Nữ trí thức Công việc gia đình và thu nhập.pdf

)^m^ NO TRI THQC: CONG VIEC GIA DINH VA THU N H A P GS.TS Tran Thj Minh Dtfc Tntdng Dqi hoc Khoa hoc Xa hpi va Nhdn vdn, Dqi hpc Qud'c gia Hd Npi ThS Le Thu Trang Hpc vien Cdnh sdt Nhdn ddn k TOM T A T Bdi viet trinh bdy mot phdn kit qud thu duac tie di tdi ''Phdt huy ngudn nhdn luc nii tri thitc su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dqi hoa vd hoi nhqp qude ti"; mas6KX.03-07/lI-I5, PGS.TS Nguyin Thi Viet Thanh chit tri Npi dung bdi viit mo td: 1/ Thuc trqng hon nhdn gia dinh vd diiu Men sinh song ciia nii tri thuc; 2/ Thai gian lam viec gia dinhyd su dung thdi gian rdi cua nu: tri thiec; 3/ Thu nhdp cua nu tri thirc vd 4/ Cdc yeu to dnh huang din thu nhqp ciia nu tri thuc Kit qud nghien cuu cUng chi ro nam tri thirc it tham gia vdo cong viec gia dinh, thdi gian rdnh ciia hp tap trun^ nhiiu cho cdc hoat dong thudn gidi tri cd nhdn, nir tri thirc ddnh chu yiu thdi gian rdnh ciia minh cho cong viec gia dinh Tir khoa: Tri thuc; NU tri thuc; Gia dinh; Thu nhqp Ngdynhdnbdi: H/i/20l5; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/8/2015 I Dat van de Vai quan diem eoi gia dinh la to am, la cho dira ve tinh than va vat ehat cho m6i ngirai va la te bao lanh manh cua xa hpi, Thu tirang Chinh phu da ban hanh Qnyk dinh s6 72/2001/QD-TTg 4/5/2001 chon 28/6 hang nam la Ngay Gia dinh Viet Nam, nham de cao trach nhiem cua lanh dao, cac to chiic xa hpi, dac biet la eae vien gia dinh de cung co, xay dirng gia dinh Viet Nam theo tieu ehi it (moi cap vp chong co m6t hoac hai con), tien bp, binh dang va hanh phiie Gia dinh tri thiic dupe de cap nghien ciiu nay, dugc hieu la gia dinh ma nguai vp va chong deu la nhung nguai co trinh dp hpc van tir bac dai hpc, hp la nhung ngucri co kha nang tu dpc lap va sang tao hoat dong ngh^ nghiep cua minh Hien nay, gia dinh tri thiic cung dang chiu su tac dpng manh me ciia sir chuyen bien ciia xa hpi dan den mot he qua tat yeu la sir chuyen doi ve ca cau lao dpng xa hpi va su phan cong lao dpng theo giai gia dinh TAPCHi'TAMLtHOC, S6'9 (198), - 2015 If D6i voi nii tri thiic, tnioc hoac dong thai voi viec tham gia vao loai hinh lao dgng sur dung tri tue, hp la nhiing nguoi ya, nguoi me voi nhiing vj tri gia dinh ma xa hpi da ngam dmh sin Hp can sinh con, nuoi con, lo toan cupc s6ng gia dinh va lam nhiing cong viec von bi gan la "thien chile", thupe traeh nhiem eua hp Con teach nhiem cua nam gioi la vai tro "h6 tra" hay "giup da" Do vay, de dat dupe mpt kit qua hay mpt cong nao su nghiep, nii gioi phai bo sire luc gan gap doi nam gidi Bai viet la mpt phan nho ket qua nghien ciiu duoc nit tit de tai Phdt huy ngudn nhdn luc nie tri thiec su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hda vd hpi nhgp quoc ti; Ma s6 KX.03-07/11-15 Nghien ciiu sii dung bang hoi khuyet danh tap trung chu yeu vao nii tri thiic voi tong 3.632 khach the chung (trong nit tri thiic ehilm 70% va nam tri thiic 30%) hien dang eong tac thupc ITnh vue: Khoa hpc cong nghe, Giao due dao tao, Y te va Siic khoe epng dong, Van hoa nghe thuat, Kinh te va An ninh quoc phong tai mot so Ion cita Viet Nam Viee ehpn mau nghien cihi co chii y toi su phan bo ve co cau cac Ilia tuoi, dia ban, moi truong cong viee Nghien ciiu sii dung phan mem thong ke SPSS 18.0 dk h8 trp viec nhap va phan tich dH lieu diSu tra II Ket qua nghien ciiu Hon nhdn gia dinh vd dieu kien sinh song cda nit tri thii'c Cho dSn nay, doi vdi nguoi Viet Nam, gia dinh luon co tim quan ttong Theo truyen thong, lam vg la vai tto chinh cua nguoi phu nir va hon nhan la niem hanh phiic ttong cugc s6ng gia dinh va nit tti thiic cung khong phai la ngoai le cua loi tu Mgt nguoi phu nti, dii su nghiep eua chj sang nhu the nao, du chi co lam me tot sao, nhung niu hon nhan co true trac thi 16i luonbi gan eho chi - Tinh trgng hon nhdn ciia nd tri thiec b 33.80% c.3.10% I • b Chu'a ket hon ^ c Li