Quá trình di cư và phát triển của cộng đồng người việt ở đà lạt từ năm 1954 đến 1975

28 I LETHINHUAN QUA TRINH Dl Cl/VA P H A T T R I E N CUA CdNG DONG N G U O I VIET 6DA LAT TLfNAlV11954 DEN 1975 Lg THj NHUAN' Tom t6t: Ngddi Viit (Kinh) Id khdi cdng ddng cuddn chCi the d thdnh phdBd Lgt hiin B viet ndydi cdp din qud trinh di cUvd phdt then cua cpng dong ngUdi Viit dDd Lgt tUndm 1954 d 1975 Trong do, chdng tdi van dung phuang phdp nghien cdu dmh tinh de thuc hien bdi viit n Tdkit qud nghien cdu, chdng tdi /y gidi ldc hdt, lUc day cda qud trinh tren; tUdd khdng dinh va cua hg doi vdi sUphdt then kinh te, xd hpi tgi dd thj Dd Lgt TUkhoa: di cU, di cuvd phdt trien, cpng dong ngudi Viet, thdnh pho&d Lgt Abstract: Vietnamese people (Kinh) are in the majority of ethnic groups resided in Da Lat t The paper studies their migration and development in the city during 1954-1975 using qualita methods Based on the research results, the author interprets factors of attraction and repuls the process and then substantiates the group of people's role in socio-economic growth in Da Key words: migration, migration and development, the Vietnamese community Do Lat Ngaynhgnbai: 04/5/2017; Ngay duyet dang: 15/8/2017 Dat van de T rUdc the ky XIX, Lang Bian la mdt vung eao nguyen hoang soft ngUdi bilt d i n Tai dia ban nay, cac nhdm dja phuang cCia tpc ngUdi CPho sinh sdng theo phuang thUc du canh, du eU, ddng nhat la nhdm Lach Cao nguyen Lang Bian chi thUe sUdUpc nhu'ng ngUdi ben ngoai bilt den sau ba eudc tham hiem vung cao nguyen Nam Trung Bd cua bic sT A Yersin vao eae nam 1891, 1892, 1893 Thdng qua thUe hien cic i n quy hoaeh thj, ngUdi Phip da biln OiLattUvCing dat hoang sa trd trung tam nghi dudng cua hpdOdng Duong Mae du vay, vai trd to Idn mang tinh quylt djnh din su phat trien eua phd lai chinh la cdng ddng ngudi Viet TCf nhieu dja phuong ea nUdc, hp dUdc huy ddng hay tU nguyen da lan lupt din Oi Lat Tuy cd cCing nguon gde la nhUng cudan ddong bang Bac Bd va Duyen hii mien Trung, song dllu 'Tnrcmg Dai hQC Ba Lgt Email nhuanle.dlu@gmail coni- kien ijch sCf chi phdi, nin edng dong di din sau nam 1954dacdsU"da nguyen"ve cdi ngudn, da dang v l tdn giio va hoat ddng kinh tl,xa hdi so vdi cdng ddng di dan trUdc 1954 Do dd, nghien curu niy se t i p trung lam rd nguyen nhan khiln ngUdi Viet dl cif vio Oi Lat sau nim 1954 den 1975 tren cac khfa eanh kinh t l , ehinh trj vatdn giao Tong quan van de nghien cHu Di din la mdt hien tupng kinh t l - xa hdi gan vdi Ijch sif phat trien eCia xa hdi loai ngUdi eung vdi nhuTng thay doi cua tU nhiin, xa hdi va sU phat trien khdng dong diu ve kinh t l - x i hoi giUa cae vDng, cac qudc gia tren the gidi Khi nghien cUu v l qua trinh di din can phii dUa vio nhUng cd sd ly thuylt khoa hpe, dung dan mdi cd the tha'y dupc nhUng inh hUdng tich cUc va tieu cUe cua qua trinh (Oinh Quang Ha, 2010, tr.73) M.P Todaro (1969) da dUa md hinh nghien eCru v l nguyen nhan di cU, sau dUdc tilp tuc phat triln bdi W Corden, R Findlay (1975), J.R Harris, M.R Todaro (1970), Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 Md hinh bat ngudn td van d l thu nhap cCia khu vUc ndng thdn thap hdn so vdi khu vUc thj (Harris,Todaro, 1970), ngUdi lao dpng so sanh cic ea hdi nang cao thu nhap giUa khu vUc ndng thdn v i thj, tU dd dUa quylt djnh dl eU (Zhang, 2003) Li dUde dUa la: di cU khdi vung ndng thdn, ndng hd ed lao ddng di cU (thudng cd xuat than tU nhCTng gia dinh ngheo va gap khd khan v l nguon life), se ed cupe sdng tot dep hdn {Mendola, 2004) Tren thuc t l , qua trinh di cd cCia ngudi Viet din Oa Lat khdng ehi yeu td kinh t l hay the che ehinh trj, ma edn cd y i u td khac nhU tdn giao SU bien dong qua trinh phat trien cua cong dong ngUdi Viet tif 1954 den 1975 2.1 Boi cdnh lich sCf Nam 1950, sau dUde chfnh phu Phap trao quyin quin ly vCing cao nguyen Trung Phan, Qudc trUdng Bio Oai da tach eao nguyen miln Trung va thilt lip quy c h l hanh ehinh dac biet dupc gpi la "Hoang trilu cUPngthd"',trongdddatra nhufng quy dinh tiep tue thUe hien ehinh sach han c h l di dan ngudi Viet len vung eao nguyen niy (Phu Thu hien Trung Viet, 1953, tr.64-65) Theo Hiep dinh Geneva (Gianeva) vao nam 1954, nUdc Viet Nam tam chia lam miln, lay vT tuyin 17 lam ranh gidi Vdi sU hinh cua Viet Nam Cdng hda sau Hiep djnh dd, lan diu tien ngUdi Viet da