Nghiên cứu về tầng lớp trung lưu từ kinh nghiệm châu á đến thực tiễn việt nam

t au UOl ngniep vu Xdhgihgc,s62(138),2017 81 NGHIEN CUtJ VE TANG L O P TRUNG LUTJ: TlT KINH NGHIEM CHAU A DEN THI/C TIEN VIET NAM' TRINH DUY LUAN* Torn tat: Bdi viit md ddu vdi khdi ni^m xd h0i hgc vi tdng lap trung luu vd cdc yi td cdu thdnh bao gdm tdng Idp trung luu "ca" vd "mdi" S{r hinh thdnh nhiing tdng la trung luu mdi d chdu A vd khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd nhiing dgc diim rieng vd ddng nhit vai trd khdc ddi sdng chinh tri, kinh ti xd hgi vd vdn hda a mdi qude gia Vi$t Nam, qud trinh cdng nghi$p hda, hi$n dgi hda vd phdt triin kinh ti thi trudng d hudng XHCN da ldm hinh thdnh tdng Idp trung luu vdi ndng cdt la nhdm doanh nhdn nhiing chuyen gia trinh chimin mdn cao vd gidi qudn ly Diim ludn nhiing nghien c gdn day nhdm nhgn di$n vd "dinh hinh " tdng Idp trung luu d Vi$t Nam hiin nay, bdi chi mdt sd vdn phuang phdp ludn vd phuang phdp ludng tdng Idp trung liru a Vi^ Nam hien cdn dugc luu y nhiing nghien cuu tiip theo vi chu di Tirkhda: tdng Idp trung luu, giai cdp trung luu, gia &ih trung luu, Ddng Nam A Khai niem Sy xudt hipn ciia tdng lap trung luu (TLTL) hay (cae) giai cdp trung luu (GCTL) dd dugc de cap tren sach bao khoa hpc xa hOi, xd hOi hpc tren the gidi tiong nhilu thap ky qua Da co nhieu tranh ludn xung quanh ndi ham, phgm vi bao qudt cda khai niem Ben cgnh do, cac van de nhu sy xuat hipn, nhdng ddc dilm vd vai tid kinh tl, xa hOi, chinh tri cua tang lap trung luu cdc xa hOi khdc cimg da va dang dugctieptyc thao ludn trdn cac diln dan khoa hoc xd hOi Vl mdt thuat ngii, dang luu y la tiong sach bdo khoa hpc xd hOi bdng tilng Anh, cum td "middle class" ("giai cdp trung luu") dugc su dung phd biln hon cym tu "middle stiatum" ("tang lop trung luu") Trong d ViOt Nam, chling ta hdu nhu ehi diing cym td "tdng Idptiimgluu" md hilm gpi la "giai cap tnmg luu"^ Hgi Xahgi hgc Vi4t Nam ' Bii viet khuon k h i d l tii; Gia dinh trung luu a Vifl Nam v&i cdc qud trinh phdi triin kinh te - xd hgi - vdn hoa Ma s i : KHXH-GD/16-19/12 thupc Chuong trinh NCKH cdp BO "Nghign clhi dinh gid ting thi vl gia dinh thdi kj* cdng nghif p h6a, hi^n dai hda dat midc, hOi nhSp quIc te" Vifn Hin tSm Khoa hpc xS hOi Vi?t Nam ^ Vi the, tir diy v^ sau, cym ttr "giai cap trung luu" (GCTL) s5 duyc chung toi sii dyng n6i v^ nghiSn cuu cua c i c tac gid nude ngoii, cdn cym td TLTL sS duyc sijr dyng n6i v l cdc nghiSn cihi ij Vi^t Nam 82 Nghien cHu vi tdng lop tnmg luu Trong Td diln Xd hdi hpc Oxford (Marshall, 1998: 648-649), tren nhilu phuong dipn, GCTL la thuat ngd ma gidi hpc thuat it hdi ldng nhdt sd dyng vdi vide co gdng dinh nghia nd tiong mdt cdu ngan gpn: dd Id radt giai cap ed ehung tinh trgng vide lam va thi trudng Tren thuc tl, GCTL tiong cac xa hOi cdng nghiep hon mOt thi ky qua da dupe md rdt rdng, thdnh mpt tap hgp ngudi