Nữ trí thức với công tác lãnh đạo quản lý

Tap chi Khoa bpc DHQGHN: Kboa hpc Xa hpi va Nhm v§n, 31, S6 (2015) 1-12 NGHIEN CUtr Nil tri thiic voi cong tac lanh dao quan ly Tran Thi Minh E)uc, Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh* Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, 336 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xudn, Ha Ngi, Viet Nam Nhan 08 thang nam 2015 Chinh siia 16diang6nam2015; Chalp nhan ding 20 thmg nim 20l5 T6m tat: Npi dung b u viet la mot phan de tai nghien cun t o ^ d i ^ ve nu tri thuc voi tu each la n ^ d n Ivrc lao dong chat luong cao su n ^ ^ CNH, HBH va hoi nhap quoc te Bang phuong phap nghien cmi xa hoi hoc tren 3626 khach the la tri thuc thupc cac lYnh vuc giao dpc dao tao, khoa hpc edng nghe, y te, van hoa, kinh te tm tinh thanh, b u viet trinh bay mot s6 ket qua khao sat thm dp va hien trang nu tri thuc doi voi ITnh v^c lanh dao q u ^ ly Cac ydu td ve ^ c tnmg nghe nghiep, trinh dp hpc van, tham nien edng tac, thai dp ddi voi edng vi$c, h o ^ canh hdn nhSn, loai hinh co quan Ian lupt dupe khao sat b4ng cac so lieu djnh lupng va phan rich quan he voi llnh vuc lanh dao quan ly Thong qua nhihig phan tich cp die, ngudi doc c6 the hinh dung ro hon nhung yeu td tac dong tdti nu; tri thuc qua trinh phin diu ve edng Hanh va su nghiep tu chinh nhan thuc va y kien cua phu nd Ket qua nghidn cuu la tu lieu tham khao de cac nha xay dung chinh sach, quan ly nhan su cap cao dua nhung quy dinh phu hpp, kha thi nham tang cudng ty le lam lanh dao quan ly cua phu nu, dd cd nu tri thuc Tir khoa: NS tri thurc, binh ding gidi, nS gidi, nam gidi, lanh dao quan ly D at v in Trong moi thoi dai, tri thiic luon la nen t ^ g tien bp xa hoi va dpi ngu tri thiic la luc lupng nong cot sang tao, trayen ba tri thiic Cimg voi su phat trien nhanh chong ciia each mang khoa hpc va edng nghe hien dai, dpi ngu tri thiic cang tra ngudn luc biet quan trpng, tao nen siic mmih chien lupc phat Tac gU lien he DT.: 84-904152536 Email: thanhntv@vnu.edu.vn trien cua moi quoc gia Muc tieu som dua Viet Nam khoi tinh trang kem phat trien, co b ^ trd mot nuoc cong nghiep theo huemg hidn dai vao nSm 2020 ddi hoi Viet Nam phai phat huy cao nhat mpi ngudn luc, dac biet la nang luc sang tao cua dpi ngu tri thiic, n® tri thiic da va dang giu mdt vi tri het siic quan trpng voi tu each la mdt ngudn luc lao dong trinh dp cao dong thdi mang nhung dac diem nhat dinh dac trung gidi quy dinh Ngay nay, luc lupng nu tri thiic tham gia vao rat nhieu lYnh vuc hoat dong xa hdi, T.T.M Due, N.T.V Thanh/Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: KhoahoeXahgi vaNhdn vdn Tap 31, S6 (2015) 1-12 c nhung linh virc phu hop veri dac tinh vS gioi ciia phu nu nhu giao due dao tao, van hoa, y t , va ca nhung linh vuc duong nhu tu xua tdi mac dinh la manh dSt rieng ciia dan 6ng nhu x iy dung, ki6n true, an mnh, qu 6c phong Bao ham, 16ng ghep tdt ca cac linh vuc tr 8n, c 6ng tac lanh dao q im ly cung la mot dia hat ve CO bm , tung duac coi la danh rieng cho nam gioi Cong tac lanh dao quan ly la cong tac chi huy, dieu hanh doi vdi m$t tap the, c the Ion nhu mot to churc cua nha nude, chmh phu, bo nganh hoac cung c the nho nhu mot phong, ban, mpt don vi vdi mdt s lugng ngudi khdng Idn Cong tdc khong the thi8u ddi vdi moi p h ^ vi boat d^ng n ^ nghiep, mpi t chiic, don vi Ngudi dam nhiem cong tdc gift vai tro nhu ngudi nhac trudng cua mOt d ^ nh?c, chi dao dong thdi chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi mpi boat dpng cua don vi hay t churc minh phu trdch Dupe l\ra chpn ^ lanh d^o quan IjJ^ khong chi la trach nhiem ma la vinh du, la niem m a ude va muc tieu phin dSu cua nhi8u ngudi, c nft tri thuc Trong nhftng nam qua, da c khdng it cong trinh nghien cuu cua cac ca quan, td chuc phi chinh phd va ca nhSn nghien eftu v kha nSng va thpc trang tham gia edng tac lanh dao quan ly cua phu nft Khdng it hdi thao da dupe td chde nham niing cao vai trd cua phu nft dia hat edng tac rSt dac bidt B 8n c ^ do, n h |n thuc rd tlm quan trpng cua v ln d edng cupc thuc hien binh diing gidi, Dang, Nha nude, Chinh phii, Hdi LHPNVN cung d§ ban hanh mdt sd Nghi quydt, Huong din, dd c6 npi dung tang cudng sd lupng can bp nft tham gia edng tac lanh dao quan 1^ c&c clp Nhung nd luc trdn da dem lai