giU ehUc vu quan trpng trung t i m hanh chinh cao nguyen Chinh saeh cCia Ngd Oinh Diem thdi ky la ddng hda vin hda cCia cU ' Tir 30/9/1949, ngucfi Phap chuyen quyen quin ly vimg cao nguyen Tnmg phan cho chinh phii Quoc gia Viet Nam, dung diiu la Quoc tnidrng Bio D^i Ngay 15/4/1950, Quoc tmdng Bio D91 "Du so - QT/ TD" nhu mpt quy che hanh chinh dgc biet khoanh vung Hoang trieu circmg tho nhu mpt viing tu tri thuoc xii Thucmg Nam Dong Ducmg gom Kon Turn, ^ Lak, Dong Nai Thu(?ng, Lam Vien va chon Da Lgt lam trang tam B6i su thay doi do, ngabi Viet khong duoc tu l^n dinh cu d Da Lgt nhu tnicrc (Uy ban nhan dan Da L^t, 2008, tr 104) I 29 dan tai cho dTay Nguyen vao van hoi ngUdi Viet va eho phep ngUdi Viet dupc di cd den Tay Nguyen (Hickey, 1967, tr.2) Ngay tU nam 1954, chfnh quyen Sai Gdn da cd gang xic lap nin hanh chinh mang sac thai rieng Sau mdt thdi gian luu vong tai My, Ngd Oinh Diem ve nUdc de lam Thu tudng eua Viet Nam Cdng hda - mot ehi dp ma William Turley md t i tinh hinh dd nhu "mdt tau dang dam" {Turley, 1986, tr.11) Trong khoing mdt nam, Ngd Oinh Diem da lpe nhCfng ngudi chong ddi chinh phu nhd vao sU ung hd eCia hai giio phai d mien Nam nhu Hda Hio,CaoOai Thing 10/1955, Ngd Oinh Diem to chUe mdt cudc trung cau din y ve viec Viet Nam se tilp tue theo chl dp quin ehCi lap hien hay trd mdt nUdc cdng hda (Jennings, 2015, tr.466) LCie nay, "Hoing trieu cuang tho" d i hit vai trd lieh sCf, tiln trinh "Viet Nam hda" d Oa Lat dien nhanh chdng va ao at hdn sau Hiep dinh Geneve Quy hoaeh thi Oa Lat giai doan ndi nhU Eric T.Jennings, "do an eua Lasgisquet"^ tham chi da dupc phCi bui thdi gian va dem sCf dung dUdi thdi tdng thdng NgdOlnh Diem"(EricT.Jennings, 2015, tr.262) Oe chuyen lo van de di cUva djnh cU, thing 7/1954, chinh quyen Ngd Oinh Dilm d i eho lap Phu Tdng uy di eu (TUDC) Tuy nhien, hoat ddng cCia TUDC edn nhilu lung tung Bdi vi, ban than chinh quyen Diem ddcung chua dndjnh, ca viee tuyen md lUc lUdng lao ddng Oa Lat nam dphia nam Tay Nguyen, ddng vai trd la cho tru an toan cho ehfnh quyen Viet Nam Cdng hda nen bp miy hanh ehinh d diy dugc xiy dung kha chat che.Ou'ng dau l i thj trUdng, phia dUdi ed bp miy giup viec gdm eae ty, ndi an, quan vu, hanh chinh, tai - Do an da lam ro va noi bjit cac dgc tinh neng ciia Da Lat tiung tam nghi dadng, hpc ducmg, tnmg tam van hoa, du iich Cac phan khu chiic nang dupc to chuc hgp ly, phu hop vcri thpc te va xac dinh cu the pham vi ciia nhinig khong gian trong, nhiing khu virc bat kien tgo de bio v? c M i quan thien nhien Da Lgt 30 chinh, kinh t l , ve sinh, trung tam huan luyen v i tu nghiep, van phdng, hdi ddng tU van dd thj gdm niiUng ngUdi cd chUe tUde, ed quyin luc ve kinh t l (gom eic nha thau khoan, cac nha budn) Khae vdi ngUdi tien nhiem, Ngd Oinh Diem da dilu hinh Tiy Nguyen tU Sai Gdn Khi vUa len nam quyen Diem d i cho chuyen trudng Qudc gia Hanh ehinh tUOa Lat ve Sai Gdn Nam 1955, vung cao nguyen Trung phan dupc nhap vio Viet Nam Cdng hda, dinh dau sU kit thCie eCia "Hoang trilu eUdng thd" thude quyen Bio Oai Idng mdt qude gia (Jennings, 2015, tr.466) Theo "Du sd 17" 14/12/1955, PhCi Thu hiln dupe thay bang Tda dai bieu, nhUng Oa Lat van trUe thudc tdng thdng.Thanh phd Oa Lat dit dudi quyen trudng va hdi ddng dd thi Nam 1955, nha Giam ddc kinh t l eao nguyen Trung phan dUpc lip tai Oa Lat Nam 1957, mdt van phdng eao nguyen mdi thay t h i eho Bp Cao nguyen sU vu eCia Bao Oai tai Oa Lat NhCfng tac ddng cdt ldi cua nhCfng cii each lai lam giim vj the cua Oa Lat d nam VietNam {Jennings,2015,tr.467) LETHINHUAN Idi yeu eau trp giup cCia Ngd Oinh Diem vao thing 10 nam 1954, tong thdng Aixenhao da khing djnh: "NhCfng thinh cau trd giup cua ngai cho k l hoach to Idn khuay ddng phong trio hang tram ngin edng dan Viet Nam trung trdn chay khdi nhUng vung dudi sU ehilm ddng cua mdt chinh quyin va he tu tudng m i hp ghet bd se dUdc dip irng Tdi rat lay lam vui mUng rang, Hoa Ky cd kha nang dap ufng no lUc nhan daodd ( )T6ihi vpng sU trp gidp dd, eung vdi nhu'ng no life eCia bin than ngii, se gdp phan hieu qui doi vdi nen ddc lap cua Viet Nam vdi mdt chinh phCi manh" (Cameron, 1971,tr.349-350) Nam 1954, ci nUdc cd 15 giao phan, dd cd 10 giao phan d mien Bac v i giao phan d mien Nam Viee Phap quylt djnh rOt khdi Bae Ky theo Hilp djnh Glonevd cung nam ngoii y mudn cCia nhilu