CHiNH TRI - AN NINH TH^ GI6I Thach thiPC an ninh ngiFai boi canh toan cau hoa TRAN MANH TAO Qud irinh todn cdu hoa, khu vuc hoa vd da cue hoa dang htnh nen mpl'fhe gidi mai, "phdng " han song cung dan xen, tiim dn nhieu bdt on va phuc tgp han Song song vdi nhirng ca hoi, cdc hiim hga mai ciing bat ddu bung phdi Trong bdi cdnh do, ben cgnh an ninh qudc gia viec bdo ddm vd thuc ihi an ninh nguai tra ihdnh mdt npi dung irgng tdm muc lieu gin giu an ninh noi chung cUng nhu cdc chiin lugc phdt trien quoc gia, khu vuc vd quoc te Bdi viet ndy lap trung phdn tich nhiing Ihdch thitc lir qud trinh loan cdu hoa dang noi lin hien doi vai muc tiiu bdo ddm an ninh nguai Tir khoa An ninh nguai, lodn cdu hoa, bien doi hdu, khung bo, ddn chu, di cu Quan diem chung ve an ninh ngirdi va toan cau hoa 1.1 Mat so van de ve an ninh ngudi Mac du ddi tir khd sdm nhung phdi tdi nam 1994, khdi nidm an ninh ngudi mdi dugc dinh nghia chinh thiic Bdo cdo Phat tridn ngudi cua UNDP: An ninh ngudi la sy "an toan trudc cac de doa thudng xuyen nhu ngheo ddi, bdnh lat, vd ap bdc; ding thdi ciing la su bao ve khdi nhirng tdn hai va gidn doan bat ngd ddi song hang dii Id tai gia dinh, nai lam vide, hay cdc cdng ddng xa hdi"' An ninh ngudi theo dinh nghia la viec dam bdo cho cdc ca nhan va cgng 'Vign Kinh tk vi Chfnli trj the gi&i 'UNDP (1994) ddng thodt khdi nhiing noi sg hai Tdi nam 2003, khai nidm dugc md rdng bdi Uy ban An ninh ngudi cua Lidn hgp qudc (LHQ), theo do, an ninh ngudi dugc dinh nghia la "vide bdo ve cac gid trj co ban cudc sdng cua mgi ngudi theo hudng ldng cudng khd ndng ty lua chgn va hudng thy cua ngudi (freedom from want), bao vd ngudi khoi nhiing mdi de dga va tinh hudng nguy hidm hien hiiu d khdp nai"^Ngoai ra, rat nhilu nhiing khai nidm khdc vd an ninh ngudi nhu dinh nghia ciia cyu Tdng thu ky LHQ Kofi Annan (2001) nhan manh tdi ba cdu phan cua an ninh ngudi la tu mong mudn, ty thodt khdi noi Commission on Human Security, 2003 - Nhu-ng vin di KINH Tt \lk CHJNH TRI TWt GIOI S6 9(233) 2015 T r i n Manh Tao sg hai va tu sdng vdi nhan pham ciia minh Nhidu hgc gid Ihi cho ring an ninh ngudi la tu mong mudn, ty thodt khdi noi sg hai va tu cho the he tuong lai k l thira mdt mdi trudng ty nhien lanh (Amouyel, 2006) Cac qudc gia nhu Nhat Ban dua mdt khai niem ridng dd khing dinh "an ninh ngudi Id sy tri va bao vd cudc sdng ciing nhu nhan pham cua ngudi An ninh ngudi chi cd thd dugc dam bao cac cd nhan dugc ty mong mudn vd tu thodt khdi nhiing noi sg hai"; hay Canada thi thu hep khai niem an ninh ngudi theo hudng "bao ddm an toan cho ngudi thdng qua vide bdo ve cac cd nhan trudc nhiing de dga ve bao luc" Tuy nhidn, du theo each hidu nao thi khai nidra an ninh ngudi ve co ban ddu la su dam bao cho ngudi dugc ty thodt khdi noi sg hai (freedom from fear) vd tu mong mudn (freedom from want) Dd cu the hda cho khdi nidm an ninh ngudi, Bao cdo Phdt tridn ngudi ciia UNDP (1994) da dua bay td cau thdnh nen an ninh ngudi: i) An ninh kinh td: bao dam muc thu nhap co ban cho ngudi, an sinh xa hdi du kha ndng ho trg cho nhung ngudi ngheo vd dd bi tdn thuang xa hdi; ii) an ninh luong thuc: bdo dam cho lat cd mgi ngudi cd khd nang tilp can vdi ngudn luong thuc ca ban va du dinh duong; iii) an ninh y td: ddm bao sue khde tdt cho ngudi, khong bi nhiem/ldy benh; iv) an ninh mdi trudng: bao dam mdi trudng khdng bi d nhiem, khdng xdy thidn tai; v) an ninh cd nhan: bao vd cdc ca nhan khdi nhiing hanh vi bao lyc ddi vdi than thd hg; vi) an ninh cdng ddng: Iri ban sdc van hod, ddm bao an ninh cho cac vien cgng ddng; vii) an ninh chinh Iri: dam bao cac quyin CO bdn cua ngudi dugc ldn trgng J.2 Quan diem ve tdc dpng cda todn cdu hda ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Trdn quan diem toan cdu hda la xu the khdch quan, tit ylu va cd tinh hai mat, nhiing ldc ddng Thach thuc an ninh ngudi cua toan cdu hda ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Cling chiia dung mat tich cue va tidu cue Todn cau hoa ro rang da mang lai nhidu lgi ich cho su phdt tridn cua xa hdi ciing nhu su thinh vugng ciia cdc qudc gia Ty thuang