Bình đẳng giới trong truyền thống dân tộc qua ca dao, tục ngữ người việt

JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE DOI: 10.18173/2354-1067.2015-0001 Social Sci , 2015 Vol 60, No pp 3-6 This paper is available online at hnp://stdb.hnue.edu.vn BINH DANG G l l TRONG TRUYEN T H N G DAN TOC QUA CA DAO, TUC N G CUA N G U d l VIET La Nham Thin Khoa Ngd van, TrUdng Dgi hoc Su pham Hd Ngi Tom tat, Viec nghien ciiu v^ gidi va van dung li thuylt v6 gidi nghien ciiu van hoc m6i dUdc tiln hanh d Viet Nam khoang hdn hai mUdi nam ufl lai day Tif goc d6 gidi chung la thiidng nhin lai qua khii bang cai nhin phii dinh, "khac phuc han che" ve sK bdt binh ddng hOn la cai nhin khang dinh, iiep thu nhiing bieu hien ciia binh ddng gidi Uuyin thdng dan tpc Bai viet nghien cilu nhiing quan ni^m, nhiing bieu hien vg binh dang gidi ciia nhan dan ta tri/dc day kha toan dien va sau sdc, dUdc phan anh rd net qua kho tang ca dao, tuc ngii ciia ngiJcii Viet, tit gdp phan phat huy truyin thong tdt dep ciia dan tpc de xay ditng xa hdi mdi cdng bang, dan chu, van minh TUkhoa: Binh dang gidi truyen th6ng dan toe, ca dao, tuc ngii cua ngifdi Viet Moi dau Gidi va binh dang gjdi la cdc khdi niem cua thdi hien dai Theo nbieu nha nghidn ciiu, khai niem gidi mdi diidc dua vao Viet Nara tii nhiing nam cuoi cua thap nien 80 the ki XX, ddng thdi "khai niem gidi gan lien vdi y tudng ve giai phdng phu nfl va binh dang giiia nam vd nu - y tudng vdn da bat r l cudc ddu tranh gianb ddc lap ddn tpc may chuc nam qua" [1;72] Tuy nbien vdn d€ binh ddng gidi khdng chi la vdn d l ciia thdi hien dai Dudng nhu binh dang gidi la dilu da tdng dUpc ddt trUdng ki lich sil, truyin thdng ldu ddi ciia dan tdc, dupc phan anh ddi song xa hdi, ddi song van hoa, van hpc cua ngUdi Viet, dac biet la qua kho tang van hpc dan gian [2] Mac dil trudc day chUa su! dung khai niem gidi ciing nhu li thuyet v l gidi nbUng nhiing cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve van hoc dan gian, ve van hoc viet trung dai Viet Nam, kbi ndi ve ngJdi phu nii vdi nhflng bi kich vd khat vong la da d l cap tdi van de gidi d mot khia canh cd ban nhdt: binh dang gidi Chi cd dilu phan ldn cac nghien ciiu deu chi sU bdt binb dang ddi vdi ngUdi pbu nfl ma it den vdi mdt thuc te kbac: truyen thong dan tpc ngUdi phu nfl da cd nhflng luc tflng dUdc binh dang ThUc te dUdc phan anh qua ca dao, tuc ngfl ciia ngUdi Viet Noi dung nghien cu'u 2.1 Tii gdc dd gidi, chiing ta thudng nhin lai qua khfl bang cai nhin phii dinh, "khac phuc han che" hdn la cai nhin khdng dinh, tiep thu Dieu la hoan toan cd cd sd Bdi le nhiing xa hdi Ngay nhan bar 19/12/2014 Ngay nhan dang; 05/4/201.") Lien he La Nham Thin, e-mail laihindhsp@yahoo com La Nham Thin qua khfl la xa hdi bdt binh dang Su bdt binh dang vl xd hdi tat yeu ddn din sU bdt binh dang ve gidi, CJ Vi?t Nam, xd hdi phong kien - Nho giao da ldn tai hang ngan nam Quan niem Nho giao, nhu chiing ta biet, ve cd ban Id khdng cdng bang doi