giam muc va linh muc Viet Nam Nhilu vi ehCfe sac Giao hdi da to chCfc di eU hang loat Giam muc Le HCfu TiT cai quin dja phan Phat Diem di cu tU nhUng dau Sd linh muc miln Bae gom 1.127 ngUdi, ddc6 809 linh mue da dl eU vao Nam Trong dan Vl td chUc hinh chfnh, Oi Lat giU nguyen thudng chju inh hudng bdi nhUng tin don 10 khu phd nhu thdi kytrUde, ehi them lang nhu"Mysenem bom nguyen tCf", "My - Diem Lien Hiep (vung sin bay Lien Khuang, huyen tien hanh Bac tiln" giao dan lai bj tie dpng OUc Trpng, Lim Odng nay) va5 apmdi: khu phd I cd ap Ga chia ap Cd Giang va Idn bdi sU phao tin nhU"Chua da vao Nam", ap Chi Ling; khu phd 111 them ap Kim Thaeh; "Ou"e me ddng trinh d i rdi miln Bac" - co inh hudng den tU eua nhCfng thudng khu phd IV them i p Thil Phien; khu phd V dan ngUdi Cdng giao (Seth Jacobs, 2004, them apTiing Lam Mdi khu phd gdm nhilu tr.132-133) NhCfng tuyen truyen tren da ap, mdi ap deu ed ap trUdng true tilp quin ly dinh trung vao sU sung dao, nhilu trUcfng mang ludi lien gia, moi lien gia gom 10 den hdp tdi mure cudng tin cCia ngUdi Cdng giao, 30 gia dinh dit dUdi sugiim sat cua Lien gia thdi phdng van diViet Minh la Cdng sin, la trudng ve moi mat hanh chinh eung nhUan vat v i vd than, la ke thu cOa tdn giao, ninh trittU (theo "sac lenh sd4/Q0/TD"ngay lam tang sU nghi ky eCia mot bd phan ngifcfi 13/4/1953 eua Bio Oai) (Oy ban nhan dan Cdng giao ddi vdi ehinh quyin cich mang phdOa Lat, 2008, tr.l 9) Tic gii cCia nhCrng tuyen truyen la ClAva 2.2 NhOng dot di ddn ngUafi Viet den Da nhCrng phan ehdng Cdng Giao Lgt thdi ky 1954 den 1975 hpi va giao dan (Nguyen Quang Hung, 2004, DieUnamtrongtoantinh eua chinh quyen tr.27) Hoat ddng di dan ep budc bang cac My VG k l hoach cung cd eic iue lupng chdng hinh thure khac ddi vdi ngUdi di cUcCia edng thin My d miln Nam Viet Nam, dUng eic linh muc dja phUdng rat da dang Chang dau la Ngd Oinh Diem.Trong mdtbCfcthUtra Tap chf Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 han, linh mue Mai Hpc Ly d P h i t Diem da phao t i n rang, G i i o hoang lenh cho giao d i n di eU vao N a m , rang Chua v i OUc Me d i vao N a m Khdng ft trUdng hdp, sau buoi cau nguyen, linh muc mang theo tat c i i n h tUdng, kinh sach, d l lai m d t n h i t h d t r d n g rong, tuyen b d "ChCia d i vao Nam", Cha da v i o Nam, nhCfng ngudl d lai se k h d n g ed eha d l g i i n g d a o M d t n h d m linh mue va g i i o dan d u n g len ehuyen OCfe Me hien len d Ba Lang (Thanh Hda), kieh d d n g giao d i n di eU (Bd Tuyen t r u y i n , 1955, tr.32) N h i l u n h i n vat, t o chUc eOa Giao hpi Cdng giao qude t e cung ean t h i e p v i o t i n h hinh Viet Nam, u n g hd Ngd Oinh Diem nhU hdng y Spellman (Cooney, 1984,tr.21) Cudi n i m 1954, Oa Lat la d i l m d i n eho dan tj nan tU cac v u n g khae cua Viet Nam, d d c d gan k h o i n g t r i l u ngUdi Viet da rdi mien Bae de vao Nam, hai phan ba t r o n g sd d d ia t i n d o Cdng giao (Jennings, 2015, tr.466) Cung t r o n g n i m nay, phong trao khai hoang lap ap dien d e i e p h u d n g , x i ven O i Lat "Trong nam 1955, k h o i n g 3.000 giao dan gdc H i i Phdng, Nam O i n h , H i Ndi, T h i i Binh, Bac Ninh dUdc linh m u c O o Ngpe Bich dan d i n d d i t h d n g eudi khdm Nam Thien, lap nen trai d j n h c U O a M i n h Cudi t h i n g 3, dau t h i n g n i m 1955, dUdi sU h u d n g dan cCia linh muc Manh Trpng Bich, m d t sd giao dan cCia lang Nghi Yen, Cau Khdng, OCre Thp (Ha Tinh) g o m khoang 400 ngUdi vao Oa Lat Ngay 22/5/1955, hp cd mat tai Oa Lat, sau d o d i n eU tru t r o n g trai dinh eU T h i n h M a u " (Ngudn: Phdng van sau, nam, 76 t u o i , p h u d n g 7, nam 2016) Oe thUe hien a m mUu lau dai, t h i n g 7/1955, M y - Nguy da di dan m i l n Bae v i o lap t h e m ap P h i t Chi tai xa X u i n TrUdng, vdi y d o cai cam dgiCra de chia cat x i Xuan TrUdng lam hai Luc d d , M y - Diem thUc hien chinh s i c h " t d c p n g , diet cdng", m d t sd can b d c i c h m a n g d Q u i n g Nam, Q u i n g Ngai bj Id ca s d hoac d o yeu cau cdng t i c n i n da p h i l ehuyen d i Chinh boi c i n h ljch sCr n i y da dan I 31 d i n v i l e ngUdi Viet d Q u i n g Nam, Q u i n g Ngai n h i p cU vao Xuan TrUdng Khi den d i y , hp lam thue cho nhufng gia d i n h kha gia, sau m d t thdi gian cd chut vdn hp da mua vUdn, dUa gia dinh vao lap nghiep v i tiep tuc hoat d d n