mai va cac ddng vdn dau tu gdp phan dang kd vide thuc day tang irudng kinh td, tang vide lam, thu nhap, cai thidn chdt lugng sdng cua ngudi dan, dam bdo an ninh luong thyc vd xda ngheo cho mdt bd phan dan chung Ben canh dd, ngudi the gidi mdi, nhiing cdng dan toan cau cung cd thdm nhidu co hdi tiep can vdi giao due, y td cung nhiing co hdi chdm soc sue khde day du vdi chat lugng ldl hon Toan cau hda giup gidi quyet cdc van de vugt ngoai bien gidi qudc gia cd tac dgng tryc liep tdi an ninh ngudi nhu tgi pham xuydn quoc gia, nan budn ngudi ma khdng mdt qudc gia dan le nao cd the tu giai quyel mdt each triet de Tuy nhien, loan cau hda cung dang dat nhiing thdch thuc Idn ddi vdi muc lieu ddm bdo an ninh ngudi tren the gidi Qud trinh nhat Ihd hda thd gidi tac dgng tdi an ninh ngudi Iheo hai hudng sau: Thir nhdi, qud trinh toan cau hda vd hgi nhap qudc te dang gdn cdc qudc gia vdi nhiing dieu kien rang bugc nhat dinh khien moi nudc tham gia vao qua trinh phai chap nhdn lya chgn, hay tam Ihdi tir bd nhdng muc tidu cua minh, md thyc hien nhirng cam kel se c6 thd anh hudng tich cyc hoac tidu cyc tdi an ninh ngudi Chang han nhu neu Chinh phu tuan thii cdc thoa thuan lien quan tdi chinh sdch bdo hd, hd trg dau lu hay chinh sach thud khda cd the ldc ddng ldi van dd vide lam hay thu nhap ldi thidu cua mgt bd phan ngudi dan, hoac thuc hidn nhiing dieu khoan ve xa hdi ddn sy hay quyen sd hiiu tri tue co the se dem lai nhiing tdc ddng khdng mong mudn lidn quan tdi mdt nhiing khia canh cua an ninh ngudi nhu ldm thay ddi ban sac vdn hda, lidn ket cgng ddng Vi the, du lua chgn theo cdch Nhdng vin di KINH Tt VA CHiNH TRj TH^ GIOI So 9(233) 2015- '31 Thach thuc an ninh ngudi Tran Manh Tao ndo ihi cac qudc gia ddu de lai nhiing hau qud ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Vi the, cdc chinh phu phdi can nhac lya chgn budc di va giai phdp tdi uu de vira dam bao an ninh ngudi pham vi qudc gia, vira vi lgi ich cua loan cdu hoa Thir hai, todn cau hda khong chi lam suy giam vai trd cua nhd nudc ma khien xd hdi hien dai Ird ndn thieu an toan va nhieu nguy ca hon Nhiing nguy co cd the la su xudng cip ciia moi Irudng, suy thoai kinh tl, can kiet ve tai nguydn, di cu, tdi pham, ngheo ddi, xung dot hay khiing bd Nhiing de dga mdt mat xuit phdt lir nhiing van de ndi lai Idng cac qudc gia su yeu kem cua bd may qudn ly, lap qudn van hda dac trung hay sy tyt hau trdn nhidu phuang didn ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Mat khdc, ciing cd thi xual phdt tir qud trinh toan cdu hda va hdi nhap qudc td khien cac thach thiic cdng trd ndn phiic t£ip va nghidm trgng nhu loan ciu hda kinh Id, bimg nd dan sd, biln ddi hdu loan cau, chu nghia khung bd, lan sdng di cu va phd bien vii hat nhan Nhtmg de dga co mdi lidn he va anh hudng lan Vi du nhu nhiing hiem hga loan cdu se trd nen nghidm Irgng hon ddi vdi mdt qudc gia tri trd, cham phat tridn, vd thidu dan chu Ngugc lai, su ylu kem qudn ly d mdi hodc mdt vai qudc gia cd thi la nguyen nhan glc re gdy nhdng de dga todn cau ddi vdi an ninh ngudi ma diln hinh la biln dli khf hau Nhihig thach thuc doi vdi an ninh ngirdi bii canh toan ciu hda 2.1 Bien doi hgu todn cdu Cd thd ndi, bidn ddi hau ldc ddng tdi ca bdy thdnh td cua an ninh ngudi Cdc tac ddng cdn trd nen phuc tap hon ddi vdi nhung nhdm ngudi va nhiing khu vye dd bi t i n :32,- thuang xa hdi nhu khu vuc hau chiln, nhiing qudc gia ngheo ddi, cdc nhdm phu nii, tre em va ngudi dan di cu va ddc biet la didu kidn bidn ddi hdu toan cdu co nhilu dien bien xau nhu hien Trong vdng hon 80 ndm' tu nam 1920 den 2005, nhidt trung binh trdn bd mat dia cau da am ldn gan °C vd tdng rat nhanh mgt vdi nam trd lai day Nhiing ky luc nhidt lidn tiep dugc xac lap, ndm 2014 dugc coi la ndm nang ndng nhat lich sir ngdnh tugng Du bdo nhidt toan cau van se tiep tuc ldng them 0,3 ldi 1,7 niia cd cdc bidn phap giam thidu thai dugc Ihuc thi Cdn kich bdn xau nhat, nhidl toan cau cd the tdng them tir 2,6 den 4,8dd(Stockeretal.,2013) Trudc nhirng dien bidn cua hidn tugng bien ddi hau nhu vay, an ninh ngudi dang dugc ddt tinh trang bao