Khuyen nghi mo hinh tu chA cac co sd GIAO DUC NGHE NGHIEP TS Phan Chfnh Thurc Chuyen gia ddo tgo nghe Tom tat Trao quyen tL/chCi, tif chiu trach nhiem cho cac CO sdgiao due nghe nghiep (GDNN) la noi dung quan trpng viec doi moi cache quan ly Nha nUoc hien ve day nghe Bai viet neu len cac can ciJde xay dyng mo hinh t u chu cac c o s d GDNN tC/do d e x u a t Mo hinh tong the c o s d G D N N ttf chu tiep can dam bao chat lupng TCtkhoa: Mo hinh tUchCi, qudn ly nhd nUdc, cosd GDNN Abstract The empow/erment of autonomy and self-responsibility for VET institutions is an important remark in the reform process of state management mechanism in VET sector Thus, this article is going to give the foundations for building an autonomous model in VET institutions thereby suggesting a qualified general autonomous model of VET institutions Keywords: Model, autonomy, self-responsibility VET institutions Tu chu va t y chiu trach nhiem la xu the tat yeu, Nghi quyet 29/NQ-TW xac djnh:"Chuyen phat trien giao khach quan qua trinh phat trie'n kinh te - xa hoi, due va dao tao t y ehu yeu theo so lypng sang ehu trpng cac hoat dpng giao due dao tao va giao due nghe chat luong va hieu qua, ddng thdi dap dng yeu cau so nghiep Tu chu v a t y chiu trach nhiem la npi dung quan |yang"i'L Nhu vay hoat ddng cua he thdng GDNN; ty trpng va la bien phap huu hieu nhat de doi mdi va phat chu, t u chju trach nhiem cua cac co sd GDNN can dUa trien GDNN tren tiep can theo hudng dam bao chat lupng Viee trao quyen t u chu cho cac co sd GDNN la mot van de mdi, mang y nghia nhan van sau s3c, giup cho cac CO sd GDNN y thye dypc trach nhiem, nghia vu cua minh doi vdi xa hpi, dong thdi tao dieu kien cho cae cac CO sd GDNN tich cUc, chu dpng, sang tao thUc hien sy mang, nhiem vu cua minh - Ve tuchij tuchiu trdch nhiem Van kien dai hdi Bang lan t h d 12 djnh hudng:"Giao quyen t y ehu eho cac cP sd giao due, dao tao, nhat la cae trydng dai hpc, trudng day nghe Thi diem chuyen ddi md hinh trudng eong lap sang co sd giao dye cpng dong, doanh nghiep quan lyva dau t y phattrien"'"' I C a n ciJ(xay d u n g m o hinh l.l.ChutrUUng - Ve muc tieu ddo tgo gido due nghe nghiep (GDNN): "Muc tieu chung cua giao due nghe nghiep la nham dao tao nhan lyc tryc tiep eho san xuat, kinh doanh va dich vu, cd nang lyc hanh nghe tuong dng vdi trinh dp dao tao; CO dao ddc, syc khde; ed trach nhiem nghe nghiep; cd kha nang sang tao, thich dng vdi moi trydng lam viee boi canh hoi nhap qudc te; bao dam nang cao nang suat, chat lupng lao dpng; tao dieu kien eho ngudi hpc sau hoan khda hpc cd kha nang tim viec lam, t u tao viec lam hoac hpc len trinh dp cao h p n " ' " Hop 1: Dieu 25 cua Luat GDNN quy dinh Quyen tu chii cua CO scrGDNN nhusau; I C0 SCJ giao due nghe nghiep tU chu cac hoat dong thuoc cac tinh vuc to chifc va nhan str, tai chinh va tai san dao tao va cong nghe, hop tac quoc te, bao dam chiat luang dao tao theo quy dinh cija phap luat; co trach nhiem giai trinh truoc coquan nha nudc CO thiam quyen, nguoi hoc va xa hoi ve to chifc, quan lyhoat dpng va chat lupng dao tao cua minh Co sd giao duc nghe nghiep cong lap tU bao dam toan bp kinh phi hoat dong chl thudng xuyen va chi dau tuduac thuc hien tiJchu, tuchiu trach nhiem toan dien theo quy dinh cua Chtnh phii Co sd giao duc nghe nghiep khong dii nang luc tt; chju