g c i c h mang "Vao e i c nam 1955 - , t r o n g ddt lam chp m d i , m o t sd khu dat d cua d i n e U a p Anh Sang (phudng 1,0a Lat nay) bi g i i i tda da chuyen d i n a p T h i i Phien xin cap dat l i m vUdn v i dua gia dinh, ba cua hp dThiTa Thien - H u l vao Oa Lat lam an Luc mdi tdi l i p ap, e i e ngudn eU d i n sdng rieng le, phan chia t h i n h c i c khu vUc biet lap, nhung cudc sdng eua ngUdi lao d d n g d i d e m lai cho hp m d t su hda d d n g , giCip d d lan nhau" (Phong van sau, nam 70 t u o i , p h u d n g 12, Oa Lat, n i m 2016) Nam 1956, m d t b d phan "ngUdi Viet d OUc Ninh ( T h i i Binh) da di d i n d i n ap Oa Thien (phudng 8) d l l i p nghiep, chuyen nghe t r d n g rau Trong nam dd, d i n sdOa Lat khoang 58.958 n g u d i , ngUdi Viet: 58.445, ngudi Hoa: 1.307, ngUdi P h i p : 206" (Uy ban nhan d i n t h i n h p h d Oa Lat, 2008, tr.l 9) Giai doan nay, chinh quyen Ngd Oinh Diem da thuc hien bat p h u , bat linh t r o n g c i c trai dinh eU dan tdi nhieu eudc dau tranh cua d i n chung " n h i l u ngUdi chju khdng ndi trai dinh eU, tranh dau ddi ngoai, nhUng vi hoan c i n h sdng ri't vat v i , edng v i l e lam an nen danh p h i i tru lai d l ehd di chuyen di t i n h khac" (Phdng van sau, nam, 92 t u d i , p h u d n g 1,0a Lat, nam 2016) Cd the thay, n i m 1954-1956, Idp di dan n a y c h C i y l u lam nghe n d n g , t r o n g d d c d k h o i n g 500 dat gan O i Lat dUdc ngUdi d i n mdi n h i p eU d i n canh t i c (Jennings, 2015, tr.469) Sau m o t thdi gian ngan, d o k h d n g thich Ung dUde vdi dja t h l x u n g quanh i i rUng t h d n g , dat dai khdng thuan tien eho viec trdng Ida n h U d d d n g bang, ddi sdng c d cdc nen n h i l u ngUdi da lan lupt di e h u y i n di cae t i n h lan can " day, ngUdi dan d cac trai d j n h cd nhUOa Minh da chuyen d i n C i i San va Dakai thudc O d n g Nai ThUdng; trai Du Sinh, Cau Oat chuyen di Pleiku (Gia Lai) 32 I Nim 1957, trai dinh eU bj giai t i n , cd khoing 2.000 ngUdi di ehuyin xudng tinh Odng Nai Thuang, chi cdn khoing 1.000 ngudi d lai, hp la nhUng cU dan thudc khdm Nam Thien Nhilu ddt di din tif miln Bac (Thii Binh, Phat Diem) va miln Trung (Hul, Quing Nam, Quing Ngai, Binh Oinh) len Oa Lat lap nghiep NhUng gia dinh di cU miln Bac v l eie xa quan Tiing Lam, Tung NghTa, Lae Thien canh tic ndng nghiep, nhUng gia dinh ngheo mien Trung ve cae ap gan Oa Lat (Cd Giang, Cd Bac, Hdng Lae, Thai Phien, Sd 4, Oa Thien, Trai Mat, Sio Nam) canh tie hoa miu NhCfng gia dinh giau ed miln Trung md tiem budn ban tai trung tam phd, mdt sd dau tu vao nganh tieu thu edng nghiep va dieh vu Nhieu gia dinh giau cd tai Sai Gdn cung len mua dat d l lam khach san" (Phdng van siu, nam 79 tudi, phudng 7,0a Lat, nam 2016) Ngay 19/5/1958, Ngd Oinh Diem ky "sac lenh 261/VN"cat bdt datOa Lat chuyin sang tinh Tuy^n OUc va cifThj trUdng Oa Lat kilm Tinh trudng tinh Tuyen OCfe Chure vu niy ddgc cu the hoi nhu mdt sU kit hdp giUa hai toa thj chinh va toa hanh ehinh theo"sU vu lenh 68 VP/NV" ngiy 9/11/1960, Thj trudng Oa Lat kiem Tinh trUdng Tuyen OUc ky Tinh Tuyen OUc gdm thi xa Oa Lat va quan Lae Duang, Odn DUdng, OCfc Trong; xa Xuan Thp, ap Thii Phien luc thudc tdng Phude Tho, quan Lac DUdng; xa Xuan TrUdng thudc tdng Xuan Lac, quan Odn DUdng Do vay, dan sdOi Lat nam 1960 da giim xuong cdn 43.000 ngUdi" (Oy ban nhan dan phd Oi Lat, 2008, tr.19) Bdi einh Ijeh sCf din din sU bien ddng dan sd phan ddng din eU tif cic tinh lan can Oa Lat din tj nan chien tranh, nhung sau dd tinh hinh tam yen, hpquay trd ve que cu Mdt sd cdng nhan ddn diln la dan cU cac ndi din Oa Lat lam viee, cd ci nhQng ngudi miln Bae, nhan thay tinh hinh on dinh da trd v l tham que nha Lue dd, dpi "NgU lam quan" cua cuu hoang BaoOai bi giai tan LETHJ NHUAN Nam 1960, Oa Lat trd thinh mdt giao phin Giao phan O i Lat bao gom giao hat Oa Lat, Oan Duang, OUc Trpng, Di Linh va Bio Ldc (Oy ban nhan dan phd Da Lat, 2008, tr.391) Trong so 51.380 ngUdi c6 khoing 14.174 ngudi l i tin Cdng giao so vdi nam 1952 chi cd 6.141 ngUdi theo Cong giio Din sd cua trung tam d i tang hon hai lan nhd sU gdp mat cua nhUng ngu'di mien Bae di cd vao nam 1954 Do vay, Oa Lat hien cd 29 ca sdCdng giao, 15 ddng tu, 19 trudng hpc Cdng giao NhUng trUdng hpc nay, linh muc Parrel ghi nhin nam 1959, cung dupe nhilu ngUdi ngoai dao tin eay va cd din 80% hpc sinh