ddng bdi bien ddi hau dugc coi la nhan td quan trgng nhit de dga an ninh ngudi Thir nhal, bidn ddi hau tdc ddng tdi an ninh sinh kd Bieu hien ro nhit la kha nang tilp can vdi luang thuc, nha d, nudc sach, vide lam va phong tranh rui ro ddi vdi sue khde bi han chd tdi da Ihidn tai xay Ben canh do, nhiet ldng, lugng mua giam vd ngudn nudc trd nen khan hidm nhiing biln ddng cue doan ciia ihdi tidt la nguyen nhan khiln he ihdng san xuat ndng nghidp va chan nudi d nhidu qudc gia bi anh hudng Dil trdng thu hep bi nhiem man, ngdp ung hay khd cin dan ldi mat mua, mdt mat khidn san lugng hoa mdu sut giam, ddng thdi ngudi ndng dan mit ddt ciing bi tudc di viec lam cung nhilu co hdi kinh tl va xa hdi khdc Nghiem trgng hon, chung cdn gay nhiing he lyy nhu tinh trang mit an ninh lucmg thyc, an ninh ngudn nudc vd bit dn kinh Id qudc gia, ddc bidt d nhiing nudc ma nin ndng nghidp cd dong gdp ldn cho GDP (xem Bdng 1) - NhOng van di KINH Tt Mk CHJNH TRf TH^ GIOI So 9(233) 2015 Trin Manh Tao Bdng 1: Thach thdc an ninh ngudi Nhu'ng tac dong cua bien doi hau doi vdi an ninh sinh ke Tac dong Tai san sinh ke Cac nhu cau Ngudn thilt nudc yeu sach khdng dugc dam Mai mat bdo cac tai san vdt chdt vd ncri cu tni Xdi mdn sinh ke va khd nang cua ngudi Ndng nghidp va an ninh luang thuc Vdn ngudi (sire khde, giao dye) Nhu'ng tac dong hiSn hiiu Nhirng tac dong tiem tang Tai sdn sinh ke bi mat hodc phdi bdn di thien tai xay ra; Giam sdn lugng hoa mau chu luc, ngheo ddi gia ldng; Mat dat trdng xdi Id, lu lut, dit ngap man Tac ddng tdi ddi sdng cua nhirng ngudi ndng dan san xudt nho le; Ap lyc ddi vdi cdc tai sdn sinh ke mat dat; Sdng bang lan chay tdi ngudn cdc Anh hudng tdi kha nang tiep can ddng sdng gay dp lyc thiiy lgi va sinh ngudn nudc sach an loan kd, xdi mdn cac nen vdn hda (vdn Biln rait cac vung dem thuy van minh lua nudc) (hydrological buffer) Lu lyt phd hiiy nhd cira va tdi san ciia ngudi dan ciing nhu khd ndng dap ling nhu cau thiet yeu cua ngudi Lii lyt cd the gay nhieu tdn that ve kinh te Nudc bidn dang va su gia tang tan suat cua cdc hidn tugng thdi tiet cyc doan lam tang nguy co mat nhd cda, mang song, hu hai cdc co sd tang vd he Ihdng giao thdng Su tucmg tac gida bien ddi hau Nhiet tang vd su bidn thien khdng vdi ngheo ddi vd cac nhan td chinh ngimg cua lugng mua Id nguyen nhan tri, mdi trudng, va the chd gay tac gay ngheo ddi va mat kd sinh nhai ddng tidu cue ddi vdi san lugng ndng nghidp va ldm nghidm trgng Ihdm tinh trang mat an ninh luong thuc Thilu hyt lucmg ihuc, thieu kha nang Tac dgng tdi ndng suat san xudt tilp can vdi ngudn nudc sach va dieu luong thuc va su lay lan sdt ret kien ve sinh tdi thieu, nhd cua bj phd Tac ddng cua lii lui cd thd lam gia huy, ngudi ddn phdi thay ddi noi sinh tdng ty le tu vong sdng tac ddng tidu cyc tdi siic khoe cua cdc cd nhan; Han han va lu lut gia tdng tinh trang lao ddng trd em; Han chl kha nang ldi trudng Ngudn: Adger, et al, 2014 NhCrng vin di KINH TE VA CHiNH TRj THfi GICTI So 9(233) 2015- Tran Manh Tao Thach thuc an ninh ngudi, Thif hai, biln ddi hau cd xu hudng anh hudng tdi an ninh cgng ddng theo nghia lam xdi mdn cac ndn van hda vd ban sac dan tgc, nhat Id ddi vdi nhdm ngudi ban dia, cac bd lac va nhiing nhdm xa hgi sing phy thudc vao ly nhidn Cac tac ddng mdi trudng hay nhidt ldm suy giam hodc mat di nhieu gidng loai sinh vat, thay ddi noi cu ngy cua chung, tham chi bien ddi dilu kidn sdng cda nhiing ngudi ban dia (vi du nhu thu hep dien tich rung ) hay cac di sdn van hda anh hudng tdi hoat ddng hai lugm, sdn bdn va sinh hoat tap thd cua ngudi dan Nhiing thdch ihdc khdng chi ldm anh hudng tdi cdc net vdn hda va sinh kd ddc trung ma cdn de dga nghidm trgng tdi ngudn luong thuc hang va gidn tidp tac ddng tdi siic khde cua hg"* Han hdn keo dai dugc cho d nguyen nhan gidn tidp ddn tdi sy sup dd cua dd qudc Khmer d luu vuc sdng Me Cdng dau thd ky XV* va nhiing thay ddi bat thudng cua cdc hidn tugng thai liet cue doan cung phan nao ly giai cho su tidu vong hang loat nhiing ndn vdn minh cua nhan loai nhu ndn van minh Maya cd, ndn vdn minh Anasazi, Akkadian va Mochica