trach nhiem hoac vi pham phap luat qua trinh thiic hien quyen ta chii thi mifc ma bi han che quyen tU chii va xif ly theo quy dinh ciia phap luat -Ve dam bao chdt luang T h a t trien nhanh ngudn nhan lyc, nhat la ngudn nhan lyc chat lUong cao'i^Ma mpt dot pha chien Nhu vay viec chuyen sang co ehe t y chu ia tat yeu lupe phat trien kmh te - xa hdi giai doan 2011 - 2020; va cap thiet hoat dpng eua cac eosd GDNN Tuy [6] KHOA HOC D A Y NGHE S6 36 thang 9/2016 nhien trudc het phai xay d y n g dupc m d hinh cP sd 1, Hoan nhiem vu duoc giao Hoat dpng dich vu dao tao phu hpp vol chiTc nang nhiem vu, voi kha nang va tai chinh ciia C0 sd GDNN GDNN t y chu, t y ehju trach nhiem va phai dypc thi diem de tdng byde hoan thien trudc phat trien nhan nang he t h d n g GDNN Co sd GDNN thyc hien t y ehu mpt each hieu qua phu thuipc vao nhdng bang chdng dupe xac minh ve viee thuc hien cac cam ket eua hp trUde cdng chung Cam ket dd la chat lupng dao tao phai dupe kiem soat Nguyen tac tuchu, tuchiu trach nhiem cua cosd GDNN Thac hien cdng khai diin chii theo quy dinh cua phap luat va quy dinh ciia cosd GDNN Thuc hien tu chu phai gan voi tu chiu trach nhiem trudc cd quan quan ly cap tren va trade phap luat, dong thdi chiu su kiem tra giam sat cua CO quan co thsm quyen va cua td chde, vien cosd GDNN theo tieu chuan dau ra; tieu chuan dau duoc thiet lap t d nhu eau xa hpi, nhu cau cua ngudi sd dung lao dpng Bao dam ioi ich ciia Nha nadc quyen, nghia vu cua td chuc, ca nhan tiong cd so GDNN theo quy dinh cua phap luat va quy dinh ciia co sd GDNN Tieu chi xac djnh c p s d GDNN t y chij la: "Coi syehap nhan cua thj trudng lao ddng doi vdi ngudi hpc la tieu chi quan trpng de danh gia uy tin, chat lupng cua co sd giao due dai hpe, nghe nghiep va la can cd de djnh hudng phat trien cae cp sd giao due, dao tao va nganh nghe dao tao"'"' Hinh 3.1: Nguyen tdc thi/c hien quyen ta chu - tuchiu trach nhiem cija cosd GDNN De xuat Mo hinh tong the ccr sd GDNN tif chu GDNN dang ganh chju dU luan kha nang ne bdi chat lupng dao tao chua dap dng dupe yeu cau eua thj trudng lao dpng Trong boi eanh hpi nhap qudc te, cai each GDNN la cap thiet va sdng cdn de nang cao chat luong ngudn nhan lyc ddng gdp cho phat trie'n kinh te - xa hpi Cai each he thong quan ly GDNN ma eu the la van de quyen t y chu, t y chju trach nhiem eua CO sd GDNN dang dupc cho la giai phap mau chdt de nang eao chat lupng tiep can dam bao chat li/dng Thyc tien cho thay khdng the mpt lue giao quyen t y ehu, t y ehiu trac nhiem hoan toan va cho tat ca cac CO sd GDNN Mat khae, dupc giao quyen t y chu, chua chac mpt so eo s^ GDNN da cd the du nang lyc nhan; hoac sau nhan cd the lam dung quyen t y chu dd de tien m d rdng quy md dao tao ma khdng can quan tam den chat lupng, bdi nhu eau hpe tap nghe nghiep eua ngudi-lao dpng rat ldn San pham cua 1.2 Yeu cdu chu yeu cua cdsd dgy nghe GDNN ti/chCi GDNN la eon ngUdi Neu san pha'm san xuat edng - C o s d GDNN t y chu dam bao mdc dp ddc lap tupng nghiep cd khuyet tat cd the loai bd, nhdng ngddi hpe doi vdi quy djnh cua co quan quan ly nha nUdc, cd moi neu phai tiep nhan mdt chuong trinh dao tao khdng trudng thuan ipi huy ddng va sd dung tdi da, hieu qua chat lUPng chang nhdng khdng bd di dupe ma tham cac ngudn luc de phat trien chi cdn cd nhung tac hai den nang xuat lao ddng, den - Co