ghi danh hpe la ngUcri Cdng giio (Jennings, 2015, tr.470) Nam 1961, ehinh quyin Ngd Oinh Diem eho xay dung khu B trUdng Vd bj quoc gia va nhUng"ap chiln iUde"deddn din vao cac trai tap trung Bao quanh ap l i hing rao day thep gai v i vdi chilu cao khoing 1,5m Chinh quyin NgdOinh Diem da khuyin khicli ngUdi ThUdng tif eae vCing nCii don ve trung tim.Thing 7/1962, Oi Lat la dia dilm cokha nhilu dandi cU npi tinh MdttdtrinhcCia CIA vilt: "Ngoai trCr tinh Tuyin OCfc (Oa Lat) nd ed khoing 10.000 din dinh cd, nhilu ngifdi sd dd can cd an thUe udng va cac nhu yeu pham khac lap tufe" (Jennings, 2015, tr.470) Cho din nhCfng nam eu6i cCia chl dp Ngd Oinh Dilm (1963), eudc chien leo thang, Oa Lat trd mot minh dat quan trong chfnh sich eua chinh phO Kenedy Cudc t i i dinh cd quy md Idn va doi cudng bufc niy dUdc thiet k l tren quan diem tich din chung khdi inh hudng cCia Viet Cdng Hang ngan ap chien lUPc dJcJc lap khap mien Nam Viet Nam Sau do, vao thing nim 1965, My chuyin sang thi/c hien ehiln lupc "chiln tranh cue bd"di dUa din dot nhap cU cCia ngUdi miln Trung den Oa Lat Theo da dd, tUc nim sau khl chinli quyin Ngd Oinh Diem sup (1963), Oa Lat cang minh ddn 16.000 ngUdi Viet nhipci/ mdi (Nguyen Vinh Nguyin,2016,tr.l4) 33 Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 Anh hudng tU tinh hinh chinh tri roi ren cac thi miln Nam vao nam 1963 va cudc Tong tien cdng va ndi diy Tet Mau Than (1968), mdt bd phan ngUdi Viet d Hue da tCf gia cddd, ehuyen eUvaoOa Lat.TU nim 1970 trd v l sau, tinh hinh ehiln tranh, mpt so nien bj chinh quyen Viet Nam Cdng hda bat di linh, mot bd phan din c u v l cae lang phu can (cae huyen d Lam Odng) hay v l que cu Mat khac, ed mdt bd phan dan cd nguyen nhan kinh t l (bao gdm nhCfng nguyin nhin ed lien quan din dieu kiln sdng); f/iL?/io/ la nhdm ednguyin nhan phi kinhte (bao gdm cac nguyen nhin cd lien quan din ehfnh tri, tdn giao ) Tu" kit qui khao sit cho thay, vCing xuat cu Idn nhat din Oi Lat sau 1954 l i cic tinh Bac Trung Bd, chCiyeu la eU dan Thanh Hda, Nghe An, Ha Tinh va Thifa Thien - Hue (39%) v i Duyin hii Nam Trung Bd (31%), ehCi yiu Bieu Bien dong dan so dDa LattCf 1954 den 1975 (Ngudn: So liiu tdc gid tong hgp tUNien gidm thong ke) ehuyen ddi noi cUtrCi, nen dan sdOa Lat nam 1975 chi cdn 85.833 ngUdi (Uy ban nhan dan phd Oa Lat, 2008, tr.9) Cd the tdm tat sU biln ddng dan cu neu tren qua bieu 2.3 Dgc diem dan cU De tim hieu nguyin nhan vi cic hd di chuyin den Oa Lat, tren cd sd bd bing hdi da dupc chuan bj sin, ehung tdi d i lUa ehpn ngau nhien de dien da va phdng van hd gia dinh (210 hd) Cic nguyen nhin di chuyen cua ngUdi Viet din Oa Lat sau 1954 cd the chia thinh hai nhdm cd ban, thdnhdt la nhdm cd thudc eae tinh Quing Nam, Quing Ngai, Binh Oinh v i PhCi Yen NgUdi dan din Oa Lat thupe khu vdc miln Trung chilm hdn nCfa tong sd dan nhap cU cCia Oi Lat (70%), tilp din l i ddng bang sdng Hdng ehilm 21%, dd chu yiu la dan cU tif eie tinh Nam Ojnh, Ninh Binh, Bae Ninh v i mdt phan thinh phd Ha Ndi Cae dja phUdng khac chi chilm 9%dinsdOaLat Nguyen nhin chuyin cUciia mdt bd phin dan eu Bac Trung Bd din Oi Lat thdi ky sau 1954 nhuThanh Hda, Nghe An bdi ly tdn 34 LETHINHUAN Bieu Nguyen quan cua nhuTng ngUbi di ciT ,,^ % ^ 9%^10''''" • Cac tiiiliimiii nui phia Bac •Odngbiiig song Hdng • Cac tuUiBic Trung Bp • Duy 61 hai Nani Tnmg Bp 39 0% • Cac tinliTSy Nguyen • DongNani Bp •Odngbang sdng Ci'm Long (NguSn: Sd lieu dieu tra cda tdc gid ndm 2016) giio, edn mdt bd phin dan eU d ThUa Thien - Hul den Oa Lat de trinh chien tranh Hau hit, bd phan dan cU din Oa Lat thdng qua mang lUdi xa hdi cCia nhUng ngUdl cCing ddng hp hoae eung que da di cU din Oa Lat trudc 1954 nhUOa Phu (phUdng 7) chO yeu l i ngudi Thanh Hda; ap Nghe TTnh (phudng 8) ehu yiu la ngUdi Nghi An, HiTTnh; ap Anh Sing (chu yiu la ngUdi Kl Mdn va PhUdc Yen (ThUaThien-Hue) Gidng nhUvltdau loang, ban dau nhUng ngUdi din vung Duyen hii Nam Trung Bd di chuyin din Tay Nguyen de tranh sUtruy bat eua My - Nguy, sau dd hp vCra lam thue, vCfa hoat ddng cich mang Theo khio sit cCia ehung tdi tai dja bin x i Xuan TrUdng - ndi cd ddng ngudi Viet d Duyen hai Nam Trung Bd sinh sdng, khing chien chong My, x i ed 127 liet sT que quan thudc cac tinh Quing Nam (71 ngudi), Quing Ngai (31 ngUdi), cie tinh Binh Oinh, Phu Yen, Khanh Hda (9 ngudi), 16 ngudi cdn