hon li than, goa Bieu 1: Tinh trgng hdn nhdn gia dinh ciia nie tri thuc TAP CHiTAM LV HOC, S6' (198), - 2015 Ve tinh trang hon nhan, nghien ciiu nay, co 62,5% so nu tri thiic da CO ch6ng; 33,8% - chua k6t hon va co 3,1% - ly hon/ly than/goa Neu xem xet tuong quan cheo giGa bang cip cua nu tri thiic vai viec hp song cung chong hay don than (bao gom nhom chua lap gia dinh, ly hon va goa chong), ket qua cho thiy co y nghia thong ke (vai X % = 91,473; p = 0,000) Theo tac gia Nguyin Huu Minh, nghien cmi qu6c gia ve gia dinh cho thay, CO tren 60.000 vu ly hon/nam a Viet Nam (Ty le ly hon, ly than cao nh4t ca nuac la a Dong Nam Bp va d6ng bang song Cuu Long) [13] Thuc te nghien ciiu cua chiing toi tren ddi tupng la nii tri thiic cho th^y chi co 3,1% so nu: tri thiic dang tinh trang ly hon, ly than va goa bua - Do tuoi cua cdc Dp tuoi ciia tre em gia dinh co anh hucmg rat lan den cac ho^t ddng cua cha me Tre cang nho tuoi, cha me cang phai dau tu ve siic khoe, thai gian, cong siic, tien bac, tri tue, tinh cam nhieu han cho cac Cac cua nii tri thiic nghien ciiu phan lan rai vao tuoi tien hpc duang (chiem ty le 45,6%), tieu hpc (chiem ty le 36,7%) va cac nhom lai trung hpc ca sa, trung hpc thong, cao dang - dai hpc va di lam chi chiem 17,7 % Trong dp tuoi trung binh cua nii tri thiic la 32,77 tuoi Dieu dong nghia vai viec nii tri thiic se bi chi phoi bai thai gian va cong siic nhieu han de thuc hien eac cong viec cham soc - Vdn de phu cdp, nuoi dicang thdnh vien gia dinh so 0 % 0O"i 60 00% SO O0% 40 00% OOV., 20 0 % i Con cai Cha me Ngu'cci t h a n Biiu dd 2: Tyle%nit tri thuc dang phu cdp, nuoi du&ng cdc thdnh vien gia dinh D6i vai nguai Viet Nam, ngoai trach nhiem nuoi eai den tu6i truang (nhu cac nuac phat triin khac), cha me doi phai cham nuoi TAP CHf TAM LtHOC, S6'9 (198), - 2015 eon, ngucri gia, nguai than co hoan canh dac biet suot dai Dieu la chinh sach an sinh xa hpi ciia Viet Nam dang yiu kem viec ho trp nguai gia, nguoi benh (benh sinh hpc va benh xa hpi) Trong tdng s6 nu tri thiic dirac nghien ciiu, co 40,4% so chi em phai chu cap, nuoi duong hang thang cha me minh, 77,8% s6 ngucri co d tu6i an hpc can duac cung cap tai chinh, thai gian va cong siic tu cha me va 14,7% s6 nG tri thiic co trach nhiem kinh te viec chu cap, nuoi duang cho nguai than cua hp Nhu vay, ben canh cong viec cham soc va giao dye cai, nG tri thiic thuc hien cac nghia vu phung du&ng b6 me, chu cap kinh phi cho ngucri rupt thit Nhiing cong viec thupc v^ cac vien gia dinh va sir h6 tro cua xa hpi, nhung chiing thucmg bj gan cho trach nhiem ciia phu nu Bihu da chidm mot phiin cong sGc va thai gian ciia nG tri thuc va it nhieu CO anh huang toi hoat dpng chuyen mon va nghi ngoi cua hp - Dieu kien nhd a cua nii- tri thirc Theo phong thuy gia dinh, nguyen tac tong th^ doi vai dien tich nha a la rpng nhung khong trai, nho nhung khong chat choi, thuan tiSn va thoai mai Kieh thuoc nha thucmg can cG tren so vien gia dinh Tinh binh quan dien tich a tren dau nguoi eua cac gia dinh nG tri thuc dupe nghien ciiu, ket qua cho thay rSt da dang Co mpt sir phan bo theo chieu dpc ve dien tieh o: tir nho nhat la mVdau nguoi, 15 m^, roi 20 m^ va len toi hon 100 mVdSu nguoi gia dinh Tinh trung binh nha a ciia nG tri la 27.9 m^ tren dSu ngucri 34.60% 35 00% 34 50% J 34,00% -i 33.50% -| 33 00% -i 32,50% -1 32 00% -i 31.50% 3100% T-' cf nha Tieng I I O^nha chung Ctnha t h u § Biiu aS 3: Thuc trgng nhd a cua nie tri thuc duac nghien cim Mgt euge didu tta vS dien tich nha cua Nhat Ban (1993) cho thSy ttung binh dien tich nha cua nguoi Nhat la khoang 25 mVnguoi, ngucri Anh la TAP CHiTAM LY HOC, S6' (198), - 2015 35 m , doi vai nguoi My la 61 m^ theo d§u nguai [9], Nhu vay, vai ty le binh quan mVngudi ve nha a ciia nii tti thiic ttong nghien ciiu nay, cho phep nhSn dinh rang, nha a cua nti tri thiic hien da dat mite dp thuan tien va thoai mai ve dien tich (dii