mdt sd k ^ qua nhit dinh sg nghipp d lu tranh binh dang gidi d Viet Nam h ira Trong nhftng nghien cuu ve nft tri thiic, vSn dd nft tri thurc vdi edng tac lanh dao quan 1^ la m$t npi dung quan trpng Bai vidt dd cip tdi cung mpt chu dd, song la ket qua khac^at tren mdt nhdm d 6i tupng cp thd gdm 4020 ngudi la cac tri fliuc, vdi 70% la nft, hien dang edng tac thupc ITnh vvre: Khoa hpc edng nghe, Giao due dao tao, Y td va Sue khde cong dong, Van hoa Nghp thuat, Kinh td va An ninh qude phdng t?ti mpt sd phd Idn cua Vi^t Nam V i|c chpn m lu nghien curu c chii y tdi sir phan bd ve c a cdu cac Ida tudi, dia ban, moi trudng edng vide Nghien cdu sd dpng ph5n mdm thdng ke SPSS 18.0 dd hd trp vide nhap va phan rich dft lieu didu tra Dudi dSy, bai vidt chi tap trung vao hai van dd: th^i dp ciia nft tri thde ddi vdi edng tac lanh dao qumi ly va thuc trang c a hdi tham gia eda php nft tu goc nhin cua nhftng ngudi dupe khao sat Cac kdt qua la dupe trich tu ket qua Idiao sat ehnng cua dd tai nghidn cdu khoa hpc c tidu dd “Phdl huy vi the, vai tro cua n u tri thtk; su nghiep edng nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa va hoi nhgp qude te” chuang trinh khoa hoc edng ngh$ trpng didm cIp Nha nude cua Bg KH&CN, ma sd K X.03-07/11-15 T hai cua nft t r i th d e d 6i vdi edng tu 13nh dao q uan Tren thpc td, d Vidt Nam, neu hdi true ti^ mdt ngudi phu nft: “Co thich lam quhi ly hay l§nh dao khdng?”, c le it nhan dupe eSu tra Idi “Co” hoSc “Sin sang” Duong nhu c6 sir e ngai ddng kd tdm ly cua nft gidi bj hdi, khdng phai la thuc su khdng mudn lam ma cam giac ngpi ngung trude d ^ gia cua thien “Ddn ba m a ham hd” Didu khidn cho khdng it phu nft khdng dam thd hien suy ngtil va mong mudn th$t cua minh Nghidn cuu ciia chung tdi n h im tim h ilu thai dp cua nft tri thuc T.T.M Due, N.T.V Thanh / Tqp chiKhoahQcDHQGHN: KhoahgcXahpi vaNhan van, Tap 31, So (2015) I-12 d 6i voi cong tac n iy thdng qua b ^ g hoi khuySt danh Tren c a sd ket qua tra lei, ph 6i hgp voi cac thong s khac H6n quan den liia tu 6i, gioi tinh, Imh vuc c 6ng tac, dieu kien gia dinh , chiing t 6i c m 6t so phSn rich sau: Trong so ede khach thS tham gia khao sdt, CO hon 23,7% khach the la nu: dS va dang tham gia nhung vi tri lanh dao quan ly nhat dinh (tu eSp tnrong/pho phong hoac chu nhi6m/ph chu nhiem bg mon tra 16ri) Khi phan rich so 76.3% khdeh th6 Im chua timg dam nhdn cong tdc nay, k 6t qua cho thSy: ■ c Chi/a xdc djnh Bieu d6 Nguyen vpng pbdn ddu tham gia c6ng tac lanh dao quan ly N hu vay, c den gan mot niia so khach thS (chiem 46.7%) lam viec, ngoai mong muon dong gop nang luc chuySn mon, ho muon phan ddu d thang ti 6n va giu vi tri Itnh dao quan ly Theo cac doi tugng nay, mong muon lam quan ly tdp trung vao ba ly chinh Thur nhit: giup ban than c6 diSu ki 6n phat huy dugc nang luc cua minh Thii hai: se tang dieu kien dugc tiep xuc, hoc hdi Thu’ ba: la dau hieu the hign s\r danh gia ho^c thua nhan cua ddng nghiep va d p tren d 6i voi nhan each va nang luc ngh nghiep cua minh Ben canh do, lam quan ly nhu mot phuang each thiic d khing dinh ban than va nang cao trach nhiem doi voi cong viec duac giao ding la noi dung dugc khdng it nguai d§ cdp d€n X^(g) = 53.862, p = 0.000) Qua s6 lieu c6 the suy doan, nhung nguai hgc vi thap hon ca ban tuang ung voi viec tuoi doi cua hg tre, so nam lao ddng dai, nen mong muon phan dSu d 1^ quan ly, xet theo goc dg thai gian la CO tinh kha thi cao Ben canh d 6, c le hg nghi kha nang 1^ qudn ly doi vdi hg xa vdi n 8n cii noi that, khong e ngm Con ddi voi nhung nguai thugc nhom c trinh thac si, tien si, phan Ian a dd tudi khdng tre, cong viec han biu nen khdng mudn lam, hoSc khdng mudn noi la “thich” vi sg danh gia RiSng ddi vdi nhung ngudi c hgc h ^ , phan Idn deu d tudi tren 45, dang gift nhieu trgng trach chuydn mdn nen c6 le khdng mudn chia se thdi gian cho edng tac q im ly O nhom n u tri thuc chua tham gia quan ly tai th di 6m nghi&i cixu, c6 49.8% truang hop thuQC nhom c6 b5ng Dm hoc c hudng phdn dau de lam quan ly, s la 37.1% a nh 6m c bSng Thac sy va 23.1% a nhom c bSng Tien si Rieng doi voi nhom khach th c hge ham PGS va GS thi ti 1| la 0% Sg khac bidt c6 y nghia thdng ke (voi muc gia tri Ket qua v6 xu hudng p h ^ dSu ^ qura ly cua cac nu tri thuc tre c ^ g c c a sd hon xem xdt thdng sd thdm