Trao doi nghiep vu Xahgihpc.s6i(i37),20i7_ L Y THUYET VA iTNG DUNG L Y T H U Y E T TRONG NGHIEN C i r u C O N G TAC XA HQI NGLJYfiN THI NHU" TRANG' DANG TH] VI$T PHirONG" Tdm tdt: Trong bdi cdnh cdng tdc xd hpi Id m^t ngdnh mdi d Vi?t Nam bdi viet ndy gidi ihieu khdi qudt nin tdng ly lugn cua cdng tdc xd hgi thdng qua vi§c tdng hgp mo Id cdc dong ly thuyit biin cong Idc xd hpi dudi cdc goc dp phdn logi khdc Bgi viit cung di sau vdo bdn ludn ve ddc tinh cua nghien cuu cdng tdc xd hgi vd sif ung diing ciia ly thuyet nghien cdu cdng tdc xd hpi Tie khda: cong tdc xd hgi, 1^ thuyet Cdng tdc xa hgi, nghien cihi Cdng tdc xd hf i Cdng lac xa hfi (CTXH) Id mdt Imh vyc nghe nghiep mdi dugc chinh thiic trifn khai d Vift Nam ttong khodng 10 ndm Ird lai day Trfn thl gidi, CTXH ciing khdng phdi la raft ngdnh nghf Idu ddi, Cgt moc lau n5m nhat cho sy ddi ciia CTXH chuyfn nghifp trfn thl gidi ciing eho thay nd mdi cd khodng hon mft thl kJ hinh thdnh vd phdt trien Smh sau de mudn, CTXH cd lgi thl la dugc thira hudng mgt hf thong ly thuylt phong phu, da dang, dd dugc kifm chiing thdng qua nghifn cihi thyc nghifm cui^ nhu cdc hoat dgng thyc hdnh ciia nhieu ngdnh khoa hgc xd hgi vd nhan vdn khdc, nhat Id tie hai "ngudi hp hang" d?ic bift gan gQi la Xa hgi hgc va Tam 1^ hgc Hf thong 1;^ thuyet md CTXH sir dyng cdc hogt df ng thyc hdnh cung nhu nghien citu dugc nit kha nhilu tir hai ngdnh khoa hge ndy Mac dii CTXH cd the van dung mgt hf thing ly thuylt phong phii, nhung trfn thuc tl, vifc img dyng ly thuylt nghifn cim CTXH d Vift Nam cdn hgn chl Nguyfn mgt phan vi CTXH Id mgt nganh khoa hgc iing dyng cdn non Irf d Vift Nam, nen cdc nghifn cuu Itnh vyc CTXH chua nhilu Vifc du nhgp cac ly thuyet vdo Vift Nam van dang d giai doan dtiu, nhieu ly thuylt vdn dupe CTXH the gidi iing dyng biln cdn chua dugc gidi Ihifu Phdn ldn ngucri hgc CTXH lam quen vdi ly Ihuylt qua ede vdn ban Ihii cdp vdn da dugc rit ggn va trinh bay iai dua trfn cdc nghifn cuu img dyng, nfn vifc tiep nhdn ly thuylt cd phdn han chl Mat khac, CTXH vln la mgt ITnh vyc thien vl 'Tniung Dgi hgc Khoa hpc xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn Dpi hpc Quoc gia Hd Ndi " Viin Xd hgi hpc Viin Hdn Idm Khoa hpc xd hgi Viil Nam Nguyen Thj Nhu Trang Ddng Thj VijI Phuong 75 ling dung, nen cac I'/ thuyet phi cap CTXH thudng hudng tdi myc lieu tq lifu hon la nghien ciiu Trong bai viet ndy, chiing tdi se gidi thif u mgt si ly thuylt phi cgp CTXH, vd thdo lugn vf khd nang iing dyng iy ihuylt cac nghifn cuu CTXH lgi Vift Nam Tuy nhien, Irudc ban vf cdc img dung ly thuylt nghien cim CTXH, van df dau lien chiing tdi muln trao dli Id vl chinh CTXH, hay cu thl hon, chting ta nghien cim gi chiing la nghiSn ciiu CTXH Cdng tdc xS h§i vd nghifn ciru cdng tac xa hgi Dii CTXH Id mgt linh vyc chuyen biet, nhung nd rdl gdn