nha hp dang d la nha chung dung, hay nha di thue) Trong tong so nil tri thtire dupe nghien eiiu, ty le co nha rieng chi chiem 32,2% (ttong s6 nay, co 35,1% s6 nQ tri thiic xay nha cao t&ig, 27,6% - nha a dang can hp va 37,4%) - nha thugc loai cip bSn) S6 nil tti thiic dang o nha chung cimg cha me, nguai than ehigm 33,2% va vSn 34,6%) s6 nil tti thirc dang a nha di thuS Trung binh s6 tiSn thue nha hang thang nO tri thiic phai tra la 1,9 trieu ddng Thai gian lam viec gia dinh va sir dung thoi gian roi ciia nu- tri thiic Trade xem xet thai gian lao dpng va viec sii dung thoi gian ranh roi eua nii tri thiic, ehiing toi ttinh bay qua v^ miic ho trg cong viec npi ttp gia dinh cho nO tri thue - la van de nguoi giiip viec gia dinh - Su hd tra ciia ngudi giiip viec gia iiinh Trong tong so 2.726 nti tri thiie duge dieu tta, eo 2.380 nti tri thiic (chiem 87,3%) tta lai can hoi lien quan den nguoi giiip viec gia dinh Trong so nay, nhiing gia dinh nii tri thtrc eo nguoi giiip viee chiem 12,6% Nhiing nQ' tri thiie CO ngucri giiip viec nha c6 binh quan thu nhap la 10,71 ttieu dong/ thang Trong do, nhiing nO tri thiic gia tiinh khong co ngucri giup viec co binh quan thu nhap la 6,23 trieu dSng/thang - miic thap so voi miic trung binh cua nu: giai Nhu vay co den 87,4% so gia dinh nti tri thiic phai tu xoay xet eac eong viec gia dinh, ngoai thcti gian lam eong viec chuyen mon (xem bieu 4) • a Co ngu'ai | giup viec I • b Khong co ngu-oigiup viec Biiu dd 4: Tyle%sS gia dinh nie tri thiec cd ngudi giiip viec nhd TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' (198), - Kdt qua nghien eiiu de tai: "Vai trd gidi vd lugng hda gid tri lao dpng gia dinh" (2006) cho thjy, co toi 28% s6 gia dinh co nhu cau thue nguoi giiip viSc, nhung ehi eo 8,8% s6 gia dinh co nguai giup viee Trong eac loai hinh gia dinh thi chi eo gia dinh hi thiie dap ling nhu cSu mucin dugc ngucri giiip viec, vi vay hg chigm ty le cao nhdt ttong s6 nhiing gia dinh co nguoi giiip viee [4], Co thd noi, d6i vai nit tii thirc, nhu cSu co nguoi giiip ngi ttg gia dinh la rat Ion Khi c6 dieu kien kinh tk hg se muon nguoi giiip viec Su khjng dinh e6 gia tri ve th6ng ke (vol kiem dinh t(2086) = 13,64; p = 0,000) So sanh hiong quan cheo giua nhiing gia dinh tri thiic co nguoi giiip viee vdi cac biSn lien quan tdi tudi eua na tri thiic va sd ma hp dang cd, kSt qua cho fliay: Dp tudi cua nti bi thiie cang Idn thi ty le % cac gia dinh cd ngudi giiip viee eang cao Su khac biet giita cac nhdm tudi ed y nghia thdng ke (vdi X^,2|= 6,526; p = 0,000) (xem bang 1) Bang 1: Ty le % sd gia dinh nie tri thiec cd nguai giup viec (xet theo dp tudl vd so con) a Do tuoi ciia nu* tri thirc b So Duoi 25 7,9 26-35 11,5 36-60 18,1 Ocon 6,9 16,7 19,3 25,0 100,0 X^(2)= 26,526 p = 0,000 X^(4,= 52,584 p = 0,000 Ket qua so sanh tuong quan cheo cung cho thjy, sd lugng cua eac gia dinh nii tti thiic cd ty le thuan vdi nhu eau va kha nang thue ngudi giiip vide gia dinh eua hp: vdi nhiing nii tri thitc chua cd con, chi cd 6,9% tiong sd cd ngudi giiip vide, nhung hp cd con, ty le cSn ngudi giup viec tang len ddn 19,3% va gia dinh cd eon nhd thi 100%) nii til thiic cd ngudi giiip vide gia dinh Ket qua so sanh ve ty Id gia dinh nO tri thuc ed ngudi giiip vide vdi sd eon ttong gia dinh hp ed y nghia thdng kd (vdi X ^ = 52,584; p = 0,000) (xem bang 1) - Thai gian lam viec gia dinh ciia nie tri thiec TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So (198), - 2015 Ket qua kiem dinh t-test vd thdi gian lao ddng gia dinh cho thdy cd su khae biet ed y nghta thdng ke giiia nhdm khach thd nam va nil tti fliilc (t,i782) = 8,735; p - 0,000), ttong dd nii gidi cho ring ttung binh mdi hg bd gid cho vide nha, edn nam gidi tu danh gia minh lam vide nha mdi la gid 22 phut ^^^1 Bieu 5: Tu ddnh gid ve thdi gian lao dpng gia dinh ngdy ciia khdch the nghien cieu Nghien citu eua Layla Ricroch (2012) ve thdi