men edng tac Sd lieu khao sat cho thay, sd nhung ngudi c tham nien lam viec dudi nSm, c tdi 52.9% ngudi mudn phSn dau de thSng tien ve quyen chuc Ti 1? chiem 50.4% d nhom nu tri thurc ^ viec td nSm den dudi 10 nam Q nhom c T.TM Due N.T V Thanh / Tgp chiKhoa hpcDHQGHN: KhoahgeXa hpi va Nhdn van Tqp 31 S6 (2015) 1-12 tham nhien tCr 10 - 20 nam la 35.5%, ket qua giam xu 6ng 25% a nhom c tham nien tu 20 - 30 nam va is miic 0% doi v 6i nhom tri thurc CO tCr 30 nam kinh nghiem ^ vice tro len (voi miic khac bi?t c y nghTa la X^(g) =281.264, p = 0.000) N hu vay, nhOug nguoi tre la nhiSng nguoi c dich phin dSu vao vi tri lanh dao nhi€u hon ca Khi tim hiSu mdi lien h f giua mong mudn phan d iu lam quan ly vdi danh gia v mirc dO quan trqng cua cong tac 13nh dao quan ly c&c eSp va c a hpi phat tri 6n nghe nghiep cua nu gidi d don vj, cac ket qua thu nh§n dugc trinh bay d Bang 1: Bang 1.Ti le nu tri thde muon phan dau lam quan ly, l§nh dfio (xet theo dM i gia ve tSm quan trpng va ca h§i phat trien) Y kiSo danh gia Ti 1| nU tri thiic mudn phan dau l^m Quan 1^ (%) Danh sia ve t£m auan trons cua viec nu eioi lam auan Iv (X^n', = 49.643, p = 0.000) 31.8 Khdng quan Irpng 49.7 Quan 18.4 Rat quan Dinh gia ve ca hdi phat trien chuyen mdn a ca quan (X^(4,= 13.552, p = 0.009) l/u tien n&gidi 60.1 l/u tidn nam gidi 48.4 Nhunhau 45.2 B ^ g cho thay, nu tri thuc c ^ g danh gi^ cao tim quan trpng cua c 6ng Xic qura ly, lanh d^o d 6i vdi su phat triin cua dan vi thi hg cin g c6 mong muon dugc true tiip tham gia, rttc la c mOt su tuang dong giua nhan thiic va edm xiic cua ngudi dugc hoi doi vdi c6ng tic d c a quan, dan vi minh Tuang tu nhu vay, tra Idi cdu hoi ve chinh sach cua ca quan, dan vi ddi vdi viec b nhi 6m can bg nft, ty le ngudi c6 nguyen vgng lam quan ly tap trung nhieu hon d nhom thua nhan c su quan tim ho$c iru ti 6n n h lt dinh ddi vdi su phat triln cua phu nft Nhu vay, vai tro cua chinh sach luon c tac dong Idn doi vdi y thuc phan dau cua ngudi lao dong Trong mot moi trudng ngudi lao dgng nd cam thiy dugc an loan d i lam viec, dugc nang dd hoac ung hg bdi cac chinh sach uu tien thi ho se mong mu6n dugc c 6ng h iin va khing dinh ban than nhieu ban so vdi nhung noi khong thgc sg quan tarn tdi nhung khac biet v6 gidi, nhSt la ho la nhung tri thuc Trude eSu hoi: “(7 ncfi lam viec, c6 truemg hap can bo nit xim g dang, song chua du(K de bat lam lanh dgo khong?'”, 55,7% eSu tri Idi li “c 6”, 44,2% cau tra Idi la “khdng” nh 6m khach the c nguyen vgng lam q u in ly K it qui n iy c the ly g iii l i ddng trude thuc t i v i vi^c sap x ip c a hoi n g h i nghiip cho nu: gidi so vdi nam gidi a c a quan, c im nh|in v i tinh tr^ g khong m iy cong b in g bo sot b nhifm can bg n u CO n in g luc se trd thinh mOt nhung ly thiic d iy ngudi phy nu tang them y chi phan d iu trd th in h ngudi lanh d^io, khing dinh k h i nang d im n h iim cong tac n iy cua b in than va cua gidi Thuc tr^ng nu tri thuc tham gia quin 1^ lanh dao 3.1 Ti le tham gia quan ly T.T.M.Duc.N.T.V Thanh/ Tap chiKhoahocDHQGHN:KhoahocXah^ivaNhdn van Tgp31 So (2015) 1-12 KSt qua dieu tra vS viec giu chuc vu qudn ly 12nh dao dpi ngu tri thuc noi chung cho thdy, tong s6 3632 khdch th§ tham gia tra 16i cau h 6i nay, c 27% ngudi dS hoac dang dam n h ^ vi tri q u w ly lanh dao cSc c a quan ■ a Urn qudn ■ b Khong lam quan 1^ Bieu Ti le tri thiic c6 gi& chiic vp quan ly d co quan Xem xet m 6i tuong quan tCr khia giai tinh va viec giii chute vy q u ^ ly lanh dao d cac khach the, k 6t qua diSu tra cho thay c su khac b i |t c y nghia thong ke giira ti Id nam gidi va n u quan 1^ lam c6ng tac quin ly (vdi X^d) = 45.046, p 0.000) Theo do, ti Id nam gidi lam q u in ly chiem 34.6%, cao hon so vdi ti nu gidi chi chidm 23.7% Tuy nhien, sir khac bidt chi c y nghia trdn m lu didu tra n g lu nhidn, khach thd nghidn cuu chu tarn lira chon ti Id khdng c in ximg, nfi gidi chidm 2/3, nam gidi chi chidm 1/3 nen kdt qua c thd chua phan anh chinh xac sy each bidt thuc td doi vdi nam va n d tri thde tham gia cong tie quin ly ca nude Mac du v$y, vdi s6 lupng khach thd didu tra nhu trdn, k ^ qua van chi ti Id nam gjdi lam quan ly cao hon so vdi nd gidi, chic c l ^ sir khac bidt trdn thyc td edn Idn hon nhidu Kdt qua nghidn cuu cua chung toi khdng n im ngoii xu hudng m i c ic b io c