Qudc hdi khoa I, kJ hpp mft Luftt Hdn nhftn va Gia dinh nftm 1986 thfl 11 chinh thflc thdng qua ngfty 29 cdn t i n tai, chfla d i p flng so vdi yeu ciu thfcg 12 nftm 1969 Sfl ddi Luftt Hdn c i a thflc tiln xa hdi nhfc vft^Gia dmh lft cdng cu phap IJ quan Luftt Hdn nhan vft Gia dinh nftm 2000 trpng dl Nhft nude ta xfty dilng vft thijc hijn xoft bd c h i dp hdn n h f c vft gia dinh da dfch ridng nhflng quy djnh dftc thfl dl phong kiln, lac hju; xgy dung e h l dj hdn bao vj quyin cho phu nfl, nhftm giiip phu nhfc gia dinh mdi dtla tren nguyen t i e nfl p h i t triln v l mpi mjt, ddng gdp cdng hon nhfc tu do, tiln bd, mjt vp mdt ching, sflc c i a minh vfto xu t h i p h i t triln chung nam nfl binh dftng, bao vj quyin loi c i a c i a xa hdi Nguydn tftc bhih dftng, vi sil tien bd c i a phu nfl xft hdi lft npi phu nfl vft tre em dung quan trpng cua sti dilu chinh phftp Sau d i t nudc thing nhft't, Luftt Hdn lu&t, dd co Bnh vuc hdn n h f c vft gia nhftn vft Gia dinh nftm 1986 dupc ban hinh Luftt nfty dft k l thfla cftc nguyen tftc sac llnh Bis IfiS/SL ngiy 17 thing 11 nJm 1950 El NHANll^lolMHjCiaHSl sit-znt PHAN THI LUY|N dinh P h i p lujt v l ly hdn d nfldc ta n g i y eftng hofc thijn, dfci bao nguygn tftc binh d i n g nam, nfl va bao vj quyin lpi cho phu nfl Dja vi p h i p h' cua ngudi phu nfl ctog dupc n t o g cao Khoan I Dilu Luftt Hdn n h f c va Gia dinh nam 2000 quy djnh: "Mdt nhOng nguyen tac ca bdn cua chidd hdn nhdn vd gia dinh Viit Nam Id: Hdn nhdn tu nguydn tien bd, mgt vg m5( chdng, vg chdng binh dang" vft bao dam quyin til ly hdn c i a cftc cap vp ehdng: 'Vg, ehdng hodc cd hai ngudi cd quyin yeu cdu tod dn gidi quyit viec li hdn Trong trudng hgp vg cd thai hodc dang nudi dudi mudi hai thdng tuoi thi ch^g khdng cd quyin yeu cdu xin li hdn" ® % , Luat Hdn nhftn vft Gia dinh nftm 2000) Phftp luftt cdng n h f c quyin ttl ly hdn chinh dfcg cua cftc cSp vp chong Ly hdn dfla tren co sd tu nguydn cua vp vft ehdng, p h i p lujt khdng buje vp chdng phai sd'ng chung cd mftu t h u f c sau sic khdng t h i dilu hda dflpc Nhflng thay dli phftp luftt v l ly hdn ban thftn nd khdng phai lft nguydn nhftn lftm vd hdn n h f c mft chi tlfla nhflng gidi p h i p mdi d nfli ma sfl vd dft xay rli Bao vj quyin ngudi ndi chung, bao vj quyin c i a phti nfl noi ridng vft dfci bao cho quyin dd thflc hijn da trd nguydn t i e dflpc phftp lujt nude ta quy djnh Vide p h i p lujt ghi n h f c sti flu tidn eho ngudi phu nfl sau ly hdn dft tsto dilu kijn cho hp thtic hijn quyin binh ding c i a minh tren thtle t l vft ehu djng ly hdn mtic dfch hdn n h f c c i a hp khdng dft dupc S u thay doi vi t h e , vai t r o c u a ngfldi phy nfl P h i n trudc ehung ta da xem xet t i c ddng c i a p h i p lu&t dtfa lai nhflng thay doi d i n g ke vj t h i , vai trd cua