gian lao ddng cua phu nd va nam gidi cho thay, tdng thdi gian danh cho edng vide gia dinh va cdng viec chuydn mdn eua nam gidi va nO gidi gdn nhu Tuy nhien, vide phan chia edng vide gia dinh giiia hai gidi van dang cdn rdt bdt binh dSng Nghien ciiu cua dng ttong 25 nam qua (tinh tit 1986 ddn 2010) ehi ring, khoang each thdi gian eho cdng vide gia dinh giUa dan dng va phu nti da dugc thu hep Dieu chu yeu la phu nH giam thdi gian lam cdng vide gia dinh (dgn dep, nau an, giat ui, di ehp, mua sam), ma khdng phai la su gia tang thdi gian lam vide gia dinh ciia nam gidi Vi du, vao nam 1986, phu nit lam cdng vide gia dinh hdt gid 07 phiit/ngay, thi den nam 2010 hg lam gid 01 phut/ngay So vdi nam gidi, nam 1986, hp lam edng vide gia dinh la gid 07 phiit/ngay, thi ddn nam 2010 hg lam gid 13 phut/ngay (vao thdi didm 1999 nghien cim viee thuc hien cdng vide ndi trg cua nam gidi cQng chi la gid 13 phiit) Nhu vay ddi vdi nO gidi thdi gian lain ndi ttp gia dinh ciia phu nir da giam di 21,5%, cdn nam gidi (nhiing ngudi chdng gia dinh) thdi gian lam ndi trg ciia hg hdu nhu khdng thay ddi (tang Idn phiit) 25 nam qua Ly giai vd vide giam thdi gian lam vide nha ttong eua nO gidi, Layla Ricroch eho ring, ttong 25 nam qua, nti gidi tham gia nhidu hon vao luc lugng lao TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (198), - 2015 ddng kidm tidn, nen thu nhap cua cac gia dinh tang han trade, vi vay phy nil da tang cudng su dung cac djch vu hd ttp gia dinh (nhu cam hdp, mua dd Sn da dugc chd bidn, sii dung cac dich vu giao hang ) Ngoai ra, vide su dung nhidu han eac tiang thidt bi phuc vu ndi ttp gia dinh hien dai (Id vi sdng, may nia bat ) eung giup phu nO giam tiidi gian danh cho bdp niic (giam 29% ttong 25 nam qua) [5] Xem xet su khac biet ve sd gid lao ddng ttong gia dinh theo nhdm titdi (nhung ngudi da ed gia dinh va cham sdc con) kdt qua cho thay, nhdm tri thiic nil tte hidi nhdt: tit 20 ddn 25 tudi cd sd gid lam vide ti^ng binh la gid 13 phiit/ngay Nhdm nOtinthiie da phan la nhiing ngudi chua cd gia dinh, hg dang tap trang eho edng vide va hgc hanh nen ehua bi vudng mac vao eae edng viee ndi ttg gia dinh Vi vay thdi gian hp danh eho gia dinh la it hon ea Nhdm nu-tinthiic cd dd tudi tit 26 ddn 35 tudi tiling binh mdi hg bd gid 24 phiit eho edng viec ngi tip gia dinh va nhdm nit tri thirc eao tudi ban - ttt 36 ddn 60 tudi thdi gian hg bd cho gia dinh eiing khdng it - gid phut Nit tti thilc d hai nhdm tudi thudng cd dang ttong tiidi mdi Idn, ndn thdi gian hg phai bd cho gia dinh nhieu hon (dp tudi trang binh ttong mdu nghidn citu la 32,77 tudL Kdt qua cd y nghia thdng kd (vcii F(2,M95) = 17,763; p = 0,000) Cd thd ndi, ket qua ve sd gid lao ddng cua cac gia dinh tri thitc cho thay ngoai thdi gian lao ddng kiem sdng, nii tri thirc phai lao ddng gia dinh vdi lupng thdi gian khdng nhd Trong cdng vide chuyen mdn ciia nii tri thtrc dac thii hon so vdi cdng vide eua nhiing nhdm phu nil khac d chd thdi gian lao ddng ehuyen mdn thuc td nhidu ban thdi gian ly thuydt (8 gid theo Luat Lao ddng) Hp phai suy nghi khdng ngimg va lam vide ca d nha Chinh vi vay, lao ddng gia dinh ttd ndn mdt ganh nang ddi vdi phu nil - Sie dung thdi gian rdnh roi Ngoai hai linh vue boat ddiig chinh ma cac nha tam ly hgc lao dpng thudng ndi ddn la hoat ddng nghd nghiep va boat ddng gia dinh (nhimg boat ddng tieu ngdn gan hdt thdi gian ttong cua mdi ngudi), thi cac boat ddng mang tinh xa hdi va ca nhan cila mdi ngudi ciing dupe xem xet dd lupng hda Cac hoat ddng thudng ciing ed hoae tidp tuc tin boat ddng nghd nghidp va gia dinh Ddi vdi nhidu ngudi, khoang thdi gian thue liidn cac hoat dpng cd tinh xa hdi va ca nhan nham dap inig hiing thii, sd thieh ciia mdi ngudi va khdiig gay ap luc fliuc hien chiing cd flid dupe eoi la "tiidi gian rdi" Ddi vdi nhidu ngudi, thdi gian ranh rdi duge eoi nhu mdt phdn thudng dang hudng thu, hoac flidi gian giai lao