sd GDNN t y chu phai dam bao nang cao chat sdc canh tranh cua san pham hang hda san xuat luong, eung cap san pham dao tao cd tinh canh tranh va chat lupng dich vu'" Bdi vay, giao quyen t y ehd cho eao, t d lam tang tinh t y ehju trach nhiem xa hdi cac CO sd GDNN bdi canh hien can phai nhan - Co sd GDNN t u chu phai dam bao khac phue nhdng bat cap hien ma dac biet la mat can ddi ve manh den t y chju trach nhiem ve dam bao ve chat lupng trude edng ddng va xa hpi Md h'mh t y chu phai gan vdi t y chju trach nhiem theo hudng dam bao chat cung - cau dao tao lupng; sd dung kiem djnh chat lupng dao tao nhu la 1.3 Nguyen tdc tUchu, tuchiu trach nhiem cua cg sdGDNN cdng cu quan ly cua nha nudc de kie'm soat chat lUflng va la can cd de giao quyen t y ehu eho eac co sd GDNN Theo Nghj djnh sd 43/2006/NB-CP thye hien Thdng qua bao dam chat lupng, tinh tU chju trach t y ehu, t y chju trach nhiem co sd GDNN phai thyc hien nhiem hay trach nhiem xa hdi eua cac cosd GDNN cung mdt sd nguyen tae eo ban sau: (xem Hinh 3.1) duoc nang cao Giao quyen t y chu, t y chju trach nhiem tiep can dam bao chat lupng la mpt hudng di kha thi Tuy nhien can phai thye hien nhdng nghien edu sau, toan dien hon de hinh he thdng cp ehe phu hpp, dieu kien thich dng de ap dung cho eo sd GDNN Cd nhu vay, quyen t y c h u mdi gan ket vdi viee nang eao tinh t y ehiu trach nhiem xa hdi So 36 thang 9/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [7] Tren cP sd mdi quan he bien chdng gida t d chu-ty chiu trach nhiem can "Phan biet rd co che quan ly nha chju trach nhiem va quan he gida t d chu - quan ly nha nudc doi vdi sy nghiep vdi c o c h e quan ly nha nddc ddi nudc - dam bao chat lupng, xin de xuat m d hinh tong vdi cd quan hanh chinh nha n d d c " " ' Co che dp phai tao the co sd GDNN t y chu, t d chju trach nhiem (Xem hinh d y n g ddpc tinh t y chu cao cho cac co sd GDNN 3.2) viec huy dpng va sd dung tdi da dypc eac ngudn lyc xa hdi cho phat trien Cd che quan ly ciia t y chii, t d chju trach nhiem se tranh ddpc xu hudng tha long hoan toan, nha nddc phii nam ddoc chat lupng dap tao de bao ve quyen Ipi cho ngddi hpc, Ipi ieh cua ngudi sd dung lao dpng va de dieu tiet vi m d cO cau va quy m d dao tao nguon nhan lyc dap dng nhu cau eiia thi trudng lao ddng Dong thdi bupc cae co sd GDNN co trach nhiem giai trinh, hoat dpng minh bach va canh tranh lanh manh Phai tao khudn khd phap ly cho viec xay d y n g va chap nhan sy tdn tai cua he thdng eae td chde kiem djnh chat lypng doe lap Can khuyen khich va tao mdi trudng de cac td ehdc kiem dinh qudc te tham gia hoat dpng kiem djnh chat Idpng Cd nhy vay Hinh 2: Mo hinh tong the ca sa GDNN ta chii theo haang viec kiem djnh chat luong mdi dam bao danh gia mpt each khach quan cac hoat ddng cua cac eo sd GDNN dam bao chdt laong - Md hinh tdng the md phdng qua trinh phat trien theo nhdng tieu chi nhat djnh va tao tien de vung chac moi quan he hai cue t y ehii - t u chju trach nhiem cua cho GDNN hdi nhap quoc te Ket qua kiem dinh phai se eo sd GDNN dda tren CO sd dam bao chat ldpng va la can cd khaeh quan va chinh xae de cdng nhan "dang sy tham gia quan ly cua nha nudc Giao quyen t d chu cap" eua e o s d GDNN phai can cd mdc dp dap dng cac yeu eau cua dam bao Ben eanh do, can ph^i tao dyng he thdng ludng chat lypng, cd nhuvay t y c h u , t y chju trach