io nghidn cdu d nhidu ITnh vuc trdn thd gidi cho rang, ti Id nam gidi lam ISnh dao ludn cao hon so vdi nd gidi Thdng ke cua mot trudng Dai hoc danh tidng ITnh vuc thuong mai (HEC - Higher Education Commission) trdn nhdng hpe vien thupc khoa d nhdng thd hd khic la nhdng ngudi tdt nghidp nam 1978, nam 1988, nam 1998 va nam 2008 cho thSy chi 17% so hpc vien nd trd nha q u in ly lanh dao so vdi so 32% d cac b£m ddng mdn nam gidi Ben canh dd, nd gidi lam q u in ly thuong phu trich cac nhdm nho vdi so lupng n h in vidn khidm t 6n hon so vdi nam gidi Li giai cho didu nay, nghidn cuu chi cac nguyen nhan kinh didn nhu phu nd ludn phai doi m at vdi “tim t r ^ kinh” cong vide; phu n d m it nhidu thdi gian cho cupc song ca nhan va cuoc sdng gia dinh hon nam gidi va dac bidt la bupc phai lira chpn gida co hoi nghe nghidp va gia dinh, p h ^ ddng phu n d v in uu tien gia £ n h hon so vdi nam gidi Khdng nhdng the, cac nghidn cdu cung chi rang phu n u san s ^ g thay doi cong vide dd thuM tifn cho edng vi$c cua chdng va didu cung la nguyen nhan khidn nd gidi it dat nghe nghidp hon so vdi nam gidi [1] Ngodi ra, tuong quan vdi nam gidi, ti Id nd gidi 1^ q u ly c ^ g giam sut d 6i vdi don vi dupe quan ly danh tidng va co sd lupng nhdn vidn ddng Lee va James (2007) didng ke ring, tdng sd 500 cong ty Idn nhat nude My, chi c cong ty dupe didu hinh bdi nha lanh dao nd [2] Ddy cung la thuc trang d nude Phap, noi ma nam T.TM-Duc N.TV Thanh/Tap chiKhoahgcDHQGHN: KhoahqcXahQivaNhan van, Tgpil, S6 3(20I5) 1-12 gioi luon ducfc “moi chao” vao vi tri lanh dao (Laufer, 2004) [3] 3.2 Quan h$ giua trinh hoc van va cdng tdc qudn ly Nhin nhan van de qnan ly lanh dao d rieng nhom nu tri thuc, ket qua dieu tra cho thay c mdi lien he c6 y nghia thong kS giiia vai tro q u to ly cua nfi gidi vdi nhiSng y6u t lien quan den trinh dp hgc van Cu the, xet tu khia canh b to g cap, kSt qud didu tra chi rang: Gang c6 bang cdp va hpc ham cao, ti 1$ phu n u gift chuc vu quan ly 13nh dao cang gia tang (vdi X^(4) = 66.236, p = 0.000) Kdt qua khao sat dugc trinh baytrong B iSud Bieu Quan he giOa bang cip chuyfin mon va kha nang gift chftc vy quan ly Theo Bi6u d 6, chi c6 20.7% nu tri thuc c bang c ip Dai hpc gift chftc vu quan ly lanh dao (trong thdi gian dien cuoc dieu tra) so vdi ti le 30.9% d nhftng ngudi c bang Thac sy Ty le tang d in ddi vdi nhftng ngudi c bang Tien sy (chiim 53.3%), c hoc ham phd giao su (chilm 60%) va chiem den 100% d ngudi cd hpc ham Giao su nghiep vg quan ly thi hieu qua cong viec ciia hg khd cd the noi la “x u it s ic ”, thoi gian lam cong tac chuySn mdn bi thu hep, nang luc chuySn mon chac chan s i chiu tmh hirdng khdng nhd So lidu tren la mot minh chung cu the cho hiSn trang d Viet Nam, noi linh vuc lao dpng tri 6c, bang cap cao la diiu kien quan giup nha to chuc lira chon nhan su vao vi tri quan ly cong vide hoac ngudi Trong b 6i canh cong tac quan ly chua thuc su dugc chuyen biet hoa, hgc vi, hgc ham (hay “bang cap”) dong vai tro quan trgng viec sip xSp vi tri quan ly, khdng chi d nhftng c a sd giao due dao tao, nghien cuu khoa hgc Mat khac, tri thftc (c i nam va nft) tham gia quan ly lanh dao nhimg chua tftng qua dao tao v6 Xem xet quan he gifta thong s tham nien lam viec vdi cdng tac lanh dao q u m y cung cho thay ro yeu td thdi gian 1^ viec anh hudng Idn den viec dam nhiem chuc vu quan ly cua nft tri thuc (vdi cac gid tri X \ 4>= 619.936, p = 0.000) 3.3 Quan he giira tham nien lam viec vd cong tdc qudn ly Bang Ty Ig gifta thSm niln cong tac va kha nang dam nhifm chftc vy quan ly Tham nign cdng tdc Duoi nlm dendudi 10 I0dindirdi20 nSm 20 den dufti 30 nam Trdn 30 nam tro len Oum Iv t%) 8.1 26 41.8 18.4 5.7 T.T.M Due, N.T.V Thanh/ TgpchiKhoa hocDHQCHN:KhoahocXa hpi vaNhan van, Tgp 31, So (2015) 1-12 Ket qxid cho thiy, ti 1$ lanh dao nft tSp trung cao nhSt a nhom c kinh ngfaiem 1^ viec tCr 10 den diroi 20 nam, tucfng duong voi dp tu 6i tarn 35 den 45 tuoi Then U giai cua Milewski (2011) [4], day la dp tuoi ma cac ca quan mong dpi tim ki§m ngudi quan ly nhi 6u nhat Do do, ti le nu lam quan ly tap trung Idn a dp tuoi la hop li DiSu cung phu hpp voi dieu kipn Viet Nam, dp tuoi nay, vk CO ban ngirdi phu nO da hoan trach nhiem sinh san, vife cham s 6c cai cung vat va hon, kinh te buoc vao giai doan on dinh, vay