Trudc nhiing bien doi ciia mdi trudng, cdc nhdm xa hdi khd cd thd khang cy md chi cd thd tu didu chinh de thich nghi vdi didu kien moi trudng mdi, song ay cung ddng nghTa vdi vide cac ndn vdn hda bdn dia se dan bi bdo mdn Tuy nhidn, trudng hgp cac bd lac tim each bdo ve nen vdn hda cua minh thi hg da chap nhan dat an ninh cd nhan trudc nhiing de dga mdi Vi du nhu cdc bd lac quylt tdm khdng di ddi khdi nhiing khu vye dugc canh bao se chiu anh hudng cua bidn ddi hau thi nguy CO thiet hai ve tinh mang va tdi sdn ciia nhom ngudi la rat ldn ' Rybraten vk Hovelsrud, 2010, * Buckle, et al (2010): Climate as a Contributing Factor in the Demise of Angkor, Cambodia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol 107(15) 'DeMenocal,2001 34r Thic ba, bien ddi hdu gia ldng sue ep di cu khdi nhiing khu vye da bi anh hudng hodc de bi tdn thuong bdi bien ddi hau Cac hien tugng ihidn nhidn nhu lii lyt Id ldc thudng xuyen dien khien nhidu gia dinh mat di nha cira, noi cu ngy, raiia mang cung tai sdn vat chil, bugc hg phai tim tdi mgt noi d mdi an toan hon hodc ngudi dan bj di ddi de chinh quydn khdi phuc lai cac co sd ting bj pha buy Cac nghien ciiu chi rdng, viec di chuydn chd d du chu ddng hay hi ddng diu lam sinh tac dgng tieu cue ddi vdi an ninh ngudi cd trdn phuang dien kinh td, xa hdi lan siic khoe (Adams et al., 2009) Ddc biet, phu nu la nhom de bi tdn thuang nhilu hon cd bdi hg co the danh rait cdc raang ludi xa hgi bao trg, cac ngudn vdn xa hdi vd de gap phdi nhiing van de vl sue khde Ngoai ra, vide di cu tdi nhiing noi d mdi, xa xdi thudng ddi hdi mgt ngudn luc ngudi vd tai chinh ddng kd, vi the nhiing ngudi cd hoan canh khd khdn thudng khdng du tiem lyc dl di chuyin Hg, nhdm ngudi de ton thuang, lai tidp tuc roi vao vdng xoay luan quan cua ngheo ddi, thidn tai va benh tat Thtr tu, bidn ddi hau la ngudn gde cua xung ddi vii trang va bao luc, khdng chi giira cac nudc ma cdn ngi bg mdt qudc gia, tac ddng tdi an ninh ca nhdn, an ninh cdng ddng va an ninh chinh tri O cdp todn cau, lo ngai gia tdng nhiing cuge chay dua gianh quyen khai thdc tai nguyen khan hidm, vi dy nhu d Bac Cue vd luu vye cdc sdng giiia nhidu qudc gia bat ddu dugc khdi ddng Q cdp dd qudc gia, bidn ddi hau cd the lam sup ca mgt he thdng chinh tri trdn dien rdng hay lam bimg nd cac cudc cdch mang ddi chuyin giao quyen luc bd may nha nudc khdng gidi quydt dugc nhiing bat dn xa hgi biln ddi hau gay nen^ Noi chien ndy sinh bit ddng vdi cac quydt dinh phan bd ngudn luc va tdi nguyen Ihien nhien, hoac nhd nudc khdng thi giai quylt va xu ly * Adger, et al, 214 - NtlUng vin di KINH T6 VA CHINH TRj TH6 GICTI So 9(233) 2015 Trin Manh Tao cdng bang va hgp ly cac cu sdc kinh tl thidn lai (bidn ddi hau gay ra) Ngoai ra, nhiing bien phap giam thilu vd ihich ung vdi bien ddi hau cung cd thi lam gia tang nguy co xung dot va tdn thucmg cho mdt sd nhdm xd hdi Vi du diln hinh la nhijng xung dot chinh tri ddn td vide phan bd quyin h ^ va lgi ich khai thac tdi nguyen thien nhidn bat hgp ly, han che sir dung dit dai va mdt sd loai tai nguydn nhal dinh, vide khuyin khich sdn xuat nhien Hdu sinh hgc gay tinh trang chilm huu dat dai de trdng cay ' Cdc bidn phap giam thilu biln ddi hdu nhu keu ggi su dung cac san pham nang lugng cd ham lugng carbon thap cdng dan tdi nhiing xung dot xa hdi nghidm trgng gdy mat an ninh ngudi Vi dy nhu vide su dung nang lugng hat nhdn cd thi lam gia tang nguy ca phd biln vu hat nhan va cac vy khimg bd bang hat nhan, hay vide su dung thuy ndng cd thd dan tdi xung dot tir nhiing de nghi ngudi dan di ddi dl xay dyng nha may vd dap thuy dien^ Thir nam, cac hien tugng thdi tiet cue doan cd the phd huy co sd tang thidt ydu ddi vdi ngudn nudc, cac didu kidn ve sinh, nang lugng, va giao thdng Vi du, bidn ddi hau lam trim trgng hon cdc van dd ve ngudn cung nudc sach d thi Cy thd la nhidt tang vd lugng mua giam mdt mat se lam gidm ngudn nudc sach cho sinh hoat, mdt mat se gay sy thidu hut ngudn nudc lam mdt cho cdc nha may dien, din tdi san lugng didn bi cdt giam; anh hudng tdi ngudn cung didn va nhu cau kdt ndi cua ngudi dan Lii