nhiem mdi sd thda nhan xa hdi (social regconition), dd ehinh la qua khdng bj Ipi dung dan den cung cap san pham dao tao trinh de nhdng phan xa hdi lien quan trye tiep kem chat lupng cho thj trudng lao ddng va gian tiep den cac hoat ddng cua cP sd GDNN eung -Toan b p q u a trinh dao tao t d cac td dau vao tham gia kiem soat chat lupng Kinh nghiem qudc te den chuan dau phai dupe iddng, kiem soat bang cho thay, viec ludng "dang cap" cua mpt cosd GDNN bp tieu chuan kiem djnh chat lUOng Bieu dd se lam thdng qua eac bang hdi, phieu dieu tra khao sat ve uy tang tinh t y chiu trach nhiem xa hpi cda cP sd GDNN tin, t h u o n g hieu dupc thyc hien tren pham vi rpng Day Khi ket thdc mpt chu ky cua m d hinh, tinh t d chu - tU chinh la phuong phap xep hang ma cac nddc da tien chju trach nhiem se chuyen sang mpt nac thang phat hanh Cach thdc Iddng sy thda nhan xa hpi cung se tnen mdi - the hien chat lypng va trinh dp phat trien lam tang them tinh trach nhiem xa hpi ciia eae co sd cao hon t y chu cua co sd GDNN Mat khac, GDNN mye giao quyen tUchu can ed theo tieu ehuan kiem ThUhai, ve phia eae CP sd GDNN phai cd mipt cO ehe djnh chat Idpng, se tao nen mdi trudng canh tranh lanh quan trj phu hpp Co ehe quan trj phai thuc day sy canh manh gida cae co sd GDNN Dong thdi se giup djnh tranh lanh manh b i n g sy cam ket ve dam bao chat hudng quy hoaeh, lya chpn cP sd GDNN de dao tao lupng eung nhu thdc day t u phan bien, tinh than nghe eho ngudi lao ddng, ngudi hoe, eung nhu djnh ddi mdi va sang tao hoat dpng dao tao ciia eO sd hydng lya chpn san pham qua dao tao cho ngydi sd GDNN Cung can hieu rang khdng cd mpt md hinh ty dung lao ddng ehu, t y chju trach nhiem nao cd the ed hieu qua doi vdi De md hinh Tdng the cd tinh kha thi, can phai cd sd nd lye ea t y phia co quan quan ly Nha nude va eac eO sdGDNN Thd nhdt, tat ca cac eo sd GDNN Td ehu - t d ehju trach nhiem la dieu kien tien quyet va dam bao cdng eho nhdng cai each GDNN hien nay, Ben canh dd, can cd tham gia ddng bp eua nhieu nhan td khac thi mdi thdc sU tao ve phia Nha nude, phai xay d y n g co nen edng Tu chu va t d ehju trach nhiem duoc ehi= phu hop de eai each he thong GDNN theo hudng xem la mau chot eua doi mdi Tuy nhien, dieu kien chuyen t d quan ly hanh ehinh nha nude sang quan ly hien nay, viec trao quyen t y chu cho cac co sd GDIMN chat lupng tong the Viee thuc hien quyen tU chu, t y cQng can can nhac ky Iddng, nhdng co sd GDNN nao [8] K H O A H O C D A Y N G H E S6 36 thang 9/2016 cd kha nang mdi trao quyen t y c h u Trong giai doan thi diem doi mdi eo che hoat dpng nen Ida chpn nhd cP sd GDNN edng lap cd quy m d dao tao Idn, cd dpi ngu giang vien chuyen nghiep va cd co sd vat chat du manh, cd t h u p n g hieu ddi vdi thj trddng lao dipng Dd la dieu kien de t h i diem cdng Ddi mdi GDNN d nudc ta boi canh toan eau hda dang ddng trudc nhieu eo hpi Idn, nhyng edng day thach thdc gay gat Viec lya chpn cae giai phap kha thi, mang tinh ddt pha la dieu sdng cdn eua GDNN ma sdc canh tranh thj trudng cang khde liet Giao quyen t u ehii cho cac cP sd GDNN de tang eUdng sde manh canh tranh la mpt xu the tat yeu Tuy nhien de giai bai toan t y chu - t y chju trach nhiem cua cac co sd GDNN mdt each triet de thi can phai ed mpt Id trinh va phai ed sy no lye t d ca phia cac co quan quan ly Nha ilude va ban than cae