vdi Tdm ly hgc vd Xa hfi hgc Ndi mgt cdch chmh xdc, CTXH dugc xdy dyng chii ylu Irfn nln lang cua Xa hgi hgc va Tam ly hgc (Healy, 2003; Howe, 2009), Do dd, mgl Irong nhimg ban khoan tuong ddi phd hien cac hgi ddng ddnh gid nghien cim CTXH hifn la: lifu nghifn ciiu cd phdi la nghien ciiu CTXH, hay nd dd lac budc sang ITnh vyc Xa hgi hgc hogc Tam ly hgc Df hgn chl rde roi cdu hdi ndy gay ra, nhieu nghian ciiu hifn cda ngudi hgc ngdnh CTXH sii dyng mgt gidi phdp hanh chinh id gdn cum tir CTXH vdo dl tdi, vi dy nhu "vdn de A tir gdc nhin CTXH", hay "CTXH vd vdn dl B", vd vd hinh chung tgo nen mgl sy khien cudng lan don difu Irong vifc xdc djnh chii de nghifn ciiu Vay, CTXH Id gi? Theo dinh nghia Lifn dodn Nhan vien CTXH QuIc tl (ISWF) vd Hifp hf i QuIc tl cdc Trudng ddo tao CTXH (lASSW) thdng qua ndm 2014, CTXH la "mgt nghi thyc hanh va mgt linh vyc hgc thugt thiic day bifn ddi xa hpi va phdt trien xd hgi, cl kit xa hgi, vd tang cudng vifc trao quyfn va gidi phong ngudi Trgng tam ciia CTXH Id ede nguyen tac ve cdng bdng xa hgi, quyfn eon ngudi, Irdch nliifm lap IhS, vd tdn trgng su khac biet Dugc xdy dyng trfn nen tang cdc I^ thuyet CTXH, khoa hgc xa hpi, nhan vdn va cdc tri thiic bdn dja, CTXH thu hdt ngudi va cac td ehiic vdo viec gidi quyet cac thdch Ihirc cugc sdng ngudi vd ciing co an sinh" Bat kf d gdc dg thyc hdnh hay hgc thugt, CTXH sir dyng ly thuylt ciia nhieu nganh khoa hpc xa hgi khac, dgc bift Id Tdm ly hgc vd Xd hgi hgc Tuy nhien, khde vdi Xa hpi hpc Id mon hgc quan lam tdi cac chilu cgnh xd hgi ciia vdn df va thien ve gidi thich hon Id can thifp, CTXH lim cdch hiiu dl dua cdc bifn phdp can ihipp Khdc vdi Tdm ly hpe vln 4p trung nghifn ciiu va can thifp tdi cd nhan ngudi, CTXH quan lam tdi eon ngudi mdi trudng xa hfi, va nhung can thifp ciia CTXH nam d diem giao thoa giO'a cd nhdn vdxa hgi, D I tgo su thay dli, CTXH sii dyng nhdm phuong phap, Irong dd, phuong phap tgo sy thay dli true tiep len thdn chu Id can thifp cd nhan vd gia dinh, can thiep nhdm va can thifp cgng dong; vd phuong phdp tao sy Ihay dli gidn tiep len than chii la quan tri CTXH, va nghifn cihi CTXH 76 Ly ihuyet vd ung dyng ly thuyet Irong nghien cidi cong tdc xa hpi Vdi tinh chat nghe nghifp hudng tdi thyc hanh/can thifp d8 tao sy thay doi ddi sdng ngudi - xa hdi nhu vay, CTXH 1dm viec vdi nhilu nhdm ngudi khdc (nhu Ire em, ngudi gid, phy nQ, ngudi khuylt tgt, ngudi cd vdn de ve siic khde tam than, V.V.), Uong nhieu ITnh vyc ddi song khdc (nhu gja dinh, lao dgng, ngheo, phdp luat, lech chuan va tdi phgm, chinh saeh xa hgi, qudn tri dich vy xa hgi, v.v.) Ung vdi moi nhdm ngudi hodc vdn de, CTXH iing dyng cdc ly thuylt sEn cd tir cae ngdnh khoa hgc xa hoi khac vd trSn nen tdng cdc ly thuyet dd, CTXH xdy dyng eac ly thuyet cua rif ng minh Nhung ve co ban, dac thii nghe nghifp