mang tinh nghi ngai thdng thudng Vay nil til thiic da su dung flidd gian rinh rdi cua minh nhu thd nao ttong so sanh vdi nam tri thiie? TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (198), 9-2015 Bang 2: Cdch thiec su dung thdi gian rdi cua nam vd nii Cac cong viec Xem ti vi, dpc bao, nghe thuat (BTB = 3.06) Tham quan, du lich (BTB = 2.26) G16i tinh DTB DLC Gia tri t-test t,j6K,= 2,420; p = 0,008 (Nam nhieu hon nie) Nil 3,04 0,621 Nam 3,09 0,624 NO- 2,23 0,560 Nam 2,29 0,588 Hoan toan nghi ngcri (BTB =2,45) Nit 2,48 0,735 Nam 2,53 0,711 Tham ngucri than, ban be (BTB = 2,69) Nil 2,66 0,570 Nam 2,73 0,555 Lam cac cong vi?c gia dinh (BTB = 2,90) Nii 3,09 0,653 Nam 2,71 0,695 t,35,B= 3,034; p = (),001 (Nam nhieu han nir) t,jis„= 1,906; p = 0,03 (Nam nhieu han nie) t„4,g,= 3,384; p = (),000 (Nam nhieu han nu) t(M20)=15,812;p = 0,000 (NU nhieu hem nam) Kiem dinh t-test ddi vdi tat ea.eae hoat ddng deu eho thay su khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke giiia nam va nil tri thtrc ddi vdi vide sii dung thdi gian ranh rdi cua minh (xem bang 2) Theo dd: 1/ Trong ithdm hoat ddng ttong thdi gian ranh thi ea nam va nG tri thitc ddu ehii ydu tap trang xem ti vi, dgc bao, bieu didn nghd thuat (DTB = 3,06), sau dd la edng vide gia dinh va (DTB = 2,90); 2/ So sanh cac kdt qua hoat dgng theo gidi tinh, thdi gian ranh diing dd dap img nhu cau ea nhan (thuan tiiy giai tri) cila nam gidi ludn cd diem trang binh eao hem nit gidi: xem ti vi, dpc bao, bidu didn nghd thuat (nam: 3,09/ntf: 3,04); tham quan, du lich (nam: 2,29/nii: 2,23); hoan toan nghi ngoi (nam: 2,53/nu-: 2,48); tham ngudi than, ban be (nam: 2,73/nii: 2,66) 3/ Ridng ddi vdi edng vide gia dinh, thdi gian ranh rdi dung dd bd ttp gia dinh cda nil tii thitc (DTB = 3,09) cao ban nam gidi (DTB = 2,71) Dd dang nhan thay, phu nu va nam gidi cung danh thdi gian lao ddng san xudt nhu ttong edng vide Tuy nhidn, phu nii lai sii dung phdn Idn thdi gian ma nam gidi dung de nghi ngai, giai tri de lam vide gia dinh Thu nhdp cda nii tri thirc Bao cao cua Td chiic Lao ddng qude td (ILO) nhan dinh, khoang each thu nhap giUa nam va nil cang tang d Viet Nam, ttong ty Id phu nil tham gia lire lupng lao ddng lai d miic cao so vdi thd gidi Cu the, hien Viet Nam CO khoang 72% sd phu nti tham gia lire lugng lao ddng Tuy nhidn, di TAP CHITAM LV HOC, So' (198), - 2015 ngupc lai vdi xu hudng chung, Viet Nam lai la mdt sd it qude gia cd khoang each each biet vd luang giiia nam gidi va phu nil eang tang Theo sd lidu nam 2011 cua Tdng cue Thdng kd, thu nhap cua phu nii tiiap hon nam gidi 13% Trong nghien ciiu cua ehiing tdi, mite thu nhap binh quan cua nu bing 78% so vdi thu nhap binh quan cila nam gidi, nghTa la dg chdnh leeh vd thu nhap cua hai ben la 22% Didu cho thdy khoang each vd thu nhap giiia nam va nti dudng nhu da bj ddy xa ban [13] Biiu dd 6: Thu nhgp trung binh cua khdch the nghien cieu (trieu ddng) Thu nhap trang binh hang thang ciia tri thiie bao gdm luong, phu cap; lam them va cac ngudn khac Xet tit gde gidi tinh, thu nhap chung cua nii tii thitc la 6,745 tiidu ddng/thang va nam tii thiic la 8,669 trieu ddng/thang Su khae biet thu nhap giOa nam va nit ed y nghTa thdng ke (vdi gia tti t^iui = 9,443; p = 0,000) Didu cho thdy nam gidi nhin chung ludn cd binh quan thu nhap eao hon nii gidi (xet ttong mau nghien cim nay) Bdng 3: Sie khdc biet ve miec thu nhgp ciia nam vd nd tri thiec Thu nhap So tien thu nhap tir luang, phu cap So tien thu nhap tir nguon lam them S6 tign thu nhap tir nguon khac 10 Gioi tinh DTB (trieu dong) DLC Nil 6,10 6,04 Nam 7,50 5,40 Nil 2,92 7,03 Nam 3,26 4,71 Nir 0,94 2,21 Nam 1,23 3,67 T-test P to7!6) = 5,744 0,000 (co y nghTa) t(,072)= 0,840 t(si!,= 1,193 0,401 (khong CO y nghTa) 0,234 (khong CO y nghTa) TAPCHITAM LV HOC, S6'9 (198), 9-2015 Cd thd ndi, bang each hay each khac, luong ciia nit gidi ndi chung va cua nii tri thiie