ngfldi phii nfl gia dinh v i ngoai xa hdi Phftp luftt cflng da loai bd quan niem hdn n h f c gia trudng xac l&p moi quan h j binh dang nam nfl Dilu nfty cd Hdn quan den sil gia tang ti Id ly hdn; dd, phu nfl 14 nguydn don cac vti vide ly hdn cd xu hfldng cao hon nam gidi Theo k i t qua nghidn cflu khao sftt, 1369 ho sfl mft Tda fc n h f c d f c q u f c Thanh Xuan - H i Ndi da giai quylt tfl nftm 2006 de'n nfim 2010, phu nfl l i nguydn dfln chie'm 47,3% dd nam gidi l i 23,4%"" Ti Id phil nfl lft nguyen dfln chilm ti Ij cao, cd t h i dupc IJ giai bdi rft't nhilu yeu to; dd theo chung tdi, ehi'nh ail bien ddi vj the v i vai trd cua ngfldi phu nfl 14 nguyen n h f c chfnh t i c djng din hftnh vi chu djng ly hdn cda ngudi phu nfl Thic nhdt, bdi xu htfdng ehung cua xa hdi, cac cft n h f c dupe ttl lua chpn ban ddi, dupc phftp lujt bao h j Vijc k i t hdn 14 hai ben nam nfl tt^ minh quylt djnh v i t h i hijn J chi, mong mud'n trd thftnh vp chdng cua Hp khdng edn bj t i c ddng nhilu bdi bi't kJ ngudi nfto khftc k h i l n hp phai k i t hdn trai vdi nguyen vpng Trong s l 98% phu nfl xin ly hdn ghi ban ttl khai cua Tda i n k h i n g djnh r f a g vide k i t hdn c i a hp l i tu nguyen Nhu vjy, quan h j hdn nhftn c i a hp l i dua tren cp sd tinh ydu, hay ft n h i t Ift^ su tfl nguydn, quan h j vp chdng binh dftng hon trtfdc Do vfty, n l u khdng thda mftn vdi hdn n h f c , phu nfl ed t h i c h i ddng xin ly hdn " J * " ! - ' " ' ' •* ' ' • ' ' "* ™ » v v i | c ly han cua T6a Sn n h ^ ^ ^ q u i Thanh Xuto - H i N«i nSn, tU n j „ S(l«-2t1« NHM LVC KHOA HQC M H O I Q M O T S Y E U T O T A C D O N G D E N V A N D E L Y HON , Th}i hai, phu nii cang ddc lap v^ kinh t^ Quan niem truyen thong cho rfmg sU khac bidt nam nQ dUdc xem la tU nhien; do, vd phai phu thuoc vao chong De cung co quyen lUc gia rfinh thi cd 85 kinh te co vai tro rSt quan Ngadi ch6i^ nghi minh la tru cot ve kinh te, v4y 1& ngiidi co quyen quyet dinh moi viec gia dinh; tham chf, tu cho minh quyen co nhflng moi quan he ngoai tinh Nguoi ch6ng phai co kha nSng dap iing du nhu ciu cua gia dinh bdng thu nhap cua minh Tuy nhign, xa hoi phat triln, gia dinh trci thSnh ddn vi tidu thu thi ngu6n tM chinh d l dap utng cho nhu ciu cua gia dinh ng^y cMig tfing ldn, thu nhfip cua minh ngUdi chong khong tSng idn tUdng flng Thu nhflp thap l&m cho nam gidi mfl't d i n di vi the "tru cot" gia (finh vk mot phin quyin luc so vdi xa hoi truyen thong Sfl gia tfing viec lfim co thu nhlip cua ph\i nQ lfim cho ho c6 kha nfing tfii chmh dl rdi bo nhQng cuoc h6n nhan khong hanh phuc Nhfl v4y, vai tro kinh te cua phu nfl dU(?c nfing cao vfi binh dfing vdi ngflcri ch6ng thi sfl phu thupc ve kinh te vfio ngfldi ch6ng giam di Qua m6t sd' ket qua nghien cflu cho thfiy ritng: "Trong ddi s6ng gia dinh, nhflng