bao gdm tu giam ddc cac cdng ty cho din nhihig ngudi thu ky cua hg - dilu md kho co the coi la phu hgp Trong lugn gidi thdng thudng thi tat ca cdc logi cdng nhdn cd trdng deu thupc GCTL, nhung v l mat xa hOi hoc, csdn phan chia giai cdp cdc nhdm khac theo tieu chi la hp chia se nhiing cdng vi$c, thf trudng vd vi the chung Chdng hgn, John H Goldthorpe tiong cdng tiinh "Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modem Britm" dd phdn biet mOt giai cdp dich vy gdm nhfing nhd qudn ly cao cap vd edc nhd chuyen mdn, vdi giai cdp dich vu tre hodc cap thdp hon, thi bao gdm nhiing nha chuyen mdn cq> thdp hon nhu giao vien, eae nha quan ly va quan tri tre, nhdn vidn hdnh chinh, nhihig ngudi lam edng viee khdng phdi chan tay, nhu kd todn, thu ky; vd nhdng ngudi sd huu doanh nghipp nhd (nhu trudc ddy vin ggi Id tiiu tu sdn) Tuong dng thi giai cdp dich v\i dugc gpi la "GCTLtren" (upper-middle class), giai cdp dich vy tre dugc gpi Id "GCTL" (middle class), nhung nhdm cdn lgi gpi chung la "GCTL dudi" (lower-middle class) Chdng hgn, d Anh, "GCTL tren" bao gdm khodng 10% ddn sd, "GCTL" chilm khodng 20% va "GCTL thdp" ciing chiem khoang 20% nua Tinh gOp lai, GCTL la giai cap Ion nhdt tiong cdu true xa hOi Anh (Goldthorpe, 1980) Tuy nhien, mdt so nha xd hOi hgc, ddc bipt la nhiing ngudi theo quan diem Macxit, khdng chap nhan viec coi tat ca edng nhan cd trdng deu thuOc GCTL, dya tidn co scr la tinh tigng vipc lam cua hp nhm chung la tuang duang (ho^c thOm chi cdn kem hon) so vdi nhfing vidn cua giai cap cdng nhdn Hg thich gpi nhdm Id giai cap cdng nhdn mdi Dd la quan diem ma phdn Idn cdng nhdn cd trang khdng ddng tinh ciing nhu khdng cd du bdng chdng xa hdi hgc Ciing nhu vdy, thuat ngfi "GCTL" gid day thudng dugc cac nha bao va cac nhd chinh tri su dung (tdt ban) thay cho cum td "so ddng/ qudn chdng trung luu" (middle mass), chi nhung ngudi cd thu nhap gan vdi thu nhgp trung binh Nhfing sd lipu td cuOc nghidn cdu cd quy md qude gia d Anh cua Marshal Gordon va cOng sy (dugc cdng bd tiong Social Class in Modern Britain, 1984) cho thdy: ngudi dan cd :^ kiln khd phdn bipt vl thdnh phdn ciia GCTL Chdng hgn, 35% ngudi dugc hdi eho rdng GCTL bao gdm nhfing nha ehuyen mdn; 11% thi chi nhdc din cae nhd qudn 1^; va 7% eoi GCTL la tdt ca eae cdng nhdn cd trang Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhfing y kiln cho rdng cd mOt vai kilu loai GCTL khac Chdng hgn, GCTL dugc phan chia thdnh "GCTL mdi" (bao gdm cdc nha chuyen mon hudng luong, quan tii ky thudt, cdng nhan c l trdng lam quan ly - nhfing ngudi cd kj^ ndng vd kinh nghipm dac bipt); "GCTL cu" (bao gdm nhung ngudi sd huunhd vd nhfing ngudi tu kmh doanh); vd "GCTL ngoai bien" (marginal middle class), bao gdm nhfing cdng nhdn hudng luong ldm lao ddng thd so va cae cdng nhdn lam djch vy cd nhdn Mdc dO tdi sdn xuat vj the cua cac nhdm nhd nay, muc dp c l kit xd hOi eiia hg