nhu da trinh bay d trfn, cdc ly thuyet ciia CTXH thudng dugc sit dung nhim muc lieu can thiep hon la giai thich Mgt each ngdn gpn, CTXH la mdt nghi hudng tdi vifc tgo sy thay dli tich cue cho cdc nhdm ylu the xd hfi Sy yeu the d ddy khdng nhdt thiet la nhiing Ihilu hyl nguIn lyc hoac suy bifn chiic nang nhu ngheo ddi hay khuylt tat, md Id tinh trgng dl bi ton thucmg noi ehung d cdc khia eanh khac ciia ddi sdng Do linh chdt nhu vay, dl thay Id cdc chil de nghifn cihi cua CTXH sS cd sy giao thoa khd nhilu vdi X3 hgi hgc vd Tdm ly hgc Cdc chii de nhu vai trd eiia vdn xa hgi xoa ddi giam ngheo, vifc 1dm vd vdn de lai hda nhap cgng ddng cho ngudi nghien sau cai, ddnh gia cac md hinh chdm sde phi chinh thiic dya vao cgng dong danh cho ngudi cao tudi deu cd Ihe la chii de nghifn ciru cua Xd hgi hgc, va ciing cd thf Id chti dl nghifn cihi eua CTXH Hay cac chii df nhu hanh vi gdy hdn ciia hgc smh PTTH, lac dfng ciia vifc chimg kien bao lyc gia dinh doi vdi vj Ihanh nifn, tram cdm d liia tuoi trung nien deu cd the vira la de tai nghifn cim cua Iam ly hgc, vira Id df tdi nghien Cliu ciia CTXH Do tinh chat giao thoa ca ve chii de nghien ciiu lln img dyng ly thuyet giiia CTXH va cdc ngdnh khoa hgc xa hgi khdc, dac bift bdi cdnh de cao tinh lifn ngdnh nghien ciru khoa hgc xa hgi, cd 15 khdng nfn qua rach rdi phan djnh bifn gidi nghien ciiu giiia CTXH vd cdc ngdnh khoa hgc xa hgi khdc Mgt nghifn ciiu dugc ggi la nghien ciiu CTXH tri thiic md nd dem lgi cd Ihf duge sii dyng phyc vu cdc hogt dgng can Ihifp, tgo sy thay dli tieh cyc cho cac nhom yfu the xd hfi Tuy vay, nghien cuu CTXH ciing cd mft sd dilm dac Ihii so vdi cdc Imh vyc nghifn Cliu khdc Dgc difm de thay nhat ciia CTXH Id nd lam vifc vdi cdc khia cgnh dl tdn thuong CLia ngudi vd xa hgi Do dd, cdc thdch ihiic nghiSn cim CTXH s5 khong chi nam d khau thiet kf va trien khai nghien ciiu nhu cdc l&ih vyc khdc, md cdn nam rdt nhieu d vifc dam bdo cdc yfu cau dgo due nghien ciiu Mgt Ihiet ke nghien ciiu thieu than trgng vl khia cgnh dgo dire nghi nghifp c6 thf se khifn nd vi pham chuih sit mfnh ciia CTXH Vi dy, qud trinh trien khai nghifn ciru nham xay dyng md hlnh can thifp vdi ire hi Igm dyng tinh dye, vifc khai thdc thong lin vl cdc trdi nghifm ciia trd bj Igm dyng tinh dye cd thl se khoi Igi nhihig ky ire gdy dau ddn; vd dd co thf khiln Ire bi tdn thuong Nguyin Jhj Nhu Trang Dpng Thj Vijt Phucmg 77 Mac dii rdt nhgy cdm vl dao diie, nghifn ciiu CTXH ed mfl dilm dac thii Id ban than tiSn trinh triln khai nghien ciiu cung c6 the ho trg dugc phan ndo nhiing nhdm ylu the ma nd dang hudng din Chdng hgn, su hifn difn ciia nhd nghien ciiu qud trinh idm vifc vdi cdc nhdm yeu thl eiing cd the coi la mgt dgng h i trg Su hifn difn dd cho ngufiri gdp khd khdn Ihiy vln de ciia hg dang dugc quan tam, lang nghe, vd tilng ndi