lai thudc eie dja phuang nhUThCfaThien - Hue, Nghe An, Hai Phdng, Ha Tinh, Bae Ninh (Oy ban nhin dan xa Xuan TrUdng cung cap, nam 2016) Dudi thdi My - Nguy, cic dot di dan ngUdi Viet Iln Tay Nguyen van tilp tuc dupc tri, nhUng khie vdi thdi ky trUdc, ddt di cif da ed sU can thiep cua chfnh quyen Theo Chu Thai Sdn (1989), chinh sach di dan eua ehinh quyen Ngd Oinh Diem, nhilu nhdm ngUdi Kinh tCr cac tinh mien Bae di cif vao Nam sau Hiep djnh Gidnevd ve Oong DUdng d i dupc dUa len Tiy Nguyen bfi phin dan eU ddng bang sdng Hdng di cif vao Nam, dd cd Oa Lat chCi yiu vi ly tdn giao Theo "International Control Commission (ICC)", ddng bang Bac Bd la ndi qui t i i dan sd, thudng cd thiin tai, mat mua, xuat phat tCf nhilu cudc khdi nghTa nong dan ehdng lai cUdng hio ic ba Vao thdi diem nam 1954-1955, mien Bae chiu nan ddi Trong dd, dilu kien vit chat Nam de chiu hdn Oieu tic ddng den dan di eU" (Maleni, 1971, tr.38) Khac vdi cuoc phat ddng di cU eCia ngUdi Phap trUde nam 1954, eudc phat ddng ngUdi miln Bac di cif vao mien Nam eua My mudn quy tu nhCfng phan chdng Cong sd giao daa ung hd eho Ngd Oinh Diem, gat nhUng the Tap chf Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 lUe thin Phip d mien Nam dd Do viy, nhieu trUdng hpp dan di cu l i nan nhan cCia nhUng toan tfnh tren: "Phan Idn di dan la ddng bao Cdng giio, cd eie vj linh muc lanh dao" (Tda dai bleu ehinh phCi tai Cao nguyen Trung phan, 1957, Hd sd 3004, tr.3) d Oa Lat d i hinh nen mdt sd dilm din eU tap trung cua nhCfng ngudi eung mdt tdn giao nhu Chi Lang (1955), Du Sinh (1955), Thanh Mau (1955), Phit Chi (1957), Van Thanh (1959), Bach Oang (1960) Di dan la mdt hanh vi tinh toin ly tri, the hiln sU mong mudn nang cao chat lupng eupe sdng cCia c i nhan hay gia dinh hp tai nPi djnh eUmdi Vi viy, ly dodi din ehinh la kinh tl.Trong dd, dat dai la"edttC("eua nhUng ngUdi ndng din Do do, di din de giii quylt sU thilu thdn ve dat canh tic cCia cac hd gia dinh ndng thdn d que nha Mat khae, dan sd tang nhanh nen viee tach hd, hinh thinh nhieu hp ndng din mdi dien kha manh me tai khap eae vung ndng thdn dVilt Nam, dan din nhilu hd khdng ed dat v i thilu dat sin xuat Viec chap nhin di chuyen eung ddng nghTa chap nhin nhUng thCf thieh song cdn ddi vdi ngUdi di eU Phan Idn, hp diu ed gang giam thieu nhCfng rCii ro di ehuyin tdi mdi trudng mdi Ndi nao rui ro cing thap, tilm ning bu dap chi phi eing cao, su'c hdt di chuyen den vung cang ddng Oac biet la ddi vdi nhdm din cd di chuyen vi ly kinh t l nhu mdt bd phan ngUdi mien Bae va ngUdi miln Trung Trong "Td trinh v l edng eudcdi dan djnh cU" cua Chinh sUvu Sd Di -Oinh eU Viet Nam Cdng hda gCfi eho Tdng Ciy trudng cd nhac din van de di dan vi ly kinh tIcCia bd phan dan cUmiln Bac:"Hpra di neu sung sUdng thi d lai lam an, nlu eUc khd han thi tim each trd v l lang eu" (Tda dai bieu chinh phCi tai Cao nguyen Trung phan, 1957, Hdsd 3004, tr.2) Trong dot di dan nay, eU dan mien Bac v i mien Trung chu yiu la nhUng ngUdi ndng dan trdng Ida d cac vung dong bang NhUng d i n Oa Lat, ngUdi miln Trung lai thieh I 35 Ung nhanh vdi dilu kiln mdi sinh eda Oa Lat, dn dinh cupe sdng hPn so vdi nhdm di din mien Bae theo sUdilu dpng cda chinh quyin Diem Ngoai ra, sU chlnh lech giufa cae vung ve tu nhien, phan bd din cU, lao ddng, phong tue tap quan sin xuat va trinh dp phit triln kinh t l - x i hdi cung la dilu kien thde day eae ludng di dan dOdng Nam Bd, ddng bang sdng CCfu Long, cic tinh miln nui phia Bac tdi nhip cU dTay Nguyen, dd cdOa Lat Viec ehon lUa Oa Lat l i dja ban nhap eU chd yeu sau nim 1954 cdn bdi If do: d diy cdn nhilu dat de sin xuat, ed the manh trdng cac loai rau, hoa, cay cdng nghiep mang lai thu nhap eao eho ngUdi di eU Cung vdi cdng ddng di dan trUdc nam 1954, dan nhap eU sau nam 1954 cung cd nhUng ddng gdp cho sU phat triln eua nghi trdng rau, hoa thUdng pham dOa Lat nhUviec hinh cac lang trdng hoa Thai Phien va VanThanh Nlu eUdan din Oa Lat trudc nim 1954 chCi yeu cu tru d khu vdc ndi thanh, bd phan dan eUsau nam 1954 thudng dUde bd trid cie vung ven edaOa Lat nhU phudng 5, phudng 6, phudng 7, phudng 9, phudng 11, phudng 12 va cic xa Xuin Trudng, Xuin Thp Sau nam 1954, ve cd ban Oa Lat van la "thanh phd hinh trdn nam nghieng ea v l phfa Tay hd Ldn (ho Xuan HUdng nay).OUdng si phan nhilu ed dd dde ngoan ngoeo, hai ben cac biet