CO nhieu diSu kien tham gia cac boat dpng quan ly, mOt loai hinh cong viec doi hoi nhieu thdi gian va cong siic Ben cemh do, day cung la dp tuoi ngudi phu n u da dat tdi dp “chin” ve n h ^ thde va tu duy, dap ung yeu cau can yeu cua cong tac quan ly Tuoi sau 45 la qua muon de n u tri thuc tiep can CO hpi tham gia quan ly bdi nhung han che ve chinh sach d Viet Nam, du rang, dSy la giai doan phan Idn phu n& c th ddn hoan loan tarn huy 6t cho cong viec xa hpi hp dupe giai phong khdi cong viec npi trp va cham soc tre nhd Trong do, d nhi 6u qude gia tren thd gidi, cong tac quan ly khong qua k b it khe ve tu 6i lac, php n u va nam gidi deu cd the t |n dung nhidu hon co hpi 1^ chuyen mon va quan ly, ndu hp thuc su cd tai Cac trudng hpp b i Angela Merkel (sinh nam 1954) hien dang giu vi tri Thu tudng Due, ba Hillary Clinton (sinh nam 1947) dang chuin bi tranh cu tdng thdng vao nam 2016 d tudi 69 va khong it ngudi nua la nhihig minh chiing thuydt phuc cho chinh sach tren 3.4 Quan h? giiea dieu kien hon nhan vd cong tac quan ly Lien quan den didu kien gia dinh, theo ket qua khao sat doi vdi nhiing nO tri thurc cd tham gia cong tac quan ly, chi cd 11.4% da lap gia dinh va dang song cung chong Cd den 88.6% ngudi chua kdt hdn hoac dS li hon, li than K 6t qua v tinh trang hdn nhdn d cac nO tri thuc lam quan li cd y nghia thdng ke (vdi X^(d 245.783, p = 0.000) Sd lieu the hidn rd them nhdng khd khan cua phu n u cd gang dau tu thdi gian va edng sue cho edng vi$c, dd cd edng tac quan ly lanh dao Theo npi dung Bang hoi dupe lap san, ben canh khd khan it hoac khdng nhan dupe su ling hd ho^c thdng cam tu gia dinh (co ban la ngudi chdng), khd khan tu chinh tarn ly cua ph\i nu, thich “an phan”, ngai va cham cung chiem mot ty le khdng nhd Ddng thdi, su “ky thi” ciia xa hpi, dac biet cua chinh gidi nu cung la nhung can trd vd binh nhung khdng dd bd qua vdi nhung ngudi phu niJ dang phan dau Vi vay, sd lupng ngudi dam “duong ddu” su nghiep nhung phai chap n h m mpt cude sdng gia dinh khdng hamh phiic gia tang x§ hpi hipn dm la dieu cd thd ly giai dupe 3.5 M 6i quan h i giita linh viec cong tac, vi tri cong viec vd c a hqi tham gia quan ly T u ITnh vuc edng tac, k it qua didu tra cho thSy su khac bidt ti le nam giu chuc vu q u ^ ly cua cac nu tri thiic d nhung ITnh vuc nghe nghidp khac vdi X^(6> = 20.713, p = 0.002 (xem bieu 4) Vdi ket q u i nay, ti Id nu tri thde lam quan ly ITnh vuc an ninh qude phong la cao nhat (chidm 30.6%) Ket qua it nhieu gay ngac nhien vi day von dupe xem la manh dat rieng cua nam gidi Do day la mau chpn ngau nhien, ti Id cd thd dupe li giai mure dp “quan ly” d cac bp phan nhu hanh chinh, nhin su Ti le thap nhat thude ve ITnh vuc Idioa hoc v^ edng nghe (chidm 17.6%) Rieng ITnh vpc kinh td, cd 23.8% php nir nSm gift chuc vu g T.T.M Ditc, N.T.V Thanh/Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhdn van, Tgp3I S6 (2015) 1-12 qiian ly So sanh ket qua vdi ti If nft gioi l^un q u ^ ly cac doanh nghiep a cac nude tren the gidi, tarn thoi thSy Viet Nam nam cr nhom giua ve ti If nu quan ly llhh v^c Ifinh td (trong so 108 nude duoc khao sat KH&CN GD-OT Yte Jamaica diing dau, chidm 59.3%; Yemen hang cuoi, chi c 2.1%; Philippin c h i ^ 47,6%, My thu 15 vdi 42.7%; Nga chiem 39.1%, chau A u c h i ^ 34,2%) [6] VHNT Kinht^ QuanlyAnninh hanh qude chfnh phdng Bilu Ti If nu tri thde lam quai ly xet theo linh virc c6ng viec (%) Trong linh vuc giao due dao tao, khao sat ede trudng dm hoc c6 ket qua ve ty If tham gja c6ng tac quan ly tu gdc vi tri cong v if c Vdi bac (tfp sy, giang vien, giang vien chinh, giang vien cao c ip va tuong duong), spthac b ift gifta ty If nam va nu tham gia cong \kc quan ly th f hifn d b te g sau: Bang Ti If giUavitri cong viec va kha nang tham gia quan ly d lih vuc GD-DT V; tri c6ng vife Tap su Nghien ctru vien/ giang vien/ chuyen vien Nghien cuu vien chinh / giang viSn chfnh / chuyen vien chinh Nghien cuu vien cao eSp / gimg vi6n cao eSp / chuyfin vifin cao cap Bang tren cho thay, ve co ban, kha nang tham gia cong tac quan ly ty If thuin vdi vi tri cong vife Tuy vay, ddi vdi nu gidi, kha nang Idn nhat d vi tri giang vien chinh (hoac tuong duong), doi vdi nam gjdi ti If dfit cao nhat d vi tri giang vien cao cap (hole tuong duong) Nhin chung, tru trudng hup la nhan vien