ciia hg s5 dugc dua trudc eong luan Cdc eau hdi md nghien cliu dat cting cd the giiip ngudi ggp khd khan soat va nhin nhgn lgi van de cua minh mot each r5 rang, cd hf thong hon Wesllake vd Forrester (2016) tham chi cdn keu ggi CTXH khdng nen chi xem nghifn ciru nhu mdt cdng cy quan sat vd lim hilu, ma nghifn ciiu CTXH ciing cd the dugc coi nhu mdt lieu phap can Ihifp Do dd, hai nhd nghien cim ndy keu ggi Hgi dong Dgo diic khuyfn khieh cac nhd nghifn ciiu CTXH khdng chi dimg d tifu ehi "vo hai", md cdn hudng tdi tifu chuan "trg giup" qua trinh trifn khai nghifn ciiu Hf thong ly thuylt Irng dyng cong tac xa hgi Chris Beckett (2006) cho rdng cdng cy cdn bdn tgo nen mgt ngudi 1dm CTXH gioi Id: gid tri, ky ndng va ly thuylt Tuy nhifn, khdc vdi Tam ly hge hay Xa hfi hgc vln dl cao 1^ thuylt chinh thdng - nhiing gid dinh dugc xay dung mgt cdch khoa hgc, khdch quan, chat chS, vd cd Iinh hf thong, vd thudng dugc kifm nghifm thong qua cdc nghien Cliu thyc nghifm; CTXH khdng chi df cao 1^ thuylt chinh thong ma cdn rat coi Irgng 1^ thuylt ^Ai chinh thdng (informal theory) Id nhihig kinh nghifm, kien thirc dugc lich luy qua nam thdng thyc hanh dugc cdc nhdn vifn CTXH vgn dyng nhdm xir i^ cdc Iinh hulng Ihye tien Vi dy, nhdn vien CTXH cd thf kit hgp vifc sii dyng cdc gidi thich lir IJ thuylt chinh thong (dd dugc nghien ciiu va kilm chiing tinh hifu qud cda nd) vdi kinh nghifm lam sang, kmh nghifm thyc hdnh cua ban than, ede hieu bill vf d ^ thii vdn hda va nhu cau ciia than chu df dinh hudng qua trinh can thifp dieo hudng hifu qua, phii hgp vdi nhu cAu vd hoan canh ciia moi than chu, moi nhdm dugc can thifp Sibeon (1990, dan theo Payne, 2014) cho rang hf thing ly thuylt ciia CTXH cd thl chia tilu hf thong: If thuylt vl bdn chat vd y nghia cua CTXH (hay, ly thuyet giai Ihich CTXH Id ^ ) ; ly thuylt vl Ihyc hanh CTXH (hay, lam thl ndo dl 1dm CTXH); vd ly thuyet vl the gidi than chu Da so cac IJ thuylt iing dyng Irong nghifn ciiu CTXH Ihudc liiu he thing ly thuyet thii 3: IJ thuylt vl the gidi than chii Nhu da ndi d Irfn, cdc IJ thuyet dugc thira ke tu nhilu khoa hgc khac nhu Lu^t, Y tl, Khoa hgc chlnh tri, Kinh ll hgc, v.v., nhung vf CO bdn, IJ Ihuylt Tam IJ hgc va IJ thuylt Xd hgi hgc van la hai hf thing ly Ihuyet cd anh hudng sau rgng nhdt ldi cdch CTXH nhhi n h ^ , danh gia, vd trien khai ede hogt dgng can thifp doi vdi thdn chii, bdt kl than ehii la ca nhdn, nhom, hay cgng ddng Kate Wilson vd cac ding sy (2008:107) khdi qudt hda cdc trudng phdi Iy thuyet chii dgo dnh hudng rgng tdi CTXH nhu sau: Ly thuyet va ung dyng ly ihuyet nghien cuu cong tdc xa hpi Truimg phil ly thuylt chung Phan tSm hpc LJ thuyet CTXH Tam d$ng hpc (Psychoanalysis) TSm ly hpc cai T6i (Ego Psychology) Lf thuyet quan h$ hudng doi tupng (Object relations theory) Thuyet gjn kll (Attachment