vdi ngUdi pbu nii Thl nhdng, tfl mdt cai nhin phan bien, ta lai nhdn sfl binh dang gidi qua khfl d mpt dat nUdc ma xd hpi phong kiln - Nho giao da tdn tai vflng chdc tdi gdn mdt ihien nien ki Tfl mdt cai nhin phan bi?n, ta lai nhin qua khfl vdi cai nhin ke thifa, phat huy truyen thong binh dang gldi cua ddn tdc Viet Nam 2.2 Dilu that sU dang ngac nhien va rat cd y nghia la nhflng quan niem, nhflng bieu hien ve binh ddng gidi ciia nhan dan ta trudc day lai kha loan dien va sau sac Toan dien bdi vi sU binh dang gidi cd ca ddi song vat chat va ddi song tinh than, gia dinh va ngoai xa hpi, sinh boat va lao ddng san xuat Sdu sdc bdi vi vai trd ngUdi phu nfl dUdc khang dinh de cao mdt each tinh te khdng thai qua, cflc doan den mflc pbu nhan vai trd cua nam gidi 2.3 Nhflng bieu hien vl binh ddng gidi cila nhan ddn ta trUdc day dUOc phan dnh kha rd net qua kho tang ca dao, tgc ngfl - kho tang lUu gifl tri thflc tdm bon, tinh cam ciia ngUdi Viet 2.3.L Binh dang gidi trudc hit la sU khang dinh vai trd, vi tri ciia ngfldi phu nfl, ddc biet la sU de cao thien chflc ciia ho, khdng ddn thuan la thien chflc ve gidi tinh (sex) ma la tbien chflc ve gidi (gender) NgUdi pbu nfl kbdng nhflng la ba me sinh ma cdn la ba me nudi va dUdng ca the chat va tinh than, tinh cam cia mdi ngUdi "Cha sinh khdng lay me dUdng" Chfl "dudng" chfla dflng ndi ham cua no yeu to gido due Vdi vai trd nay, ngfldi me gifl vi tri quan trpng tdi mflc quyet dinh nhan each cua cai: - Con dgi cdi mang - Con hu lgi me, chdu hu lgi bd - Mf ngodnh di dgi, me ngodnh lgi khdn - Phiic ddc lgi mdu [2] NhOng cdu tuc ngfl tren khdng chi ndi len thien tinh nfl cda ngUdi me ma cdn cho thdy thien chflc cua ngfldi phu nfl xet tfl gdc dp gidi Dd la sU khang dinh, dl cao vai trd anh hfldng to ldn cila ngudi me mdi trfldng gido due gia dinh, xa hpi doi vdi cai Binh dang gidi trUdc bet bieu bien ddi sdng gia dinh Bdi le quan niem cua nhflng ngfldi theo phai nfl quyIn (feminists) thi gia dinh la mdt kieu kiln true cd ban chdt xa hdi C) th&i ki ma quan niem "nhat nam viet hflu, thap nfl viet vd" (mpi trai cung la cd, mudi gai cflng la khdng) tham den tflng te bao xa hdi thi nhan dan ta van khang dinh vai trd "ndi tudng" khdng the thay thl cua ngfldi phu nfl: "Chong nhfl dd vd nhu hom" "Trai cd vp nhu gid cd hom", "Vang dan dng quyen (bdn) nha vang dan ba quyen (ban) bep" Khdng dflng lai d dd nhdn dan ta cdn lay lai sir cdng bang, tra lai cdng lao dich thuc cho ngudi phu nfl qua lao ddng sang tao vat chat ciing nhu tmh than: - Cda chdng cdng vg • Qua cau nho nhd Cdi vd vdn vdn Nay anh hgc gdn Mui anh hoc xa Tien gao thi ciia me cha Cdi nghien, cdt hiit that Id cua em [2] Trong xa hdi xUa du vdi mdt tinh thdn dan chu cao nhat thi nhin nhan vai tro cua nfl Binh ddng gidi Iruyen tbong ddn ldc qua i a dao luc ngii riia ngtfdi Viel gidi, mdt sd ngUdi cung mdi thay dfldc qua lao ddng vdt chdt cua phu nfl Mdy thfla nhdn VI tri ngfldi phu nil dia hat tri thflc, cl ban quyen tri