nhu mpt giai cdp/ tang Trjnh Duy Ludn 83 Idp, vd vide hg cd mOt vdn hda giai cdp rieng hay khdng - la khde gida cac xd hdi (Erikson va Goldtiiorpe, 1992) Sur xuat hipn cua (cac)'^ giai cap trung luu d Chau A va nhung dgc diem cua chung Cdc nha xa hpi hpc chdu A da cd nhiing nghidn cdu budc dau lam sdng td ve eai gpi Id GCTL d chau A, qua mOt sd quoc gia/ vung lanh tho dai dipn Chi din gdn day mdi cd nhfing nghidn cdu so sdnh va toan dien dl hilu duge nhung ddc dilm ehung cung nhu sy da dang cua cdc GCTL chdu A td nhieu edch tilp cgn Nhiing hien thyc cua chau A dugc xem nhu la mOt bdi cdnh khu vyc dde thu ma GCTL Idn len td do, va vi thi d day khdng the dp dyng cac kinh nghipm vd md hinh cua phuang Tdy mOt cdch gidn don Nhin vdo cac GCTL td chilu cgnh v; thi dgt dugc (status attainment/ achieved status), mOt sd tdc gid da chu y den qua trinh cdng nghipp hda - nhu la nhan td da thdc day su CO dOng xa hOi vd bien ddi vi the cae eau tnic phan tang Hg thdng nhat djnh nghia (cdc) GCTL la nhfing ngudi xudt hiOn kit qud cua su co dOng xa hOi va chiem dugc vi the nhu vay (Tunin, 1967; Treiman, 1977) Ngoai hg cung luu y rdng hinh anh vl uy tin va vai tid cua GCTL gifia cac nude d chdu A Id rdt khdc nhau, va chung cung phan anh nhfing dudng hiOn dai hda khdc eiia cae nuoc Vao dau nhiing ndm 2000, mdt series cdc nghien cuu tien ehu de "Sy xudt hidn eua GCTL d chau A va nhfing ddc dilm eua chiing" da dugc tiln hanh tgi qude gia vd viing lanh thi gdm: Han Qude, Hing Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines va Thdi Lan Cac nghien cdu dd phdn tich bdi cdnh vd nguon gdc xd hdi xuat than cua GCTL, chi nhiing ddc dilm cua (cdc) GCTL, vd tii day tim hilu vai trd xd hdi va chinh tri ma GCTL chilm gifi d moi qude gia / vung lanh thi dugc nghien cdu (Xem series cdc bai viet tren Tap chi The Developing Economies, XLI-2 (June 2003: 161-284), vdi cdc tdc gia duge tiich ddn dudi ddy) Qud tiinh hipn dai hda va tdng trudng kinh t l d chau A cho thdy nhfing dgc dilm rdt khac so vdi nhfing qude gia phuong Tdy - noi hipn dai hda didn tudn ty, vai thi ky chau A, hien dgi hda bdt ddu muOn hon nhung lgi dien tix)ng khoang thdi gian ngdn hon dudi hinh thdc "cdng nghiOp hda nit ngdn" Hon niia, trii hai qude gia Nhat Ban va Thai Lan, thi cac nude dugc nghien cdu diu da tdng la thuOc dia cua cac cudng quoc phuang Tay Chi dO thupc dja dd cd nhihig tdc dOng nhdt dinh din hien dai hoa, nhung qua tiinh ndy chi tiiyc sy hipn huu td sau Chiln tranh Thi gidi idn tiid 2, phdn Idn cdc qude gia - dan tgc mdi gidnh dugc dOc Igp tin rdng tdng trudng kmh te cd the la ly sdng cdn cua hg, dd bdt ddu tiln hdnh hipn dgi hoa Vdi nhfing cd gdng nhdm dgt tdi myc tieu tdng trudng, hg thudng xdc Igp ben tiong bien gidi cua minh cdi ggi la nhung che theo chu nghia phdt trien dOc tai (Tamura, 2003) Do qua trinh cdng nghipp hda nit ngdn, cdc ddng di cu ndng tiidn - thi d chdu A tdng manh, kit qud la GCTL tiii ddu tien Id sy "kit ndi/ hda tidn cua rdt nhilu nguon * Cym tir GCTL vii cdc GCTL c6 nghTa khdc Khi sii dyng n6 d s6 ft, li dl nhic din GCTL xa hOi phuong TSy, c6n d thi si nhieu (cdc GCTL) 14 dl chi phiic hpp cic giai cap xa hgi khic nhau, dang xudt hifnfifcic quIc gia ehiu A hi$n 84 Nghien cuu ve lang lap tnmg Iteu g6c xa h6i khac nhau" Hon nOa, mot the he dac biet nh&ig cu dan thi roi que huong tiii lap nghiep, nhung vhi di bo me lai, van bdo luu manh mg nhihig gid tri nong thon cua minh Co thS qua sdm de khdng djnh ho se gia nhap mgt giai cap - g6c d6 thi th6ng qua "hon nhan npi bp giai cap", nhung trSn thuc te thi hiSn ho khong c6n luu giu: ca y thiic giai cdp l§n van hoa giai cap cua rieng minh nQa GCTL chau A hien khdng c6 nhung ddc diem nhu GCTL a chau Au tni6c day, v6n du(?c phan bi^t vdi cdc giai tdng khdc bdi vdn hoa va y thiic (Giddens, 1973), ciing khdng gidng vdi "quan chung trung luu mdi" d Nhgt Ban, von khong cd bat ky vj the hay bieu tnmg dac bi^t nao cua rieng hg (Murakami, 1984) Vi the, GCTL chau A chi cd thi dugc phac hoa, it nhat vao thdi gian nay, nhu la mgt tdng lap trung gian giiia TLTL dual vd TLTL trin GCTL chdu A chia se nhiing ddc diSm chung d mdt mijrc dg dang ke, song hinh hai thuc tg cila GCTL d mdi nude 1^ rdt khdc so vdi GCTL ciia mdt nude khac, tiiy thugc vao nhieu nhan td Cac nhdn td bao gdm nhfing tiSn de eua hi^n dai h6a, qud trinh tang trudrig kinh tg (dac bi^t, tdc phat triln va each thiic ma cdc dong di cu ndng thdn - dd thi diln ra), cdc chuong trinh chfnh sach ma chinh phu theo dudi, va nhOng didu ki$n mdi trudng Vi v^y chi sir xuat hien vd cdc d ^ didm ciia hg, ta sg d6ng thdi thay dugc ca su da dang ciia cac GCTL d chdu A Nghien ciiu tnrdmg hgp cua Han Qude, Arita Shin (2003) cho thiy GCTL d day di Idn len bdi canh cua cac ddng di cu lao dgng o ^t tir ndng thdn dd thj cimg vdi qud trinh cong nghiep hoa rid ngdn, vdi s\f phdt tridn rdt nhanh cua giao due Tat ci nhihig dieu kien dd thuc day qua trinh co dgng xa hgi, dugc dac trung rdt rd bdi s\l lien kdt xa hgi nhiing ngudi c6 ngudn gdc xd hgi rdt khdc NhOng s(t lien kdt tao mgt cdu triic phdn tdng khdc thudng bdi nhiing kenh quan trgng dd di ddng di len, bao gdm khdng chi sif di dgng tir GCTL cu thdnh GCTL mdi, ma tir cdng nhan va ndng ddn trd GCTL cu (dudi hmh thiic co dgng bdn thi h$ hojc giiia cac th6 h g Hon nta, vi$c it cd nhiing rao cdn ddi vdi di ddng di Idn dudng nhu ciing phdn nao gidi thich vi GCTL Hdn Qude khd cd thd nudi dudng mgt vSn hda rieng ciia hg Hdng Kong, Singapore vd Malaysia thi rat khdc vdi Han Qude Dd hidu ve GCTL ciia eac nude hay vimg Idnh thd cdn phdi tinh ddn nhiJng tidn dd cho edng cuOc hi?n dji hda ciia hg, bao gom ndn dgc l^p va nhiing hidn ddi chinh tr) di kem, ciing nhu ddc diem cua hg nhu nhimg nha nude - ddn tdc hay nhOng thdnh phd thugc dia cu