Iheoty) Thuyet can Ihi^p khung hoang (Crisis intervenlion theory) Chu nghTa hanh vi Thuyet hpc h6i (Leaniing (heoiy) Tiep ciin nhi^m vp-trpng tam (Task-centered approach) Tilp c|n nhgn thlic-hanh vi (Cognitive-behavioural approach) Thuy^ h^ lh6ng Thuylt h6 Ih6ng tdng quat (General system theory) Thuyet sinh thai hpc (Ecosystem theory) Chd nghia Marx Thuyet tai thilt xS hpi (Social constructionist theory) Chli nghia nft quyen Thuyet tang euimg nSng lyc (Empowerment) Thuyet phan bi|n (Critical theoty) Thuylt chfing ip bie (Anti-oppressive theory) ChQ nghTa nhSn van Thuylt Rogerian Thang nhu c^u ciia Maslow Phan loai theo Watson vd West (2006), cdc ly thuyel iing dung CTXH cd the chia Ihdnh ndm nhdnh chinh nhu sau: Cdc If thuyit ve xd hgi vd su vgn hdnh ciia xd hpi: vi dy nhu thuylt chirc nang, thuylt xung dgt, thuyet nQ quyln, v.v Nhiing IJ thuylt ndy giup ngudi Idm CTXH hilu each thirc xa hgi dugc lo chiic vd van hdnh sao, tai eon ngudi vd nhdm lai cu xii hay phdn dng Iheo nhimg cdch thiic nhal djnh Irong nhimg boi cdnh xa hgi nhat dinh Cdc ly ihuyet vi ngh&o khd vd thi bdt Ipi, vi dy IJ thuylt ve b^y nghfo, Ihuylt Cdng thing ciia R Merlon tTng dyng nhihig ly thuyel giiip ngudi lam CTXH hilu dugc cdch thitc cac tinh the hat lgi nhu tinh trgng thieu nguIn lyc, sy bi co Igp ve mdt xa hpi, tinh Irgng phan bift dli xii lao ap lyc vd Idc dgng nhu Ihe ndo tdi ddi song va hdnh vi cd nhan, vd cung qua dd, giup ngudi Idm CTXH can nhac cdc chien luge can thifp khong mang Iinh loi cho ngn nhan Cdc ly Ihuyit vi chinh sdch xa hpi vd an sinh xd hpi: bao gdm cdc IJ thuylt vf cac tiln trinh hinh Ihdnh, Iriln khai vd danh gid chinh sdch, cdc md hinh an sinh vd chiie ndng ciia cdc md hinh ndy Nhihig IJ thuyll ndy giiip ngudi Idm CTXH nhdn thiic vl boi cdnh Nguyin Thj Nhu Trang Dpng Thi Vijt Phuans 79 chinh sdch vT mo cung nhu vai trd cila cac tien trinh vd quylt djnh ehinh tri tdi cdc hoal dpng CTXH, hilu vl bii cdnh t l chirc vd chinh sdch ciia tl chiic noi hg 1dm vifc, y nghia eiia cac dich vy ma hg cung cap cho ngudi sii dyng djch vu Ly thuyit vi gia dinh vd su phdt triin cua ngudi- nhOng IJ Ihuylt ndy gitip ngudi lam CTXH ndm dugc cdc tiln trrnh va Id chitc xa hgi cua gia dinh, tdc dgng cua cdc luong lac gia dinh tdi sy hinh nhan each va nang lyc iing phd vdi cugc song eita cd nhdn, nhyn difn cac giai dogn phdt Iriln khdc cude ddi ngudi, vd d^c difm phdt Irien d moi giai doan cd tdc ddng nhu Ihl nao tdi nang lyc Ihyc hifn chiic ndng vd khd ndng iing phd vdi cupc sing sau ndy cua ngudi Cdc ly thuyit vi dgng co vd thay dSi: U'ng dyng cac ly thuylt giup ngudi 1dm CTXH nhgn difn cdc ^ e u kifn can cho sy thay dli d cap dg ed nhan va tl chiic, tu dd giup hmh thdnh cdc chiln luge thay doi hanh vi vd kilm sodi tinh thl Phan bift giO-a IJ thuylt, md hmh, quan dilm va cdch tiep