lut Id ddt, chay rimg, bao tuyet ciing cd kha ndng pha huy co sd vdl chat tang phuc vu cho nhiing nhu cau co ban cua ngudi Cac hien tugng ciing ban chd kha ndng nha nudc cung iing cdc dich vu xa hdi de ddm bao an ninh cho ngudi Bdnh vidn se gap nhieu kho khan viec cdp ciiu ngudi bdnh bao tuydt xay hay ddi ngii 'Borrassetal,2010 *DeSherbinmetal., 2011 Thach thdc an ninh ngudi canh sat khdng the phuc vu ngudi dan nhiing didu kidn thdi tilt nguy hidm Cac djch vu ve giao thdng ciing bi ngung tre neu dudng sa, san bay, cau cdng bi pha huy bdi yeu Id thdi liet 2.2, Chu nghia khung bo vd cupe chien chong khiing bo Mac du ddi tir cdch day hang nghin nam, nhung phai tdi qua trinh toan cau hda chinh thirc bimg nd thi chu nghTa khung bd mdi thuc sy trdi day manh me Toan cau hda la chat xuc ldc quan trgng cho su Idn manh va bien tudng ciia chu nghTa khiing bd viec kdu ggi cac ngudn tai trg, vide di chuyen giiia cdc qudc gia, van chuyen vu khf va kdt ndi thdng tin gida cdc Id chuc khung bd trd nen thuan lgi hon bao gid hdt Chinh vi thd, chi Irong vdng chua day 15 nam, nhdn loai da chiing kidn sy cdn quet cua chu nghTa khung bd d khdp noi trdn ihd gidi, tir My - "ke thu sd mgt" cua chii nghia Hdi giao cyc doan, tdi cac qudc gia ddng minh chau Au nhu Anh, Phdp, Tay Ban Nha hay nhiing manh dal thdnh chidn d Nam A va ca cac qudc gia vin dugc coi la diem ddn yen binh ciia thd gidi nhu Na Uy va Australia Cac boat ddng tham sdt tin cua nhom khiing bd IS mdi day nhdt ndm 2014 - 2015 va su xuit hidn cua Nha nudc Hdi gido tu xung IS la mdt bdng chung mdi vd muc nguy hidm va bao lyc cua chu nghTa khiing bd Ngay dinh nghia vl chu nghia khung bd ciing da ngam dinh cac tac ddng lieu cue cua nd ddi vdi an ninh ngudi: "Khung bd la hanh ddng su dung vii trang bao luc hodc phi bao luc nhung gay thidt mang, thuang vong va hoangraang,sg hai tdi cac nhdm xa hgi va cdng ddng, vi muc dich chinh iri hoac ldn giao, lam tdn hai ca ve vai chat va tinh thin cua ngudi dan"' Su kien 11/9/2001 ddnh ddu su trd ' Dilu C6ng udc Tokn dien vl Chu nghTa Khung bl Quic tl nam 2002, Dilu Cong iroc Ching va Trimg phat Chu nghTa Khiing bo ciia Hiep hoi cSc Quflc gia nam 1937 NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj TH^ Gldl So 9(233) 2015- Trin Manh Tao Thach thdc an nmh ngudi lai cua chu nghTa khung bd qudc te vd la mdt minh chung rd rang nhat cho lac dgng cua khiing bd ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Vu khung bd da gay nhiing Ihiet hai ndng nd ve tinh raang va ldi san: Gan 3.000 ngudi thidt mang, hang chyc nghin ngudi khac bi thuong, nhidu CO sd vdl chat bi phd hiiy, he thdng giao thdng vd thdng tin lien lac ciia My gan nhu Id liet Su kidn ciing da ldm ngung tre thi trudng chiing khodn, cdc hoai ddng kinh te d nhirng khu vuc giap ranh, va ve lau dai dnh hudng nghiem trgng tdi long tin cua gidi ddu tu vd loan bg nen kinh te My Nhiing he qud tir cudc khung bd ndy dugc xac dinh cdn keo ddi nhidu ndm sau chat va ddc tu vy nd tiep tyc anh hudng tdi siic khoe cua cac nhan vidn cuu hg va ngudi dan sdng xung quanh Trudc nhiing de dga cua chu nghTa khung bd vdi su tdn vong cua nhan loai, cdc chien dich chdng khiing bd da dugc nhidu qudc gia khdi xudng di dau la My, Anh va cac nudc ddng minh Nhung trdi vdi su menh mang Iai hda binh, an ninh va dn dinh xa hdi, cudc chidn chdng khung bd lai dang di ngugc vdi muc tieu dam bao an ninh ngudi Hau qud ciia nd ddi vdi an ninh ngudi thdm chi cdn tram trgng hon chu nghTa khung bd, khong chi d rauc ma cdn d pham vi anh hudng Nhidu nhan dinh da chi rang ban chat cua chien dich chdng khiing bd thuc chat Id mdt cudc chien tranh xara lugc, buy hoai nhirng nd lyc bao ve quyen ngudi va an ninh ngudi vdi chdl chdc, bao lyc va ddi ngheo "* Trong vong 10 ndra kd tu cudc chien chdng khung bd dugc chinh quydn Bush phdt ddng, sd ngudi chel tai cdc chidn trudng Iraq, Pakistan va Afghanistan da len tdi 225.000 ngudi, sd ngudi bi thuong cung vugt qua sl 365.000 ngudi gdm cd qudn ddi vd dan thudng Thiet hai ve kinh te udc tinh roi vdo khoang 3,7 Marhia& Davies, 2013 367 ldi 4,4 s l nghin ty U