ndi rieng ludn ed mdt khoang each biet d miic thap ban so vdi nam gidi va nam tri thirc Ndu xem xet ti mi tdt ca cac ngudn thu nhap hang thang (bao gdm til luang phu cdp - ngudn thu ehinh; nguon lam thdm va tii ngudn khac) eua nti tri thite so vdi nam nghidn cuu se thay dupe su khae biet ve thu nhap xuat phat tit ngudn nao (xem bang 3) Nhu vay, vdi mot lupng khach thd nam dugc nghidn eiiu chi bang 1/3 so vdi nO gidi cung cho thay mue thu nhap tit luang va phu cdp (ngudn thu nhap chinh eiia ngudi lao ddng) cua nam gidi ludn cao hon nil gidi (vdi 1(2726) = 5,744 va p = 0,000 - mue ed y nghia) Trong do, sd tidn thu nhap tit ngudn lam them cua nO va nam la tuong ddi nhu (vdi tyo?;) = 0,840 va p = 0,401 su khae biet khdng cd y nghTa) va cQng nhu vay, sd tidn tit cac ngudn thu nhap khac cila nam va nu eiing tuong ddi nhu (vdi t(558) = 1,193 va p = 0,234 sukhae biet khdng ed y nghTa ve mat thdng kd) Vdn dd dat la 80,3% khach the ttong nghien eiiu ddu lam vide d co quan nha nude nhung kiem dinh t-test vdn cho thay su chdnh Idch vd mite luang giiia nam va nti tti thiie (y nghTa thdng ke vdi t(2.220) = 4,921; p = 0,000 Trang binh luang va phu cap eua nit la 5,89 trieu/thang, cdn cua nam la 7,1 trieu/thang Cd the giai thich didu tir ba thdng sd: Thii nhat, cac tri thirc lam vide cho ca quan nha nude tiong nghidn cim cd tudi ddi trang binh: nil la 33,56, cdn nam la 35,47 Tudi ddi trang binh cua nam gidi (trong nghien citu nay) nhidu ban ciing cd thd la ly khidn mure lucmg cua hg cao hem Thii hai, sit khac bidt vd tham nien cdng tac giiia nam va nit (X^(4) = 28,170; p = 0,000) eho thay, till d mirc dudi nam lam vide thi ty Id nam gidi thdp ban nH gidi, cdn tit nam kinh nghiem trd len, ty le nam gidi ludn cao hem so vdi nti gidi, ttong tham nien cdng tac eang dai thi luang va phu cap cang tang Thit ba, su khac biet vd vi tri cdng vide (X^(3) = 11,534; p = 0,009) Nhin chung, ty Id nam gidi ttong nghien ciru d nhtmg vi tri cdng vide cap cao nhu "chuydn vidn chinh" hay "chuyen vidn cao cap" la cao ban so vdi nii Didu cd the la ly keo mirc thu nhap binh quan cua nam gidi cao han so vdi nil gidi Ngoai nhiing ly til mdu dieu tra cd sit khac bidt ban ddu giOa nam va ntt tri thiic thi thuc td mite luang cua nil so vdi nam ludn thap hon sau mdt thdi gian lam vide (dii didm xuat phat ban dau cua nil va nam cd thd gidng ciing trinh dp hge van), didu cd thd ly giai tit vj tri khac cing mdt cdng vide se tao ndn su tang luong nhanh eham khae (2 nam len luang, so vdi miic trung binh la nam mdt lan), su "nhay vide" - chuyen cdng vide, vi tri lam vide nghien eilu ciing tao nen mue thu nhap rdt khac so vdi ngudi chi lam mpt cdng vide, mpt chd nhat Ngoai ra, mpt sd ly giai ciia nude ngoai, vi du Rey (2014) ly giai ve nguydn nhan mite luong TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Sd (198), 9-2015 thdp ciia phu nil la do: 1/ Phu nii khdng cd kha nang dam phan luang nhu nam gidi va cung it tham vgng chay dua cdng vide so vdi nam va 2/ Cae don vi tra luong khdng ehi theo nang luc ma cdn theo kha nang nhan vidn dap img vd thdi gian lam vide bdt cit luc nao, didu la han chd cua phu nil [7] Ngoai ra, quan sat hien titong hpc sinh flii vao cac tradng dai hpc cung eho thdy nil gidi thudng lua ehgn nhiing nghd nghiep cd thu nhap binh quan thdp ban so vdi nam gidi tit gde ban ddu ciia vide lua chgn tradng dai hpc - nhiing nganh nghd thudng ed miic thu nhap thdp tradng, nhu su pham, hanh chinh, didu duang, mdt sd nganh thude cac ITnh vue khoa hpc xa hdi - nhan van, nam gidi thudng chay dua vao cac nganh nghe nhu tin hpc, cdng nghd thdng tin, cac nganh thudc khdi ky thuat, kinh td, bac sy vdi miic luong cao va thu nhap phu trdi tang nhanh da cho thay su lira ehpn ban dau cua nu gidi la "thidu chidn luge" so vdi nam gidi - du ttong sd cd kha nhidu nu: sinh cd tu chdt dap iing tdt vdi dau vao ciia cac tradng Mdt vai ly dugc nhic ddn