tap su (ca nam va n d gidi deu CO ti If 2.1%), d cac vi tri cong vif c Idiac, ti If nam gidi lam quan ly luon cao hon so vdi nu Nam gidi lam QL % 2.1 31.8 63.2 NO gidi L4m QL % 2.1 20.2 55.8 72.7 44.8 gidi M at khac, ket qua cung phan anh dung thuc trang chinh sach lao dpng hifn b V ift Nam Theo luat Lao dpng, nam gidi vife den 60 tuoi nil: gidi la 55 Neu tinh thdi gian ca hai gidi bo cho vife hoc hinh (it nhat dat den bang Dai hpc) la ngang nhau, vk ca n ^ c dinh rang vife dat dupe cac vi tri cong vife tu giM g vien den giang vifn chinh, roi giang vien cao cap la ngang d hai gidi (du tren thuc tf, thdi gian d f dat dupe nhung vi T.T.M Dm N T V Thanh/Tap chiKhoa hpc DHQGHN: Khoa hgcXa hpi vaNh^n van Tdp 31 Sd (2015) 1-12 tri niiy v a i phu n u thirong U djli hem nhttng nam thang hg danh cho vice sinh va cham soc nho), c th th iy phg nu b at dau chgm moc vi tri giang vi 6n cao cap (hoac tuong duong) Ihi cung la luc c ^ ke voi tuoi nghi hiru Do ti 16 gift chftc vu quan ly cua nft gioi U 44.8%, kem nhieu so voi ti 16 72.7% a nam gioi CO cung vi tri cong vige chftc khac, nft tri thftc lam viec cho cac to chftc x3 hoi CO CO hdi lam quan ly cao nhdt 3.6 M 6i quan he giua s u gan bo, track nhi$m doi v&i c a quan, cong viec va c a hoi dam nhi$m chuc vy lanh dqo Van de chuy 6n doi co quan hay khong cung Id mot npi dung khao sat cua chung toi Trong nhftng nam gdn day, viec chuyen co quan sau mot thdi gian lam vi 6c khong phai la hien tugng dac biet, khac voi hon chuc nam trude ddy, Idii chi tiong nhftng tnidng hop d^c bi6t mdi khi6n d phai c h u y ^ co quaa S6 lugng 16n chuyen co quan hay tinh chit cong viec dupe chung toi sft dung nhu mpt Ihong so diam khao quan U6n quan d ^ nhiki npi dung, cd npi dung v6 cong tie quan ly lanh dyo qua khao sat dupe trinh bay bang Bang Nhin tft loai hinh co quan noi nft tri thftc 1^ vige, cd the thSy sv khde biet ro net vi 6c tham gia quan ly cua cac nft tri thftc (vfti cac so thong k = 17.958, p = 0.000) Theo do, s6 nhftng ngudi lam vige tm co quan nha nuoc co 24.2% gift chftc vy quan ly Ti 16 la 17.6% doi voi nhftng ngudi lam vi 6c d don vi tu nhSn, la 26.1% d 6i voi nhftng tri thftc lam vice d don vi lien doanh, va la 42.3% doi voi nhftng ngudi lam vice cho cac to chftc xa h 6i N hu vay, so vdi cac loyi hmb t Bang Chuyen ddi co quan hay tinb chSt edng viec so voi co hpi tam quan ly ciia nft tri thftc(%) Cong viec ciia nft tri thftc Chuyen doi co quan 16.345, p - 0.000 Chuyen doi tinh chat cong viic = 2I.04S p = 0.000 Sd l i ^ dupe trinh bay d bang cho thay, co hpi n im gift chftc vu quan ly lanh dao ddi vdi oft tri thftc chua tung chuyen ddi co quan hoac tinh chat edng viec cao hon so vdi nhftng ngudi da tung chuy 6n ddi Thyc t 6, viec chuyen ddi co quan hoac tinh chat edng viec thudng nhi 6u nguy 6n nhan, ly edng viec mdi, co quan mdi cd dieu ki?n lam vipc tdt hon hoac cho CO hdi ti 6n than cao hon thudng dupe nhieu ngudi dua Ngupc lai, n 6u su thay ddi edng viec hoac co quan d trang thai bi dong, ngoai y mudn (nhu phai dm edng viec m di sau thdi gian nghi thai san va cham sdc nho, hay de hpp ly hda gia dinh ) thi co hpi de thang den s thap hon nhieu E)a tung (%) Chua tftng (%) 20.1 27.1 20.6 30.3 Thai dp va trach nhiem ddi vdi edng vi 6c dupe phSn edng v3 co hdi dam nhipm chftc vu quan ly cung la mdt mdi quan he dang luu y K 6t qua khao sat cho thay cd mdi li 6n he mang y nghia thdng ke gifta hai thong sd (vdi X^(4) = 49.996, p = 0.000) Sd lieu cu the cho thay, sd nhftng khach the danh gia hp mdi chi sft dimg dudi 30% nang Ipc cho edng vipc chuyen mdn (ngh nghiep) thi chi cd 15.1% khach the lam quan ly Ti 16 la 13.5% d nhftng khach the cho rin g hp da sft dung tft 30 % d 6n 50% nang luc cho edng vi6c chuyen mdn, chiem 23.2% d nhfmg ngudi tu danh gia da sft dung tu 50 % den dudi 70% nang luc cho n ^ nghipp Ddi vdi khach th 10 T.TM fWc, N.T V Thanh / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhdn van Tap 31 S6 (2015) I-I2 danh gia da sii dung tu 70% dSn 90% nang luc cho nghe nghiSp thi 28.8% dang lam cong tac q u in ly Cu 6i cung, ty If dat tod 32.7% doi vai nguai tu nhan da su dung tijr 90 % den 100% nang lire cua ban than cho nghe nghiep Nhu vay, tren dm the c6 the thiy, ti le nu tri thiic lam quan ly lanh dao ty le thuan voi siic l\rc hoac nhiet