Theo Tai-Lok Lui (2003), su xudt hien cua GCTL mdi lich sii cua Hong Kong tir mdt phd thuOc dia ddn trd vd vdi Trung Qude, da la mgt tien dd khidn GCTL Hdng Kdng cd phan mien cudng phdi ed nhihig hanh dgng chinh trj d^a trdn sdng Men ridng ciia minh O Hdng Kdng khdng cd ndn ndng nghi$p ndn GCTL mdi thudng xudt hi?n tir nhiing ngudi nhdp cu nhanh chdng dat vd di Idn NhOng ngudi thugc GTCL moi cua Hong Kdng dugc phac hpa nhu la nhOng ngudi khat khao theo duoi edc lgi ich kinh tl vd thd o vdi chinh tri ddn mOc hg phdi vi|n den chidn luge thdo chay khdi Hdng Kdng d Singapore, theo Keiko Tamura (2003), s\r thd a vi chinh trj cila GCTL dien mgt nhd nude - dd thj, khdng cd ndng nghiep, gin gidng nhu H6ng Kdng Trinh Duy Ludn 85 Singapore, hp thdng ehinh tri chinh phu ndm gifi vd thyc thi cae chinh sach nhdm nudi dudng mOt GCTL tinh hoa Dilu ndy dugc xem nhu Id nguyen nhan chinh tgo sy xa Idnh ve chinh tri cua GCTL De hieu la, dl bdo ddm cho sy tin tgi va dn dinh chinh tri cda mOt qude gia - dd thi nhd nhu Singapore, chi dO chinh tr; dudi su lanh dgo cda Dang Hdnh dOng Nhan ddn datichcue theo dull nhfing chinh sdch phat triln ngudn nhdn lye va chinh sdch gido dye nham nudi duong mOt GCTL mdi vdi rdt nhilu uu dai Dugc mOt chinh phu manh h§ trg nhu vgy, GCTL Singapore din van hit sue ung hO chinh phu tiong vice tri tang trudng kinh tl nhanh va bao dam edc phdc lgi vdt chdt, nhien, hp Cling rat hoai nghi ve trien vpng ddn chu hda dat nude Trong mpt quoc gia da sac tOe nhu Malaysia, net ndi bat cda GCTL Malaysia xudt phdt td nhung sang kien manh me cua ehinh phdtiongvipc nudi dudng mOt nhdm sdc tOc ddc biOt, nhdm ngudi Malay Trong da dang hda cdc chinh sach kinh tl cda mhih, chinh phd Malaysia coi GCTL ngudi Malay nhu la nhihig dai didn chd ylu cda phat trien kinh tl, cho du dinh nghia vl cdc GCTL va nOi dung eiia cac chinh sach nudi dudng chdng diu thay ddi theo thdi gian Do GCTL Malaysia ludn nhgn dugc sy ho trg chu ylu ciia chinh phu, nen cd le \i the cho din 1999, hg vdn mang tinh bdo thu vl chinh tri (Torii, 2003) Vuang qude Thdi Lan, vdi khu vyc ndng nghiOp rOng Idn, di cu ndng thdn - dd thi mang tinh tuan hoan, ngudi di eu td ndng thdn van khd dinh cu d dd thi va thudng phai quay ve nai xuat cu GCTL Thai Lan da xuat hipn mdi trudng kinh te xa hOi nhu vgy, noi ma eo sy tap trung nhieu ca hOi (nhu cd dugc hpc vdn/ gido due) cho sy di dgng di Idn /thang tiln d cac phd, ddc biet la d thu dd Bangkok Hg thudng cd nguon gdc td cdc tdng lop xa hOi thdp d dd thi Ddng thdi, mSu; du ddtiaiqua su ket ndi cae nhdm cd nguIn gdc xd hpi khac nhau, GCTL Thai Lan vl ca bdn van cdn kha ddng nhdt theo nghia la tap hgp nhung ngudi cd hoc vdn (Funatsu vd Kagoya, 2003) Tgi Philippines, qua trinh hien dgi hda ddt nude Igi diln kha chdm chgp, bdi ty Ip tdng trudng cua khu vuc kinh tl hipn dgi khdng du mgnh de cd the tuyen chgn dugc nhieu lao dgng