tue' "Dan dng ndng noi gieng khdi - Dan ba sdu sac nhu cdi dflng trau" The nhflng, vdi cau ca: "Cai ngbien, cai but that la ciia em" thi "ciia chong cdng vd" khdng cbi tai san vat chat ma cdn d tai sin tri tue tinh thdn 2.3.2 Binh dang gidi dUdc the hien mdt each toan dien va tinb te qua sU hdi hoa "cdng bdng" gifla nam va nfl, tfl quan niem den thflc te ddi sdng - ddi sdng smh boat, lao ddng san xudt va ddi song linh thdn Quan niem Nho giao mdt nhflng khdi nguon la Manh Tfl da the hien tu tfldng trpng nam khinh nfl, cd tdi mflc cflc doan, phii nhan sach trdn vai trd cua ngUdi phu nfl Ban vl chfl hieu, Manh Tfl da tflng ndi: "Bat hieu hflu tam vd hdu vi dai" (TSi bat hieu cd ba, khdng (trai) noi ddi la tdi ldn nhk) (Manh Tfl - Li Idu thugng) Trudc quan niem phong kien "nhat nam viel hflu, thap nfl viet vo" nhdn dan ta dd dap lai bdng quan niem binh dang gidi: "Gdi ma cbi, trai ma chi/ Sinh cd nghia, cd nghi Id hdn" Binh dang gidi dUdc the hien nbieu hdn ca la lao ddng san xuat Ta cd the dung ldi de tfl vdi ba chfl "Binh ddng gidi" de dl dfldi kha nbieu bflc tranh ve cudc sdng lao ddng san xuat cua nhan dan ta cdn lflu gifl kho tang ca dao - Tren ddng cgn dUdi dong sdu Chdng cdy vri cdy, Irdu di bica - Bao gid cho den thdng luii Con gdi ldm cd trai be bd Gdi ihi ke phu, ngdm tho Trai ihi be bd ke chuyen bdt bdy - CJiAng chdi vg tudi, cdu Sdng Ngd, be'Sd biet ddu Id nlui [2] Khi phe phan nhflng thdi hu tdt xdu lao ddng san xudt nhan dan ta cung phe phan tren tinh thdn "binh ddng gidi": Ddn bd klidng hiit nudi heo Id ddn hd nhdc Ddn dng khdng biet budc lat Id ddn ong hit [2 J Cbinh sfl binh dang gidi lao ddng san xudt da dfla ngUdi pbu nfl tfl than phan le thudc "phu xUdng phu luy" (chong ndi vp theo) trd ngUdi cd dia vi binh dang vdi nam gidi Quan niem Nho giao trdi budc than phdn le thudc ciia ngUdi pbu nfl bang mpt chfl "tdng": "Tai gia tdng phu, xudt gia tdng phu, phu tfl tdng tfl" (d nha theo cha ldy chong theo chdng, chong chet theo con) Chu "tdng" dao vd chong chuyen djch chfl "theo" va kbai quat hinh lUdng: "thuyen tbeo lai, gai theo chong" Trong dd ca dao cila ngUdi Viet co hinh tUOng "con thuyin gia (Enh" khac vdi "dao tdng phu" cua Nho giao; Ddi la len thdc xudng ghenh Em diing mdi clio anli chiu sdo [2] "Era dflng mui" la binh dang ve vi thl, vl trach nhiem ve se chia nhflng gian lao vat va vdi "anb chiu sao" Dieu hoan loan khac vdi hinh anh vd - thuyen, chdng - lai the hien vi thl bdt hunh dang, vi the le thudc cua ngfldi phu nfl Cbinh sU binb ddng gidi Iao ddng san xuat dd dUa ngUdi phu nfl tdi sfl cdng bang gidi cudc song sinh hoat, ddi song linh than, tinh cam: Rdu tdm nau vdt rudt bau Chdng chan vO hup, gdi ddu khen ngon [2] Gifl dUdc canh vd chong boa thudn, gia dinh dam am gifla cudc ddi cdn nhilu lam lii, vdt La Nhdm Thin va ngheo khd, mdt nhflng nguyen nhdn sau xa la gifl dUdc sU "binh dang gidi" Qua la, van cbUdng qua khfl lai dem den bai hoc ve xd hdi nhdn sinh cho cudc song hien