S D " Trong chi tieu cho qudc phdng va cdc can cir quan ddi tdng rd rdl thi chi tidu cho ting cdng cdng d My sut gidm dang kd, Nhieu ngudi da ggi giai doan 2001 - 2011 la thap ky tham hut co sd ting d My Khdng chi tdc ddng tdi nen kinh td My ma kinh t l cdc qudc gia Pakistan, Iraq va Afghanistan cdng bi anh hudng nang ne Bdt dn chinh tri vd bao lyc leo thang da khien moi trudng kinh doanh d nhiing quoc gia trd nen kem hip ddn Doanh thu tir ddu md gidm sul, thit nghiep Iran Ian va ngheo ddi gia ldng Nhilu quyin ngudi co bdn bi xara pham, ddc bidt la cac quyen ty cd nhan bdi cdc bien phap chdng khung bd cua My nhu theo ddi vd nghe len dien thoai, kidm duyel ihdng tin (vi pham quyen ridng tu), true xudt nhieu ca nhan nghi ngd lidn quan tdi cdc td chuc khung bd (quydn tu di lai), giam giii Irai phep cac nghi can khung bd (quyen dugc xel xir cdng bdng) Rat nhieu nghi can khiing bd da bi bat giu va tra tdn da man cac nha tu tai vinh Guantanamo, Cuba, Afghanistan va tren khdp nudc My An ninh mdi trudng d Pakistan, Iraq vd Afghanistan cung bi hiiy hoai nghiem trgng thai tu cac ddng co quan sy cung mdi lugng uranium khdng Id ttr bom vd cdc loai dan dugc Ngudn nudc, va dat bi d nhidm nang ne khdng chi ldc dgng tdi ddi sdng cua ngudi dan raa cdn tdi sdc khde cua hg lugng vd chat thai cd chua chi va thach tin cd thd anh hudng tdi he hd hap va gay cac loai bdnh ve tim mach Cd the ndi, chu nghTa khung bd va ca cudc chidn chdng khung bd dang gay nhung hau qua kho ludng doi vdi an ninh ngudi, cu the la vdi an ninh cd nhdn (ngudi dan bi thucmg va ihiet mang), an ninh radi irudng (d nhidm radi trudng ddc, d nhidra ngudn nudc, dat), an ninh kinh Id (giam ca hgi ddu tu kinh doanh, ngudi dan khdng co vide lam, an Eisenhower Study Group, 2011 - NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHiNH TR! THt GIOI So 9(233) 2015 Thach thdc an ninh ngudi Trdn Manh Tao ninh sinh ke bi de dga), an ninh chlnh tri (quyen ngudi bi vi phara) Ap luc tie cdc dong di cu qudc te Di cu qudc Id thyc chit dd tin tai tir rit lau nhung bdi canh toan cau hda hidn nay, xu hudng mdi Ird nen phd biln Cung gidng vdi qua trinh toan cau hda, di cu qudc tl dem lai nhiing tdc dgng lich cyc va tieu cyc ddi vdi sy phdt trien xa hdi ndi chung va an ninh ngudi ndi ridng Mgt mat, di cu tao didu kien Ihuan lgi cho vide thyc hien muc lieu ddm bdo an ninh ngudi theo nghta ddm bdo lu mong muon vd tu lira chgn cho ngudi dan Cu the, di cu giup cdc cd nhan tim kiem mdi trudng sdng phu hgp, md rdng ca hdi hgc lap va lam vide, gdp phan nang cao thu nhap va chat lugng cudc sdng Ben canh dd, di cu cung chinh la qua trinh dau tranh dd gianh lay sir lu thodt khoi noi sg hdi cua mgt bd phan ddn cu, vi du nhu nhung ngudi ti nan chinh tri hay nhiing ngudi di cu bdt ddc dt (ly bdo ve mang sdng cua chinh minh khdi nhiing khu vuc xdy xung dot, chidn tranh, cdc vi pham nhan quyen va tinh Irang phan biet ddi xir) Tuy nhidn, ldn sdng di cu qudc td cung dang tao nhieu tdc ddng tieu cyc ddi vdi an ninh ngudi qud trinh di cu cung nhu qud trinh dn dinh cudc sdng sau di cu Thir nhdt, ngudi di cu thudng phdi ddi mat vdi nhiing de dga an ninh ca nhdn nghidm trgng qua trinh di cu Trong dd, lam dung tinh due cdc trai ti nan la hinh thuc phd bien nhit, ddc bidt la ddi vdi nhdm phy nu, tre em va nhdm ngudi dd tdn thucmg Nhdm ngudi thudng bi cudng hilp bdi chinh nhan vidn ciru trg nhdn dao, thdm chi la thay cd gido cua hg Theo Td chdc An xa Qudc tl (2010), radi ndm cd hang tram ngudi nhdp cu trdi phep tir Mexico sang My bi mit tich, bi danh dap hoac bi sat hai Bdo cao ciing cho biet trdn 10 phu nii di cu bi cudng hiep qua trinh di chuydn tu Mexico sang My Khdng nhung vay, ngudi di cu cdn diing trudc riii ro cao la nan nhan cua nan budn ban ngudi, bi boc lot, ldm nd Id hodc phai lam viec cac nha chua Thir hai, nhiing ngudi di cu hanh trinh di chuyin ciing phai ddi raai vdi nhieu hidm hga de dga tdi tinh mang, nguy ca bj ddi, khdt, phai chip nhdn thilu thon cac didu kien ve sinh tdi thilu, han chl tii da khd nang tilp can vdi thudc men vd chdm sdc y te Khung hoang ngudi di cu