hon Dilu dd anh hudng din d|c diem eua GCTL Philippines vd nhihig vai trd chinh tri cua nd, vdi sd lugng tuong doi nhd cung vdi mdc dp cl kit xd hOi cdn thdp Mdc du ho dang d mOt vj tri cd thi thdch thdc nen chinh tii truyin thing qua vipc dua nhftng md hinh mdi tham gia chinh tri, song mdc dp cd kit xd hOi tiidp dd khiln hg thudng phai tham gia vdo nhfing trd choi lien kit hay to chdc Igi, md kit qud thudng la sy thdt bai va khdng gdy dyng dugc cho minh nhung dnh hudng chinh trj dd manh (Kimura, 2003) Nhin chung, GCTL cda chdu A ddi qua trinh cdng nghiOp hda va hiOn dai hda thdng qua su ca dOng xa hOi di Idn ca cdu phdn tdng xa hpi vd c6 ngudn gdc xd hOi rdt da dang Nhfing khdc bipt gifia cdc nude ve cac tidn de cho phdt triln va cdc chinh sach phat triln, vl ca cdu xd hpi trudc do, dang co nhiing anh hudng sdu rOng din ddc diem cua GCTL, thgm chi dnh hudng cd din thai dO chinh tri cua hg GCTL chdu A dang chilm gifi nhfing vai trd nhdt dinh quan hp vdi nha nude, ddc bipt tdng trudng kinh tl, thdc day dan chu hda x3 hOi, tham gia 86 Nghien ctiu ve tdng Idp trung luu chinh tri d nhfing mdc dO khdc nhau, thudc vao dSic dilm phat triln cua moi nude (Tamura, 2003) Stf xuat hi^n tdng Idp trung luu d Vipt Nam Trong ba thdp nien Ddi mdi vda qua, Viet Nam da dat dugc nhung thdnh tyu to Idn ve kinh te va xd hdi Viec chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng Xa hOi chii nghia, ddy manh edng nghipp hda, hipn dgi hda ciing la nhiing tac nhan quan trgng tao nhiing bien ddi cdu triic xd hgi, dugc the hipn mOt each didn hinh tiong hien tupng phdn tdng xd hdi cdc nhdm ddn cu Kinh te thi trudng, md cua hOi nhap va sy phat trien mgnh me va nang dOng eda cac loai hinh hogt dOng san xudt kinh doanh dd tao nhilu eo may, van hpi cho nhilu ca nhan, nhieu nhdm xd hdi di dgng di len cac nhdm giau c6, kha gia Sy phdt trien ciia hp cd the lam doang rOng khoang each giau ngheo, nhung ddng thdi ciing gdp phdn tao ddng lyc tdng trudng kinh tl vd tien bO xa hpi Cung vdi thdi gian, edc nhdm xd hOi mdi duge khang dinh vi tri va vai tio tiong CO cdu kinh tl - xa hOi Co the ke ten nhfing tang Idp mdi nhu doanh nhdn (ddc bipt la doanh nhdn khu vuc tu nhdn), gidi chuyen gia quan ly va khoa hpc ky thuat, nhiing nhan vien cd trinh dp cao tiong cac ngdnh sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd dich vy hidn dai nhu vien thdng, tai chinh, ngan hang, cdng nghe thdng tin, Tuy vgy, hau het eac nghien edu edn chua hudng vao "tdng Idp trung luu" nhu la ddi tugng nghien ciiu trye tiep tiong eae phdn tich va khdo sat cda minh MOt vdi cdng trinh neu cd de cap den thi mdi chi la nhung dy phdng (dy bao) ve TLTL ma chua thyc sy nghien edu, kilm dinh cy the tu thyc tien Gidi khoa hgc xd hdi cimg thudng cd dy cam dudng nhu xd hOi Viet Nam qua Ddi mdi dd hOi du cdc dilu kiOn cho sy xudt hien ciia mOt TLTL tren eo sd cac "nhdm xa hdi vugt