nhieu han cd lidn quan ddn miic thu nhap cua nil gidi bi tut hau la su ddu tu thdi gian cho cdng vide cua nil gidi khdng Idn nhu nam gidi NO gidi khd cd the danh ddi cdng vide gia dinh, frach nhiem lam me vi chuyen mdn nhu nam gidi ed the lam Ngoai ra, nti gidi thudng khdng ed dieu kien va kha nang thich iing vdi mdi tradng lam vide khac nghidt, mdi trudng lam vide ludn di chuydn da cd gia dinh nhu nam gidi Tdt ca nhiing dieu gdp phan lam giam mue thu nhap cua nii gidi so vdi nam gidi Cimg vdi cdng vide chinh thitc d ca quan, de dam bao cho cudc sdng gia dinh, nti tri thitc cdng ed gang lam thdm dd cudc sdng dugc cai thien ban Khi dupe hdi vd van dd lam them, sd 1/3 khach the nghien eiru (824 nii tri thitc) tra Idi eau hdi thi ed 636 tri thirc (chidm 77,2%) khang dinh hp ed lam thdm va ngudn tidn thu nhap tit cdng vide lam them dat trang binh 2,925 trieu ddng/thang Ngoai ra, mdt sd nir tti thiie eho bidt hg cdn cd nhttng khoan thu tit ngudn khac vdi binh quan la 0,945 trieu ddng/thang Nhu vay, vdi nhiing nii tti thiie edng khai mgi ngudn thu nhap cila ban than thi miic thu nhap binh quan mdt thang eua hg la khoang 10 trieu ddng De cd ngudn thu nhap thdm, sd gid lam thdm trang binh ttong mdt tudn eua nii tri thuc la gid va phdn Idn edng vide lam thdm eua hg ed Hdn quan den chuyen mdn (67,5%), khac chuyen mdn (16,3%) va ca hai (16,3%) Dieu ndi len ring nil tri cd thd "sdng dugc bang nghd" dd cd thd kidm them thu nhap eho gia dinh Cdc yeu to dnh hudng din thu nhgp cua nd: tri thiec - Xet theo lira tudi Kidm dinh moi tuong quan pearson giiia thu nhap vdi tudi ddi ciia nu: tri thirc, kdt qua cho thdy (nhan djnh mdt each tdng thd nhdt): Tudi ddi cua nil tri 12 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (198), - 2015 thirc ty Id thuan vdi thu nhap binh quan theo thang eua hg (r = 0,298; p = 0,000) Cu the, trang binh thu nh$p cua nil tri thiic cd tudi ddi dudi 25 tudi la 5,02 ttidu ddng/thang Con sd d nhiing nO tii tiiitc tit 26 ddn 35 tudi la 6,33 tiieu ddng/thang va d nhiing nO tri thiic cd tudi ddi til 36 ddn 60 tudi la 8,57 tiieu ddng/thang Su khac bidt vd miie thu nhap eua nil tti thiie theo dd tudi cd y nghta thdng kd vdi F12.2283) = 74,703; p = 0,000 Cd the thdy, tudi ddi cdn tte, nu tri thuc hp ehua cd dugc mite thu nhap theo y mudn, nhung dan dan cd tudi ddi dat d miic tradng thi miic thu nhap cua hg ciing dan dn dinh va cao hem (cd y nghia thdng kd) so vdi cdn tie - Xet theo bdng cdp Kdt qua nghien cim cho thay cd sir khae bidt cd y nghTa thdng kd giiia mite thu nhap trung binh/thang ciia nil tri thiie so vdi bang cap cua hp (F(3,2250) = 11,871; p = 0,000) Theo do, thu nhap eiia nhiing nil tri thitc cd trinh dp dai hge la 6,52 trieu ddng/thang Con sd d nhimg nil tri thirc cd trinh dd thac sy la 7,43 trieu ddng/thang, d nhiing nii tri thdc la tien sy la 9,4 trieu ddng/thang, d nhiing nQ tri thitc ed hgc ham PGS la 10,60 trieu ddng/ thang Cd the ndi, hgc vi ciia nil tri thirc eang cao thi eac miie thu nhap chung cua hp eung eang eao - Xet theo thdm nien cdng tdc Xem xet khoang thdi gian lam vide cila cac nhdm nir tri thuc, can hdi dat la: Lieu sir khac bidt giiia cac nhdm tham nien edng tae vd tat ca cac khoan thu nhap cua nil tri thiie? Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay c6 su khae biet cd y nghTa thdng ke (F(4,232i) = 60,793; p = 0,000) giOa eae nhdm tham nien cdng tac khac vdi thu nhap trang binh eua hg (bao gdm luang, phu cdp, lam them va cac ngudn khae) Nil tri thiic dudi nam edng tae ed miie thu nhap la 5,240 ngan ddng/thang; tit - dudi 10 nam miic thu nhap la 6,630 ngan ddng; tit 10 - dudi 20 nam la 8,090 ngan; til 20 - dudi 30 nam la 10,350 ngan va tif 30 nam trd len la 8,97 ngan ddng/th^g Nhu vay, thu nhap chung cua nit tri thile tang ty Id vdi tham nien cdng tae cila hp va dat mirc luong eao nhat dd tham nien tit 20 ddn dudi 30 nam cdng tae Tit sau 30 nam cdng