thU nam rdi rac, im lim, khuat tan xa.Vao nhUng budi ehilu gid lanh, ban tha than trin dudng se ed cim tUdng rang minh dang dgiCfamdtthanh phd ma ( ).Oa Latddnghdn vephia chd, tim eda phd, nam tren ngpn ddi eao, ngdi chp la nai tdng hdp mdtsdeUdan tCftUphUdng dove: Cae nha trdng rau eii ngoai thanh, eae nha lai budn tU nhufng vCing xa dem hang den, ea nhUng ngUdi Thupng tu'nui rUng dem tho cam ban "(Khinh Giang, 1959) Mdt nhCfng die trung cua din di cU din Oi Lat sau nam 1954 - thudng di dan theo hd gia dinh Oilu dUdc phin inh "Kl hoach di eU Trung Viet" cCia 36 chinh quyin Ngd Oinh Diem: "NgUdi nio ddgc tan cU thi phii ed gang dUa gia dinh di mdt lupt NhUng ngUdi cung mdt nghe (nhin dan) hoae cung mdt xu hudng (doin the) eung nen cung di mdt lUdt" (Tda dai bieu ehinh phd tai Cao nguyen Trung phan, 1957, Hd Sd 1906, tr.2) Thdi ky nay, ngUdi Viet thudng di dan theo lang:"Di eU phan Idn l i di eU ei lang, ei xdm, ei hp hing ba eon thin thfch, ed dd phan xa hdi (giau cd, ngheo cd, tri thUc cd, lao ddng cd, thj cd, thdn que ed) (Tda dai bieu chinh phu tai Cao nguyen Trung phan, hd sd 3004, tr.2) d Oa Lat ed hai loai lang ap, mdt loai ngUdi di eU tai lap (trUde nam 1954) va mdt loai khac dUde thiet lip theo cae quy djnh hanh ehinh eda chfnh quyin Ngd Oinh Diem lap nen nhU cac ap Thinh Mau (1955), Thii Phien (1956), Oa Thien (1956), Chi Lang (1957), Du Sinh (I960) Tuy nhien, sU phan chia chi mang tinh quy Udc cua cu din lang ap, lau dan trd thinh ten gpi ehfnh thdc eda tUng dja vUc Chinh sU khae biet ve dan cUgiUa cae vung miln da tao nen sU da dang ddi sdng van hda Nhufng ngudi tUThUa Thien - Hul tdi djnh cUdOa Lat se mang theo nhilu net van hda truyin thdng eda xU sd sdng HUdng - ndi NgU Binh Nhufng ngUdl que Nghe TTnh da dUa tdi day nhUng net van hda cda d i t Hdng Lam Hinh trang eda nhufng ngUdi sinh tren dat Bac din vdi cao nguyen la nhUng tinh hoa cCia vung dat"ngan nam van hiln" NhCfng tdi day tUvLing Nam-Ngai-Binh-Phu diu khdng quen nip sdng eda td tien tren dii dat "khu Nim dang dac khde rudt miln Trung" Phan ddng, di din den Oa Lat nam 1954 diu theo mdt tdn giao nhat djnh nhU Phat giio, Cdng giio, Cao Oil CU din gan nhU dong nhat ve nghi nghiep, ddi sdng tam linh, lai la di dan den phd mdi ed kieu thdi t i l t khie vdi ddng bang, nen hp eung la nhCfng ngUdi phii hda ddng, nUdng tUa, doi dii vdi bang sU tCf te, tao nen khdng gian am i p de cung tdn tai Oac biet la sinh tdn LETHI NHUAN cdng ddng "tuf xd" trUde sdre ep ehinh trj, sir canh tranh lam an eda ngUdi Hoa{trUdenam 1975) Sau nam 1954, van de xiy cat nha d bat hop phap va ehilm dat lam vudn da lan trin dudi nhieu hinh thde lam tdn thuong ve mT quan cda phd Thdi gian nay, ed hai hinh thifc chd yeu: "do cic gldi chu'c cd quyin da ehilm dat trdng du trOr va thuang p h i binh (quan dpi Sii Gdn) hay ngudi t i n cU chilm dat xay cat nha d tai khu trung tam vdi nhu'ng loai nha bang van Ipp tdn kieu chudt (xuat hien sau Tet Mau Thin nam 1968va nhatii vio cudi nam 1971)" (Oy ban nhan dan phdOi Lat, 2008, tr.307) Cd the ndi, chi m6t thdi gian ngan cd mdt lUdng Idn din eutip trung ve thinh pho, khd tranh khdi niy sinh mot so vin d l lien quan nhU: nhUng ngdi nha ong xuat hien day die khdng phu hpp vdi quy hoaeh eda dd thj nghi dudng Ket luan Ljch sCrdi cUva phattrien cda edng dong ngudi Viet d Oa Lat thdi ky 1954 din 1975 eho thay: Thdi ky niy, dan so ngUdi Viet Oa Lat ehu yiu la gia ting ca hpc, chi khoing hdn 20 nam da tang gap lan trUdc 1954(22.232 ngUdi) Oa Lat la nai thu hdt manh me dan di cif cd td ehCfc va dan di eU tU tU nhilu ndi d nUdc di chuyin d i n Odi vdi bd phan di dan tU chd yiu tim kilm phUdng thifc mUu sinh LUe day qua trinh di cU eua ngUdi Viet d Duyen hii Nam Trung Bd mdt phan ehiln tranh nen da tim den Oa Lat de tru an Vdi bin tinh can eu ehiu khd cda ngUdi miln Trung, ho da thich Ung ddgc vdi dieu kiln mdi sinh Oa Lat nhU vda lam thue, vifa hoat ddng each mang mdt bp phan dan eUtai eie khu vdc Nam Bd, cic tinh mien nui phia Bac, ddng bang Bac Bd va Bac Trung Bo din Oa Lat chd yiu tim k l sinh nhai dvung dat mdi Odi vdi bd phan di dan cd td chiJc, tam quan trpng ve mat chiln lupc quan Tap chiKhoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So (48) - 2017 I 37 sU va phat trien kinh te, tC/ sau 1954, chinh quyen Ngd Oinh Diem va c h l dd thuc