cgn Trong CTXH, cac IJ Ihuylt dugc triln khai d nhilu dgng thiic khdc nhau, vd dd, CO nhimg tfn ggi khdc cho mgt cdch tilp cdn IJ thuylt, nhu ly Ihuylt (theory), md hinh (model), quan diem (perspective), va tilp cgn (approach) Theo cdch phdn logi ciia Hutchinson (2003), ly thuyit la mgt tap hgp eac khdi nifm va gid djnh cd lifn quan tdi nhau, dugc Id chiie thdnh mgt hf thing suy lugn va dien djch, nhdm giai thich cdc moi quan hf Irong mgt Imh vyc nhat dinh Quan diim (perspective) lgi nhan manh vdo mdt gdc nhin; nd cd the Id nhiing khdi nifm liln than cho sy phdt uiln mgt IJ thuylt von cd tinh hf thing hon (vi dy nhu quan dilm thl mgnh); hoac ngugc lgi Id mfl cap dg tilp can cd tinh rgng hon, d Idm triru tugng cao hon (vf dy, quan diem nhan vdn; quan difm phdt trien) Tiip can (approach) ciing thudng dugc diing nhu quan diim vdi hai each hilu nhu Iren, vd ihudng duge sir dyng nhifu, ndi vf sy iing dung thyc hanh (vi dy, tifp can nhan thiic - hdnh vi) Mo hinh lgi la sy thao lac hda cy the hon mpt ly thuylt, dan tdi cac hanh dgng vd kJ Ihudt cy the triln khai tir ly thuyet, vd do cd tinh hudng din cao hon cho cac nha ihuc hanh vifc irng dung IJ thuylt vdo thyc ll hdnh dgng (vi dy, md hinh nhan thiic - hdnh vi; md hinh can thifp khiing hodng; md hinh nhifm vu - trgng tdm, v.v.) CQng phdi luu J rdng, ddi eimg mgt IJ thuylt, nhung cd thl cdch sii dyng tir khdc dl chi gdc dg tiep can doi vdi IJ Ihuylt dd Vi dy, cdch tilp cgn nhdn thiic hdnh vi doi cung dugc ggi la md hinh nhdn thiic - hdnh vi, hodc IJ Ihuyet nhan Ihirc hanh vi Xfng dyng ly thuylt nghifn ciru cong tdc xd hgi LTng dyng ly thuyll th\rc hank CTXH cdn nhifu than Irgng vd can nhle, bdi thyc hanh CTXH phy thugc nhieu vdo cac dgc dilm vSn hda, kmh te, xd hgi ddc Ihii cua mSi vung mif n vd cdc nhdm dan cu cy thl; ede ly Ihuylt itng dyng CTXH 80 Ly Ihuyet vd ung dpng ly thuyel U-ong nghien cuu cdng tdc xS hpi Igi Ihudng dugc xdy dyng Irfn nen tang van hda, kinh tl, xd hfi dac thii cOa cdc nude phuong Tay Ngugc lai, vifc iing dyng IJ thuylt nghien cuu CTXH Igi khdng ddi hdi yeu cau gi dgc Ihii; ma ve co bdn, tiln Irinh vd cdch thirc iing dyng IJ thuyet nghien cim CTXH cung luong ty tien Irinh vd each thiic img dyng IJ thuyft nghien cim khoa hgc xa hfi ndi chung Hon niia, khdng phdi nghiSn ciiu ndo CTXH ciing ed iing dyng ly thuyet Ve eo bdn, cdc chii de nghifn ciiu CTXH thudng xoay quanh mgt sd hudng nhu: 1) Ddnh gid cdc md hinh/chuong trinh can Ihifp (vi dy, nghien ciiu su dung nhdm tuong trg nhim 1dm giam vifc lam dung chat gay nghien eiia vi thdnh niSn vd gia tdng miic dg cam kit vdi nhdm cua Mogro-Wilson vd cdc ddng su nam 2015; ddnh gia chucmg trinh sir dyng ngya vifc 1dm giara cdc rii logn Idm IJ va tdng khd ndng hgi nh^p xd hgi ciia cac cyu chiln binh ciia David Femiolo nam 2016); 2) Ddnh gia tdc