yeu t6' kinh te c6 xu hfldng lien quan d^n moi khia csmh ciia cupc s6ng vg chong Kha nfing dong gop vfio thu nhflp cua h^ gia dinh lfi mot ye'u ttf quan tao nen quygn luc, kha nfing anh hfldng quan he gifla vg vfi ch6ng^« T h u nfl di lfim v i ^ ben ngofii d$c l§p v l tfii chfnh hp chu dpng ly hon de mang lai tu Kha nfing nhfln thflc ve vai trd gidi xa hpi hi$n dsu ti Id thufln vdi thdi gian lfim vide vfi ti le ly Q NHAH MR: KHM HOC XAHOl hdn vi$c xin, Iy hon, dilu dd chflng to la ddi sd'ng vd chong, ngfldi phu nfl tfl chu nhilu hdn, nhfi't la hp c6 mot dia vi cao v l nghe nghidp va xa hdi"*^ Trong thdi ky ddi sd'ng kinh td' khd khfin, cac efip vd ch6ng song khdng hanh phuc nhflng v i n muon tri hdn nhfln vi mdt hai ngfldi cam th^y hp cin den hdn nhan de dam bao c6 vd ch6ng, cai cham sdc luc d'm dau vfi tud'i gifi Nhflng hien nay, ddi song kinh te, xa hdi phat tridn, v i ^ d'm dau, tuoi gifi p h i n nfio dfl^c bao dam tham gia vfio dich vu bao hilm xa hdi Do vfiy, cac ca nhan c6 thi chu dpng cupc sdng rieng cua minh mfi khdng phai phu thudc d ^ gia dinh cung lfi mpt nhQng ye'u to' gdp phin gia tfing tl lp ly hdn xa hpi hidn dai ThU ba, sfl qua tai vai tro cua ngfldi phu nQ tac ddng ddn sfl gia tfing cua ly hdn Bcii vi, theo chiing tdi, nen tang cho sfl thay dd'i vai trd cua ngfldi phu nfl dl binh dfing vdi nam gidi chfla thflc sfl vflng chfic Ca hai phfa deu chfla dflpc giao dgc diy du v l mfit nhfln thflc d l thfch flng vi thflc hidn vai trd mdi Trong "ca J tfldng giai phdng phu nfl ifln binh d^ng nam nQ mdi chi chu yd'u dfldc nh^n di^n trdn binh didn cong cu cd nghia lfi phfl'n dfl'u di phu nQ lfim nhflng vipe c6 tinh nfl d l dfing hdn, nhfl dfla noi cdm didn giflp phu nfl nSiu com nhanh hdn d l dfinh thdi '* v a Tufin Huy (2003) Mdu thuan wfchSng Iroaggia dmh vi nkSngySii iff anh hudng Hk N^i; Nxb khoa hoc x£ h6i, tr.53 ™ Robert Lauer, Jeanett U w e r (2000) Marriege and FamUy the guest for Intimacy Boston: McGraw • Hill page 420 '" Boi Goelame vft C Facquea (1974) Ly df • mdi tnmig vd hoin cdnh ciia phu nU Tap chf kinli t* v4 thtfng kS 86" 53 sll«-zn( PHAN THI L U Y | N gian vao cdng tac xa hdi Phu nfl v f c tri cac p h i m chftt: cdng - dung - ngdn hanh, truyin thd'ng vft them vfto dd lft cac cdng viec xa hdi nhfl nam gidi Ho ddi hdi ngudi phu nfl phai dflcic hoe hftnh nhu nam gidi, ed eac eo hdi n g h i nghiep nhu nam gidi, nhung khdng may ddi hdi phu nfl giam bdt vide nhft d l d f c dng gftnh vftc""! Do vfty, ngudi phu nfl vfc phai thflc hidn nhflng chflc n f c g lam vo, lam me truyin t h i n g cua mmh; thftm chi, ea ho gifl vai trd quan ly bdn ngofti xa hdi Chufc muc truyin thong "dftn bft sinh con, nudi con, d f c ba lam noi teg, Nlu nhft cd nghia 14 gia dinh thi gia cd nghia lft dftn bft"nh Nam chu bidn