huyet dugc su dung cho cong vife chuy 6n mon Di 6u cung dong nghia vdi vif c nhung nU tri thuc vua lam chuyen mon vi>a lam quan ly se doi dien voi ap luc cong viec nhieu hon, dong thdi cung phai tieu ton nhieu sue khoe va thoi gian cho c6ng viec hem 3.7 Quan h? giiea gi&i va cong tac quan ly Su mat can xiing giua ty le nam gidi va nii gidi giu chiic vu lanh dao quan ly la mot van d dudng nhu r it h iln nhiSn, dugc th hif n ro tren thuc iL Trong p h ^ vi n ^ & i a m rieng a ia chung mot so vin de sau dugc luu tarn idiao sit: Thir nhdt: danh gia ve c a hoi phat triln cua nu gidi va nam gidi Ket qua dieu tra cho thSy ti le khach th i cho rang c a hoi phat triin nghe nghiep cua nu va nam d dan vi ho lam viec la nhu chiim tdi 63.10% Chi c 9.1% khach th i danh gia rin g dem vi hg c chu y uu tien nfi gidi va 27.7% khach the cho biet dan vi ho khdng dat v in d i uu tiSn nG gidi Nhu viy, tu phuang dien t i chuc, c a hdi phat trien cho nu gidi hifn da dugc quan tarn va thgc hien d n h iiu dem vi lao dong Phg nu cd quyin dugc hudng cac khoa tap huan, dao tao bo sung de nang cao trinh dg chuyen mon, dong thdi dugc tham gia cac khoa dao tao v6 nang Igc quan ly g iin g nhu nam gidi Bang Danh gia chung ve ca hoi phdt tnen cua tri thiic Y kiln danh Ca hgi phat tnen cua nu gidi Ca hoi phit triln ciia nam gidi Nhu (%) 63.10 63.10 Nhin nhan danh gia ve su cong bang viec tiip can cac ca hgi phat triin d nhung loai hinh to chiic khac nhau, ket qua dieu tra cho LTu tien nu (%) 9.10 LTu tien nam (%) 27.7 thay loai hinh cua to chiic anh hudng (c6 gia tri thing ke) din each nhin nhan ca hgi phat triin cho nam gidi va nu gidi (vdi X^(6>= 24.205, p = 0.000) a Lfu tien nCi gidi b LFu tidn nam gidi c Nhif Lidn To chde doanh XH Biiu Ca hoi phat triin ciia nu tri there xet theo loai hlnh to chiic T.T.M Due, N.T.V Thanh/Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: KhoahQcXa hoi vaNhdn van Tap 31, So (2015) 1-I2 H Theo bieu d 5, dan vi tvr nhan la lorn hinh duoc danh gia it m i tien c a hoi phat trien cho phu nG nhSt (chi chiSm 3.7%) C a quan nha nude duac d ^ gia x 6p h te g dSu viec quan tarn tao c a hoi cho phu nG (chiem 10.30%) So li 6u c6 th giai thich bang cac chinh sach cua nha nuac ttong vai th |p ky g in day doi vdi phu nG, vay, lam v i|c tai ca quan N nuac, phu nG it phai d 6i dien vdi nhGng ap luc (hay bat cap) tu gdc gidi Trong do, tai cac don vi tu nhan, kha nang thang tien cua ngudi lao dong phu thuoc c a ban vao nang luc va dieu kien h o ^ cong viec Dac trung gidi khong nhGng khong duqc quan tarn ma khong it nod, no trd luc can doi vdi su ton tai va phat trien T h ^ chi, tai khong it don vi tu nhan, nG gidi Idii m di duac tuyen dung phai cam ket Gong den nam dau tien ho khdng dugc de coo, neu vi pham cam ket, don vi c bien c (nhu g i ^ nguon nhan su, tim kiem ngudi cho vi tri q u ^ ly mdi), ho sS phai doi dien vdi nhGng bSt loi nhieu hon so vdi cac dong nghiSp khac Thie h a t C%) qum ly ciia nam gidi va nG gidi Cap quan ly l§nh dao ma nam gidi hay nG gidi dam nhi$m c nhGng khac biet dm g ke Ket qua khao sat cho thay, d bac la 12nh dao eSp phong/ban (trudng va phd), ti le phu nO c the bang, th |m chi c noi cao hon so vdi nam gidi Nhung len cac cap cao hon, nhu Chu nhi 6m/pho chu nhiem khoa, hieu trudng/hieu phd, giam doc/phd giam doc, vu tnidng/vu ph d .ti le nG gidi giam dSn Khao sat true tiep tu mot trung tSm giao due dao tao Idn la Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Gong so 31 dan vi true thude, khong cd don vi nao phu nG giG vai Go thu trudng dan vi Trong so trudng dai hoc vien, chi trudng cd nG phd hieu trudng, lai cac trudng khac Ban giam hieu toM nam gidi Xuong tdi cap khoa, mqt trudng dai hoc ma s6 lugng c ^ bp nG chiem hon 60%, nhung Gong so 14 khoa, hien tm chi cd khoa cd nG chu nhiem khoa Trong pham vi nghien cmi cua chung tdi, su khac biet the hien bang sd thdng ke (vdi X^(4> = 11.859, p = 0.018) Ket qua mot Ian n&a khiing dmh lai nhGng n h m dinh chung cua cac khao sat Gen the gidi va V iet Nam rang thuc te d mpi noi, ti le nG gidi nam giG chuc vu ludn thap hon so vdi nam gidi, cap bac quyen luc c ^ g cao thi ti 16 nG gidi quan ly cang thap hon so vdi nam gidi Mot Gong nhGng nghien cuu cua Miwenski (2011 ) chi rSng, d nhung cap bac cao nhat Gong ITnh vuc quan