dgng ciia cdc the che va chinh sdch tdi mgt linh vyc thuc hdnh cua CTXH (vi dy, nghifn ciiu vf CTXH, bdo trg trf em va vdn dl chinh tq cua Parton ndm 2014); 3) Danh gid cae yeu td Idc dgng tdi mpt vdn dl td ddi tugng can thifp ciia CTXH (vi dy, nghien cim ve mdi truong hdng xdm lang gieng vd van df bgo hdnh giOa cac cdp ddi ciia Beyes vd cdc ding sy nam 2015); hoSc 4) Nghien ciiu ve mgt nhdm thdn chii hodc mgt van de cy the cua mgt nhdm thdn chii (vi du, nghien ciiu vf siic khde sinh sdn va phdt trien xa hdi ede nude dang phdi Irien ciia Pillai va Paleku ndm 2015) Mgl sd nghien ciiu dat trgng lam vdo ddnh gia Ihyc tien va khdng dya tren su dan ddt cua IJ Ihuyet; nhung mpt sd nghien ciiu dugc thilt kl dya tren mdt IJ thuyll ndo dd, dac bift Id cdc nghien cim hudng tdi vifc gidi thich mgt phdn iing eua cd nhan hay nhom, hoac su to chiic van hdnh ciia nhdm hay cgng ddng a Vift Nam, nhiing dgc thii nhu da trinh bay phdn md diu, vifc itng dung IJ thuyft nghifn ciiu CTXH cho tdi van Id mgl mdnh dat hau nhu chua dugc khai phd Ke cd vdi hai IJ Ihuylt dugc iing dung rat rgng rai cdc nghifn ciiu ciia hpc vien ngdnh CTXH, la thuyft nhu cau cua Maslow vd thuylt hf thong long qudt/hf thong sinh thdi, Ihl ciing thudng dugc khai thdc mgt each tuong ddi hdi hgt Cac thi4l ngii ciia thuyft hf Ihong nhu biin gidi, vdng phdn hdi, ddu vdo, ddu rt] gan nhu rdt it dugc sii dung df md ta sy to chiic vd vgn hdnh cua hf thong xd hgi Cdc nguon gay cdng thdng nhu ggi J tir IJ thuyet md hinh cufc sing cua Gemiain vd Gitterman (1976) cung it dugc ling dung vifc nhan dien cdc ylu to boi canh 1dm suy yeu nang lyc img phd ciia ngudi Cac ly thuyet tdm IJ hgc duge sir dyng bien thyc hdnh CTXH, ve nguyfn tic, cung cd thl dugc sit dyng nghifn cim CTXH Co che phong vf irong Iam dgng hpe c6 thl duge sit dyng dl gidi thieh cdc mau hanh vi hoic phan iing dac thii ciia cd nhdn Cac md hlnh gdn kit cd thl dugc sir dyng de md td mil quan hf cha m? vd cdi, hodc dl IJ giai each Ihiic cd nhan phdt triln cdc mdi quan hf vdi nhiing ngudi quan trgng vdi hg trudng thdnh dudi tac dgng cua md hbh quan hf cha m? - cdi thdi tho au Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang Dpng Thi Viji Phuong 81 Tuy nhifn, cd thl quan sat thdy vifc iing dyng cac diuylt tam IJ hgc Irong nghifn cihi CTXH d Vift Nam hifn cdn thieu vd khd ylu NIU CO dugc ting dyng luong ddi tot ttong nghifn eihi CTXH, co IS chii yfu van la cdc IJ thuylt tir xa hgi hgc nhu thuyet vai trd, Ihuyet hf Ihong, thuyet vdng Irdn bgo lyc, v.v Ndi tdm lgi, mac dd dugc thira ke mgt lugng Idn IJ thuylt tir eac ngdnh khoa hgc xa hgi vd nhdn vSn, dac bift Id tir xd hgi hgc vd tdm IJ hpc, vifc ung dung IJ thuyet nghifn ciiu CTXH d Vift Nam hifn van cdn la mot khodng khd ldn Dilu ndy ciing mft phdn nguySn nhdn khach quan Id CTXH van cdn Id mpt