nam 2014 - 2015 d Dia Trung Hai va Ddng Nam A la mdt vi dy cho nhiing thdch ihuc thyc su cua di cu qudc td ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Tinh ldi cudi ndm 2014, sd ngudi di cu vugt Dia Trung Hai vdo chau Au da vugt qua sd 219.000 ngudi, ldng gap bdn ldn so vdi thdi dilm nam 2013 Sd lugng ngudi di cu tdng vgt ddng nghta vdi so ngudi bi thiet mang hanh trinh vugt bidn ciing tang len Chi tinh rieng bdn thdng dau nam 2015, gan 2.000 ngudi di cu da phai bd mang tren bien Dia Trung Hai chim tdu va dam thuydn'^ Ngoai ra, cdn chua linh den sd ngudi chet vi bj ddi, khat va benh tat nhiing ddi ldnh denh tren bidn Thii- ba, nhung ngudi nhap cu van lidp tyc bi dal Irong tinh trang riii ro ldn vd raat an ninh ngudi cd sau qua trinh di cu, nhat la nhiing ngudi ti nan vd cdc Irudng hgp di cu bat budc khac Hg thudng phdi chdp nhan radt cudc sdng bap bdnh, an ninh sinh ke ludn bi de dga, dieu kidn dn d ldi te va bi phdn bidt ddi xu Cung vdi dd, cdng ddng ngudi nhap cu cdn diing trudc nguy co cua nan bao hanh, cd the xac va tinh than Hg thudng bi ky thi, xuc phara, thara chi de dga, uc hidp bdi ngudi dan ban dia cho ring nhiing ngudi nhap cu cudp di vide lam cua hg cimg nhiing phuc lgi xa hdi khac Nhdm di cu bat hgp phap ciing thudng phai lara vide nhiing moi trudng lao dgng khdc nghiet, Ihieu an loan, cdng viec dgc hai '^ Vierti&Scribner, 2013 '^Gebaueret ai,20l5 NiiOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj TH^ GIOI So 9(233) 2015- 37 Tran Manh Tao Thach thuc an ninh ngudi., nguy hiem, khdng dugc bao ve cac quydn lgi tdi thieu, song lai chi dugc trd mgi muc luong vd cung re mat Them vao dd, nhiing khac biel co ban ve van hoa hay tdn gido giiia ngudi nhdp cu vdi cdng ddng ngudi ban dia cung han che viec kdt ndi xa hdi giiia hai nhom ngudi ndy Ban than ngudi nhap cu ciing cam Ihay kho khdn viec hoa nhap vdi cgng ddng radi Vi the, ngudi nhap cu Ihudng bi co lap va gat khdi cdng ddng, hg khdng cd quyen thara gia hay ldn lieng, tham chi khdng dugc tham khao y kidn ddi vdi nhiing quydl dinh quan trgng''' Thu lu, di cu gay nhiing ldc dgng lieu cue ve an ninh ngudi ddi vdi ngudi dan d cac nudc cd ngudi nhap cu, dac bidt la nhihig qudc gia co nen quan tri yeu kem Didu ndy xuat phdt tu Ihyc Id nhieu chinh phii khdng nam bat dugc Ihyc trang di 'cu, dd, khdng ihyc thi cac chinh sach hgp ly va kip ihdi dl dam bao an ninh ngudi cho ngudi dan trudc sy bien ddng nhan khau hgc Ngudi di cu khdng chi tao thdm gdnh ndng ve kinh id ma cdn la nhan td tiem an lam gia tang nguy co bao lyc ciing tinh trang bat dn chinh trj va trai ly xa hdi De gidm thieu tac dgng lieu cue cua hien tugng di cu qudc te tran lan dang didn hien nay, nhieu qudc gia da bdt diu silt chat chinh sach nhap cu nhara han che sd lugng ngudi nhdp canh, vd nhiing rui ro ma ddng ngudi nhap cu ndy cd thd mang tdi cho xa hdi Tuy nhidn, vide thuc thi chinh sdch thdl chat nhap cu dang vap phdi sy len dn manh me cua cdng ding qudc te Vide dong cdnh cua nhap cu va tir chli ddng ngudi di cu (chu ylu tu nhiing khu vye ngheo ddi, chidn tranh, bao lyc va vi pham quydn ngudi) cung ddng nghta vdi viec gian tiep ddy hg quay trd lai vdi nai ma an ninh ngudi khdng dugc bao dam Song diing trdn goc ciia chinh phii va ngudi dan cac nudc cd ngudi nhdp cu, viec dl dong ngudi nhap cu cu tni lai co the gay ihem nhilu he luy xd hdi vd tinh trang rait an ninh ngudi r38: nhu da ndu tren, anh hudng true tiep tdi cdng ddng ngudi nhap cu ndi ridng vd tham chi ca chinh nhiing cdng ddn cua hg Ket luan Tren day la mdt sd mdi de dga lodn cdu ndi bat, nhiing de dga ma nhirng ndm Ird lai day mang ldi nhidu tac dgng rd ret ddn an ninh ngudi cd Ngodi nhijng thach Ihuc ke tren, an ninh ngudi bdi cdnh lodn cdu hoa cung phai ddi mat vdi nhieu mdi de dga khac nhu lan sdng dan chu hda bao luc, todn cau hda kinh te, hien tugng bung nd dan sd, lpi pham xuyen qudc gia, tgi pham cdng nghe cao va intemet, su lay lan cua cac loai dich bdnh mdi, hay viec phd bidn cac loai vu hat nhdn, vii cd kha ndng lieu diet hang loai Day cung la nhiing thdch thiic Idn ddi vdi nhdn loai