ly, phu nG chi chidm Vi t h ^ chi la 1/5 vi tri so vdi nam gjai Tac gia cd gang ly giai thuc G ^ g Gen cho rang phu nG tu nhd d duac gia dinh va nha trudng dinh hudng theo each ho khdng chd dpi se Go ngudi nam quyen h2nh Gong tuang lai Ngudi Idn thudng khdng th hidn nhung mong dgi ve su dat Gong su nghiep d cac be gai nhu ddi vdi cac be Gai Ldn len, su qua tai ve thdi gian va edng sue de thuc hien edng viec gia dinh cung anh hudng khdng nhd len su nghiep cua ngudi phu nG Ben canh do, nhGng dinh kidn xa hdi v6 nang luc n ^ nghiep cua phu nG cung la rao can ddi vdi hp Theo Miwenski, dinh kien ngan can phu nG lam quan ly cd the goi gpn Gong cau tu chdi cua nha td chGc nhan su h o |c tuyen dpng: “Chiing tdi da tim kiem phu nG cho vi tri quan ly nhung chung tdi khdng tim dupe” Trdn day chi la mot sd kdt qua nghidn cuu nhd Gong mdt nghidn cuu mang tinh tdng thd ve nG tri thuc NhGng khac biet ve gidi nhu sue khde, chuc nang tu nhien va xa hdi mang tinh dac thu, dinh kien cua xa hpi von ton tai, tri tu lau ddi va nhieu thu nGa dang la ap luc vd cimg ldn de nang len phu nG noi chimg, Gong nG tri thuc khdng phai la ngoai le De tao 12 T.TM Due N T V Thanh / Tgp chiKhoa hoc DHQGHN: Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van Tap 31 So (2015) 1-12 di 6u kien, ho tro nhieu hem nua, khong chi bang cac f.hiTib sach chung chung ma bang nhftng boat ddng thiet thuc dS binh dang gidi, cong bang gidi khong dung l?i d khiu hi 6u ma sdm trd hien th\rc d Viet Nam, vai trd cua nhftng ngbien cijru c a ban chic chan giu mot vi tri khdng nhd L oi cam on Bai viSt dugc hoan t h ^ khuon kho dS tai khoa hoc cong ngh? cdp nh^ nude: ‘That huy nguon nhSn l\rc nh tri thuc su nghiep Cong nghi8p hda - Hien dai hoa va Hoi nhSp” M a s KX 03-07/11-15 TM lieu tham khao [1] htq>://www.!express.fr/empIoi/gestion' carriere/meme-soities-de-hec-les-femmes-sont- penalisees_1545173.html, cap nhStngiy thing4 nSm 2015 [2] Lee, P & James, E.H (2007) She’-E-Os: Gender Effects and Investor Reactions to the Announcements of Top Executive Appointments Strategic Management Journal Vol 28,227-241 [3] Laufer, J (2004) Femmes et carri^res: la question du plafond de verre Revue francaise de Gestioa Vol ,n® 151,117-127 [4] Milewski, F (2011) L’ine^ite entre les femmes et les honunes Hans la fonctioa publique: du constat aux moyens d’y remedier Politique & Management public [en ligne], Vol 28/2,2011, mise en ligne leOl jiiin 2012, consulte le 17 avnl 2015 [5] Lourel, M., Gana, K., & Wawrzyniak, S (2005) L’interface “vie privee vie au travail": adaptation et validation francaise de I’dchelle SWING (survey work-home interactionNijmegen) Psychologic du travail et des organisations Vol 11/2005,227-239 [6] Rapport “Femmes d’affaires et femmes cadres Une montde en puissance”, http://www.ilo.org/global/about-1hej ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_334889/lang-r,^ fr/index.htm, c$p nhat thdng n5m 2015 [7] http://www.baomoi.com/Ti-Ie-cu-nhan-DH-diatnghiep-kha-cao/59/7515095.epi, cap nhat 15/4/2015 Intellectual Women with Management Leadership Tr4n Thi Minh Due, Nguyin Thi Viet Thanh VNU University o f Social Sciences and Humanities, 336 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xudn, Hanoi Vietnam A bstract: The contents o f this article is a part o f a comprehensive research project on female intellectuals as a highquality human resource for Vietnam’s industrialization, modernization and international integration By methods of sociological research on 4020 person who are intellectuals in the fields of education, science and technology, health, culture and economy in provinces, the article presents some survey results on women’s attitudes and status quo in management leadership The parameters about occupation, education level, seniority, attitude towards work, marital, various agencies are surveyed by the quantitative data and analyzed in relation to the field o f management leadership Through detail analyses, the reader will be better able to explain the efforts o f intellectual women for career and promotion The research results will be the useful references to policymakers to increase the rate o f management leadership o f women Keywords: Intellectual women, gender equality, women, men, management leadership