dan mdi eda My da dua mdt bd phan dan eU tCr ddng bang sdng Hdng va cac tinh Thanh Hda, Nghe An thude Bae Trung Bd din Oa Lat, chd yeu la nhUng ngUdi theo dao Cdng giao.Trong sd nhUng giio dan niy, ed mdt bd phan ngUdi dan khdng thieh Ung dupe vdi dieu kien sdng d day d i rdi di cic tinh khac hoac trd v l q u i ed d l sinh sdng Qua trinh di dan cda edng ddng ngUdi Viet sau nim 1954 thudng di ehuyen c i ling, hinh thinh nin mdt sd ap ndng nghiep mdi d Oa Lat nhu Cao Ba Quit, Thinh Mau, Thii Phien Chfnh viee to ehUc cic ap djnh eU cho din theo kilu nhdm "dja phUPng", ed Uu dilm l i tao nen sU hai hda thuan nhat, nhUng lai cd nhUdc diem la tri tinh cue bd dia phUdng theo tCfng vdng Oilu se la mpt "nep xau" gay he luy Idn v l sau, pha vd nhilu trat tU gia trj dd thi d Oi Lat thdi ky Harris J.R, Todaro M.P (1970), Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A TwoSector Analysis, American Economic Review, No.60 Hickey, Gerald C (1967), The highlands people of South Vietnam: social and economic development,The rand Coporration Nguyin Quang HUng (2004),"Vai net v l eudc di cU cda giio dan Bac ky sau Hiep djnh Gidnevd nam 1954" tap chi Nghien cdu Tdn gido, sd 10 Jennings, Erie T (2015), Dinh cao de qudc Dd Lat vd sUhUng vong cua Ddng Duong thupc Phdp (Pham Viem PhUdng, Bui Thanh Chiu dieh), Nxb Hdng OCfe, Hi Ndi 11 Maleni, Mieszyslaw (1971), Warofthe Vanquished, Harper & Row, NewYork 12 Mendola M (2004), "Migration and Technological Change in Rural Households: Complements or Substitutes", Journal of Development Economics, No.85 13 Nguyin VTnh Nguyen (2016), Od Lgt mpt thdi huang xa, Nxb Tre, Thinh phd Hd TAI Lieu THAM KHAO ChiMinh Bd Tuyen truyin (1955), Tpi dc cda di 14 Phd Thu hiln Trung Viet (1953), Van t?e qudc My, phdi thuc ddn Phdp phdn hiip dinh vd be Id Ngd Binh Diim dm mdu cUdng mp nhdn cdng vd di ddn len Hodng trieu cuang ep vd du dong bdo dl cUd Viet Nam, Ha Ndi thd miin Nam, Hdsd 2479 (luu tai Trung tam Cameron Allan W (1971), Vietnam Criss lUu trU Qudc gia IV), Oi Lat 15 Seth Jacobs (2004), America's Miracle A documentary history, Volume I: 1940-1956, Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Ithaca/London Race and U.S Intervention in Southeast Asia Cooney, J (1984), The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal 1950-1957 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press) Spellman, Crown 16 Chu Thai San (1989), "Ve dan cu eda Corden W., Rindlay R (1975), "Urban cac phan dan tde hien ed d Lam Odng Unemployment, Intersectoral Capital (13 nim sau giai phdng)" tap chi Ddn Mobility and Development Policy", fpc hgc, sd Economica Khanh Giang (1959), "Oa Lat vdi du khich", Thdi nay, Sai Gdn, sd Oinh Quang Hi (2010), "Di dan ndng thdn va vai trd eda nd ddi vdi sU phit trien kinh te hd gia dinh d ndng thdn", tap chi Khoa hgcXd hpi Viet Nam, sd 17 Tda Oai bilu chinh phu tai Cao nguyen Trung phan (1957), Ho sa ve viic gidi quyit vdn de di cU cua dong bdo tgi Trung Viit ndm 1957, Hd Sd 1906 (lUu tai Trung tam lUu trU Qude gia IV), Oi Lat 18.Tda dai bilu ehinh phd tai Cao nguyen 38 Trung phan (1957), Ho so vi cdng tdc dinh dien ddi vdi nhdng gia dinh di ddn dinh cd d trung tdm dinh dien Cao nguyin ndm 1957, Hd so 3004 (luu tai Trung tam luu trU Qudc gia IV), Oi Lat 19 Todaro M.P (1969), A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, American Economic Review, No 59 LETHI mu^H 20 Turley, W S (1986), The Secon Indochina War, Boulder: Westview Press 21 Oy ban nhin din phd Oa Lat (2008), Bia chf Da Lgt, Nxb Tdng hpp Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh 22 Zhang, Kevin Honglin (2003), Development of Rural Industrial Estate Directions and Issues, Korea Rural Economi Institute Report, Seoul  ... Viec chap nhin di chuyen eung ddng nghTa chap nhin nhUng thCf thieh song cdn ddi vdi ngUdi di eU Phan Idn, hp diu ed gang giam thieu nhCfng rCii ro di ehuyin tdi mdi trudng mdi Ndi nao rui ro... 1959) Mdt nhCfng die trung cua din di cU din Oi Lat sau nam 1954 - thudng di dan theo hd gia dinh Oilu dUdc phin inh "Kl hoach di eU Trung Viet" cCia 36 chinh quyin Ngd Oinh Diem: "NgUdi nio ddgc... nhUng ngdi nha ong xuat hien day die khdng phu hpp vdi quy hoaeh eda dd thj nghi dudng Ket luan Ljch sCrdi cUva phattrien cda edng dong ngudi Viet d Oa Lat thdi ky 1954 din 1975 eho thay: Thdi ky