hien vd Irong tuang lai nhiing van dd cang co xu hudng didn bien phiic tap hon La mgt nudc dang phdi tridn va mong mudn hdi nhap sdu rgng vao ndn kinh tl thi gidi, an ninh ngudi ciia Viet Nam cung khdng nim ngoai pham vi lac ddng cua qua Irinh toan ciu hoa, Iham chi cdn nam vung tucmg doi nguy hilm Trong dd, nhftng thdch thiic nghiem Irgng nhal dang didn va mdt sl c6 nguy CO lidm an se lac dgng tdi tinh hinh an ninh ngudi ciia Vidt Nam la biln ddi hau, tien trinh hgi nhap kinh t l qudc tl, cac loai dich benh va xu Ihd dan chu hoa Vi thi, dd han chd ldi da nhiing tdc dgng tieu cue ciia qud Irinh ndy, Viel Nam cin nhan thuc ro nhung tac ddng cua nhdng thdch thiic ddi vdi an ninh ngudi Ddng thdi, Irien khai cdc bidn phap chu ddng dd ddi phd, han chd tdi da cac lac ddng va dac biet khdng de tinh trang khung hoang hay mat an ninh ngudi xay Tuy nhien, quan trgng nhil dli vdi Viet Nam hien vdn la nhiing cdi td lir ben trong, cai cdch Ihd chd, xay dyng mdi xd hdi dan chu va phat trien bdn viing* - NilOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRj THt G\&\ S6 9(233) 2015 Tran Manh Tao Thach thdc an ninh ngudi Tai lieu tham khao: Acharya, Araitay (2007): Human Security In John Baylis, Steve and Patricia Owens (4* ed) The Globalization of World Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press Adams, V et al (2009): Disaster Syndrome- Displacement, Disaster Capitalism, and the Eviction of the Poor from New Orleans, American Ethnologist, 36(4), 615-636, Adger, Neil & Juan Pulhin (2014): Human Security In Climate Change 2014- Impacts Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group II Contribution lo the IPCC 5'* Assessment Report, 1-63 Geneva, Swilzeriand: IPCC Commission on Human Security (2003): Human Empowering People DeMenocal, P.B (2001): Cultural Responses Holocene, In Science 292 (5517) pp 667 - 673 Security to Climate Now: Change Protecting and during the Late De Sherbinin, A et al (2011): Preparing for Resettlement Aassocialed Change Science, 334(6055), pp 456 - 457 with Climate Eisenhower Study Group (2011): The Costs of War Since 2001- Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, Executive Summary, Truy cap tai dia chi: http://www.whale.lo/c/costs-of-war2001-2011.pdf Gebauer, Matthias et al (2015): An Unending Refugee Tragedy: Europe's Path lo Deadly Partition, Spiegel Online Intemational 24/04/2015 Marhia, Natasha & Chloe Davies (2013): A Force for Good, In Kaldor, Mary & Mary Martin & Narcis Serra (2013): National, European and Human Security: From CoExistence to Convergence, (1^' ed) New York: Routledge 10 Rybraten, S & Hovelsmd, G.K (2010): Local Effects of Global Climate Change Differential Experiences of Sheep Farmers and Reindeer Herders in Unjarga, Nesseby, A Coastal Sdmi Community in Northern Norway In Hovelsrud, G.k & Smit B (eds) Community Adaption and Vulnerability in Artie Coraraunilies l l S a m e k , Danielle (2008): North African Immigration and Human Security in the European Union: Lessons from France and Spain Master thesis University of Pittsburgh 12 Stocker et al (2013): Technical Summary, in IPCC AR5 WGl 2013 13 UNDP (1994): Human Development Report Oxford: Oxford University Press 14 Vielti, Francesca & Todd Scribner (2013): Human Insecurity: Understanding International Migration from a Human Security Perspective, In Journal on Migration and Human Security, Vol Number pp 17-31 NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI So 9(233) 2015 — 39 ... tai; v) an ninh cd nhan: bao vd cdc ca nhan khdi nhiing hanh vi bao lyc ddi vdi than thd hg; vi) an ninh cdng ddng: Iri ban sdc van hod, ddm bao an ninh cho cac vien cgng ddng; vii) an ninh chinh... tdn da man cac nha tu tai vinh Guantanamo, Cuba, Afghanistan va tren khdp nudc My An ninh mdi trudng d Pakistan, Iraq vd Afghanistan cung bi hiiy hoai nghiem trgng thai tu cac ddng co quan sy cung... nhan td quan trgng nhit de dga an ninh ngudi Thir nhal, bidn ddi hau tdc ddng tdi an ninh sinh kd Bieu hien ro nhit la kha nang tilp can vdi luang thuc, nha d, nudc sach, vide lam va phong tranh