ngdnh mdi vd do s i lugng nghien ciiu CTXH d Vift Nam hifn edn chua nhieu Nhung bat lugn ihl ndo, su thilu hyt nhiing iing dung ly thuyft nhu dd neu trfn cho thay chiing ta can ddy mgnh hon niia viec van dung IJ thuyft, tir viec xay dung cdc khung phdn tich, cho tdi xdy dyng cac Ihang vd gidi thich cdc kel qud dat dugc nghifn ciiu CTXH Bfn cgnh dd, vifc ling dyng IJ thuyet Irong nghiSn ciiu CTXH, Iheo quan dilm ciia chiing Idi, ciing nen Iheo hudng tich hgp mgt s61J thuylt ciing mdt nghifn cuu nhu Malcome Payne (2014) kfu ggi, bdi ede van dl ciia ngudi vd xS hgi ludn mudn Mnh mudn vf, vd khdng cd mgt ly thuyet ndo cd thf du de gidi thich Irpn v§n mdt vdn df doi song ngudi va xd hfi Tdi iif u tham khao Beckett, Chris 2006 Essential theory for social work practice, London: Sage Pubhcalions Beyes, K, A B Wallis, and L K Hamberger 2015 Neighborhood environment and intimatepartner violence: a systematic review Trauma Violence and Abuse 16{1)' 16-47 Femiolo, David 2016 Psychosocial equine programforveterans Socio; Work, 61(1) 53-60 Healy Karen 2003 Prefece to Five theories in Social Work, in Hutchinson vi Olledal Five Theories in Social Work, UiN reporl Howe, David 2009 A brief introduction to social work theory, Palgrave Macmillan, New Yorit Hutchinson, Gunn S and Siv Olledal 2003 Five Theories m Social Work, djch bdi Lene Skaug (2014), UiN report Oitlemian, Alex and Carel B Gemiain 1976 Social work practice, a life mode Social Service Revie^v, 50(4): 601-610 Mogro-Wilson, C , J Utendre, H Toi, J, Bryan 2015 Utilizing mutual aid in reducingadolescent substance use and developmg group engagement Research on Social Work Practice, 25(1): 129-138 Payne, Malcome 2014 Modern Social Work Theory, 4* edition, Lyceum Books Inc, Chicago Parton, Nigel 2015 Social Work, Child Protection and Politics: Some Critical and ConsWictiveReflections, British Journal of Social Work 44 2042-2056 Watson, David and Janice West 2006 Social Work Process and Practice: Approaches Knowledge, and Skills, Palgrave Macmillan, New York Wesllake and Forrester 2016 Adding evidence lo the ethics debate: investigating parents' experiences of their participation in research, BrMuftJbuj-na/o/SociW (fori, 46: 1537-1552 ... trien xd hgi, cl kit xa hgi, vd tang cudng vifc trao quyfn va gidi phong ngudi Trgng tam ciia CTXH Id ede nguyen tac ve cdng bdng xa hgi, quyfn eon ngudi, Irdch nliifm lap IhS, vd tdn trgng su... khdc (nhu Ire em, ngudi gid, phy nQ, ngudi khuylt tgt, ngudi cd vdn de ve siic khde tam than, V.V.), Uong nhieu ITnh vyc ddi song khdc (nhu gja dinh, lao dgng, ngheo, phdp luat, lech chuan va... hgc xa hpi, nhan vdn va cdc tri thiic bdn dja, CTXH thu hdt ngudi va cac td ehiic vdo viec gidi quyet cac thdch Ihirc cugc sdng ngudi vd ciing co an sinh" Bat kf d gdc dg thyc hdnh hay hgc thugt,