tai 2.4 Mdt dieu ddng lUu y Id: nhieu cdu tuc ngfl, ca dao (mdt s6 da dupc din bai viet nay) cd thi phap sdng ddi, cdn bang hai vl gifla trai va gai anh vd em, chdng va vd Au dd cung la hinh thflc the hien ndi dung, hay npi dung cua hinh thflc sii binb dang gifla nam va nfl Ket luan Nhfl vay cd the th^y v^n dl binh ddng gidi da dU0c ddt qua khfl lich sfl Binh dang gidi khdng phai chi d quan nidm khdng pbai chi nhfl mdt fldc md ma la mot thUc te Chi cd dilu thuc te nhilu bj khu^t ldp bdi mdt thflc ll khac phu phang: sU khdng binh ddng gidi Chinh vi chi thay sfl khudt lap ma cd luc ta khdng nhhdn binh dang gidi da ta mpt truyen thong tot dep ddi sdng ciia ngUdi Viet Truyen thdng tot dep dd cd cd sd can re tfl thUc tien: vai ird to ldn cua ngudi phu nfl d6i vdi cdng cudc dung nudc va gifl nudc, tinh than dan chu ciia quan chung nhan dan mpi mat cua ddi sdng tfl gia dinh den xd hoi, lfl cii nhan den cpng ddng Tfl gdc dp gidi, ben canh cai nhin phe phdn, phii dinh sfl b^t binh dang ciia xd hdi qua khfl la cai nhin kl thfla, phat huy truyin thdng binh dang gidi cila ddn tdc Viet Nam, de xdy dUng mpt xa hdi mdi cong bang, dan chu vdn minh TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [ 1] Vii Manh Ldi, 2000 Mdt sd quan die'm ly thuyet ve gidi nghien cihi gia dinh Tap chi Xa bdi boc, so 4, tr.72 [2] Vu Ngpc Phan, 1971 Tuc ngu ca dao ddn ca Viet Nam (tdi ban lan thfl bay) Nxb Khoa hpc Xd hdi, Hd Ndi [3] La Nham Thin, 2000 Huyin thogi me, in Hinh dnh ngUdi phu ni( Viet Nam irudc thim the kiXXl (Le Thi Nhdm Tuyet (chu bien), Nxb The gidi ABSTRACT Gender equality in Dational tradion from folk poety, proverb of Vietnamese Gender study and applying of gender theory in literature study have just conducted in Vietnam in the last twenty years From perspective, we often look back to the past in a negative viewpoint, "overcome the limitation" of the inequility rather the positive point, acquire the expression of gender equality in national tradition This paper studies the concepts, expressions of gender equality of our people before, which are comprehensive and profound, are clearly reflected in the system of Vietnamese folk poety, proverb, then contributes to enhance the good national tradition to build a fair, democratic and civilised new society Keyword: Gender equality, national tradition, Vietnamese folk poety, proverb  ... ddng gidi cila nhan ddn ta trUdc day dUOc phan dnh kha rd net qua kho tang ca dao, tgc ngfl - kho tang lUu gifl tri thflc tdm bon, tinh cam ciia ngUdi Viet 2.3.L Binh dang gidi trudc hit la sU khang... tue' "Dan dng ndng noi gieng khdi - Dan ba sdu sac nhu cdi dflng trau" The nhflng, vdi cau ca: "Cai ngbien, cai but that la ciia em" thi "ciia chong cdng vd" khdng cbi tai san vat chat ma cdn d... den xd hoi, lfl cii nhan den cpng ddng Tfl gdc dp gidi, ben canh cai nhin phe phdn, phii dinh sfl b^t binh dang ciia xd hdi qua khfl la cai nhin kl thfla, phat huy truyin thdng binh dang gidi cila