tac mue thu nhap cd giam xudng III Kit luan Tren day la biic ttanh chung vd gia dinh cda nil tri thiie dugc nghien euu, vdi nhiing md ta vd tinh tiang hdn nhan, vd cudc sdng gia dinh, vd mue thu nhap, lam them va vdn dd sii dung thdi gian ranh rdi Ket qua nghien cim khing dinh ring, ddi vdi nil tri thiic, edng vide gia dinh ludn chi phdi thdi gian lam vide chuydn mdn eua hp Vi vSy, hp cd nhu cau eao vd thud mudn ngudi giup vide de giam bdt cho hg ganh nang cdng vide gia dinh Tuy nhidn, vdi thu TAPCHITAM LVHOC, S6'9 (198), - 2015 13 nhap ciia nu tri thiic kha thSp nhu hifn (trung binh han trieu/thang gin cac khoan chi tra khac lien quan dgn trach nhiem nuoi cai, cha me gia va nguai than) nu tri thuc that kho co thS dam bao duac cuoc s6ng chi tieu gia dinh mot each vui ve de chii tam vao chuyen mon Xem xet vh khia canh giai tra luang cho nguai lao dpng, chuyen gia cao c4p cua ILO khu vue chau A - Thai Binh Duong, ong De Meyer (2013) eho rang: "Chi co th^ so sanh thu nhfip giiJa phu nu" va nam giai hp lam nhiJng cong viec khac nhau, chung ta moi co thg thay ro rSng phu nu phai chiu miic thu nhap thdp hem chi bai giai tinh ciia ho thay vi ban ehat cua cong viec" Ong De Meyer khuyin nghi Viet Nam c4n phai thyc hien dieu khoan "tra luang binh dang cho cac cong viec c6 gia tri ngang nhau" theo quy dinh Bp Luat Lao d6ng [12] Tai lieu tham khao Tran Thj Minh Diic (Chu bien), Dinh kien vd phdn biet doi xir theo gidi, NXB Dai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi, 2006 Liru Song Ha, Vi thi cUa nii tri thuc hien vd mot so yeu to dnh hirdng, sach NCr tri thiic vcfi sir nghiep phat trign dSt nirac (Nguyen Thj Viet Thanh chu bien), NXB Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Npi Le Ngpc Van, Gia dinh vd bien doi gia dmh a Viet Nam, NXB Khoa hpc Xa hpi, 20 U Vai tro gidi va luang hoa gid tri lao dong gia dinh, Trudng Can b6 Phu nO Trung irong (nay la Hpc vien Phu n& Viet Nam, Tai h?u dirge xuat ban vai sir ho trg cua dir an tang circrng nang lyc cho cac to churc phi Chinh phu Vi?t Nam CARE tai trg, 2006 Layla Ricroch, Dossier- En 25 ans, moins de tdches domestiques pour les femmes, I'ecart de situation avec les hommes se reduit, Insee, 2012 Lourel M., Gana K & Wawrzyniak S., L 'interface "vieprivee - vie au travail": adaptation et validation francaise de I'echelle SWING (survey work-home interaction- Nijmegen), Psychologie du travail et des organisations Vol 11/2005, 227 - 239, 2005 Rey H (2014), Pourquoi les femmes sont moins bien payees que les hommes? http://www.lesechos.fr/09/01 /2014/LesEchos/21601 -042-ECH_pourquoi-les-femmes-sontmoins-bien-payees-que-les-hommes.htm Truy c§p 15/4/2015 Luatminhkhue.vn/lao-dong-2/bat-binh-dang-gioi-ve-thu-nhap-cua-nguoi-lao-dong-o-vietnam-va-mot-so-goi -y-giai -phap-chinh-sach.aspx Ngudi Nhgt d, Nguyen Dire Kinh, Le Hai Doan, Nguyen Huu Minh, Published on VYSA by Nguyen Due Kinh 10 http://baotintuc.vn^an-doc/vi-sao-ly-hon-tang-20110216163520388.htm 11 http://batdongsan.com.vn/tu-van-phong-thuy/nha-o-nen-co-dien-tich-vua-phai-ar59353 12 http://khampha.vn/tin-nhanh/bi-tra-luong-it-hon-vi-la-phu-nu-c4a67245.html 13 http://baotintuc.vn/ban-doc/vi-sao-ly-hon-tang-20110216163520388.htm (17/02/2015) 14 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (198), 9-2015 ... "tiidi gian rdi" Ddi vdi nhidu ngudi, thdi gian ranh rdi duge eoi nhu mdt phdn thudng dang hudng thu, hoac flidi gian giai lao mang tinh nghi ngai thdng thudng Vay nil til thiic da su dung flidd gian... ring, khoang each thdi gian eho cdng vide gia dinh giUa dan dng va phu nti da dugc thu hep Dieu chu yeu la phu nH giam thdi gian lam cdng vide gia dinh (dgn dep, nau an, giat ui, di ehp, mua sam),... phong thuy gia dinh, nguyen tac tong th^ doi vai dien tich nha a la rpng nhung khong trai, nho nhung khong chat choi, thuan tiSn va thoai mai Kieh thuoc nha thucmg can cG tren so vien gia dinh