co sd GDNN Trong md hinh Tong the, tU ehu va t y ehiu trach la hai mat thdng nhat mpi hoat dpng cua mpt CO sd GDNN; t y chu chu yeu de dam bao hieu qua va hieu suat cao, cdn trach nhiem chu yeu la de dam bao chat lupng va cdng bang xa hpi GDNN Ty ehu va tU chju trach nhiem chinh la ddn bay nang cao hieu qua, chat lupng dao tao va nang lye sang tao cua eac co sd GDNN Viec quy dinh ve quyen tU chu, tU chju trach nhiem GDNN da thue sy"edi trdi" cho cae e o s d GDNN va eai thien sy can thiep qua sau cda cac CO quan quan ly hoat dpng dao tao'^' Mdi quan he ve sy tuong tac giua dam bao chat lupng va cac hoat dpng t y chu tai co sd GDNNN md ta tai Hinh 3.3 H6 36 ng truong/ „o la Oiiyflaolao Tdng the cd the van dung lya chpn thuc hien cae md hinh Tuy bien theo tdng ITnh vuc hoae theo cac mde dp khac phu hpp vdi nang luc va dieu kien cu the ciia tdng co sd GDNN.Thde hien trao quyen t y chu - t d chju trach nhiem eho co sd GDNN nhung phai chu y den nhdng dae diem cua t d n g loai hinh trudng, tdng dja phuong, tUng llnh vyc nganh nghe de trie'n khai, tranh ndng vdi, trien khai qua nhanh, qua rpng giai doan hien de tranh nhdng van de cd the anh hddng den uy tin cua CO sd GDNN va lam mat niem tin cuaxa h p i n Tdi lieu tham khdo 1.Luatsd:74/2014/QH13 Chien lupc phat tritj'n kinh te - xa hdi 2011 -2020 Nghj quyet so 29-NQ/TW 4/11/2013 Hdi nghj Trung Upng khda XI ve doi mdi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao dap dng yeu cau cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dieu kien kinh te thj trydng djnh hudng xa hpi chu nghia va hpi nhap qude te Van kien Dai hpi lan t h d 12 Nghj quyet so 29-NQ/TW 4/11/2013 Hdi nghj Trung uong khda XI ve doi mdi can ban, toan dien giao dye va dao tao dap dng yeu cau cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dieu kien kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghTa va hpi nhap qudc te Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc: Van de t y chu-ty chju •*- Khdng cd eong thdc chung cho tat ca cac co sd GDNN t y chu, t d ehju trach nhiem Tren co sd md hinh trach nhiem d cac trudng dai hpc, eao d i n g Viet Nam" j Nghj djnh sd 43/2006/ND-CP To thuc vs 24/4/2006 cua Chinh phu Quy djnh quyen tU chu, tU ehiu trach Tai chinh va nhiem ve thyc hien nhiem vu, to chyc bid may, bien ehe khoa hoc va tai ehinh ddi vdi don vi sy nghiep edng lap I DAM BAO CHAT n/ONG I Vu Xuan Hung, "Doi mdi nang eao tinh t y chu t y chiu trach nhiem cua co sd giao due nghe nghiep" Tap H'mh 3.3: Moi quan he giaa dam bdo chdt lapng va cdc hoat dgng tachu ca sdGDNN Ngaynhanbai: 05/9/2016 chi Nghe nghiep&cupc song, sd 7-2016 Ngay p h a n b i e n : / / Ngay d a n g : T h a n g / f So 36 thang 9/2016 KHOA HOC D A Y NGHE [9] ... chju dU luan kha nang ne bdi chat lupng dao tao chua dap dng dupe yeu cau eua thj trudng lao dpng Trong boi eanh hpi nhap qudc te, cai each GDNN la cap thiet va sdng cdn de nang cao chat luong ngudn... GDNN nao [8] K H O A H O C D A Y N G H E S6 36 thang 9/2016 cd kha nang mdi trao quyen t y c h u Trong giai doan thi diem doi mdi eo che hoat dpng nen Ida chpn nhd cP sd GDNN edng lap cd quy m... trinh va phai ed sy no lye t d ca phia cac co quan quan ly Nha ilude va ban than cae co sd GDNN Trong md hinh Tong the, tU ehu va t y ehiu trach la hai mat thdng nhat mpi hoat dpng cua mpt CO