tiOi", vd vi the da co nhfing khuyen cao vS sy can thilt phai nghidn cdu hien tugng nay, nhdm xa hOi mOt each cdn bdn Cdu hdi thudng dugc ddt la: xd hdi Vipt Nam sau 30 ndm Ddi mdi, dudi tac ddng cda qua trinh ddy mgnh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, ehuyin sang kinh tl thi tiirdng da hOi du nhfing dieu kipn de hinh mdt tdng lop trung luu hay ehua? Va nlu cd tW hp da va dang hinh td nhiing dudng ndo, tu nhfing ngudn gdc xd hOi xudt than nao (trudc dd)? Vd xa hon, hp dang hoac se chilm gift nhfing vai trd nao tiong ddi sdng kinh tl, xa hOi vd chinh tii ciia ddt nude? (Trinh Duy Luan, 2006) Day qua that la cac cau hdi phdn anh nhfing ddi hdi bdc thilt vl m$t !y luan va thyc tien tiong viOc nghien cdu vd hogch dinh cdc chinh saeh cd lien quan den sy phat triln ciia TLTL d ViOt Nam hipn Vd day la chu dl can ed nhilu nghien cdu nghiem tuc, dai hoi mdi cd thi dugc lam sdng td cd vl ly ludn va thyc tien Tilp theo sy xudt hien vd phat tiiln eua tdng lap doanh nhan, sy xudt hipn cfia TLTL la mOt budc phdt trien mdi cua cdu true xa hpi giai tdng d nude ta tiong thdi k^ Doi mdi Cd till tiidy rdng TLTL dang la lyc lugng kmh t l - xa hOi cd khd ndng to Idn ddng gdp cho sy phat trien kinh te, ca tiong sdn xudt va tieu diing, cd cung va cdu, tiding md Trjnh Duy Ludn 87 rOng dau tu, san xudt kinh doanh, tao vipc lam, va di dau vipc hinh mOt ldi sdng mdi, cdng nghipp hda, hiOn dai hda va dd thi hda - hay ndi ggn lgi - mpt Idi song cua xa hpi phdt trien theo hudng hipn dgi hda Tren thyc te, nlu nhfing biln ddi cua edu tide xa hdi qud tiinh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda d Vipt Nam co ddn din nhung hO qua tich cyc ndo dd, thi cd le trudc het phdi ke den sy xudt hidn cua cdc ylu td mdi nhu tang Idp doanh nhan, TLTL va vai tid cua ehung tiong vide thuc ddy phat trien kinh te va phat tridn xa hOi hipn tgi vd tuong lai Vi the, can phai cd nhilu nghidn cuu hon nfia, de chi dugc quy md, nhfing ddc dilm, vi thi va vai tio kinh tl, chinh tri, van hda, xa hOi cda TLTL Viet Nam, nhu nhilu nghien cdu da cd ve TLTL chau A da dugc phdn tich d tren Tuy vay, cac nha xd hOi hgc mdi chi bdt ddu de c$.p den sy hien dien cua TLTL ma chua thyc su dinh hinh dugc nd Mpt vai nghien cuu gan day ve tang Idp trung liru Vipt Nam hiSn Tu phia cac hpc gia nude ngoai, td ndm 2008, cd thd nhdc den tdc gia Victor T King (2008a) Cdng trinh "The middle class in Southeast Asia: diversities, identities, comparisons and the Vietnamese case" (Tang lap trung luu d Ddng Nam A: sy da dgng, ban sac, so sanh vd trudng hgp Viet Nam) cua dng d§t nhidu vdn de ve nOi dung va phuang phap nghidn cdu v l TLTL d Ddng Nam A, dd cd viec xac dinh TLTL dya tren hai chi bdo; hgc vdn va tieu dung, nhfing kho khdn phai so sdnh TLTL chdu A vdi TLTL d phuong Tay, vice phdi sd dung d the sd nhieu ("cdc" TLTL) de phdn anh sy da dang ban sdc va vai trd cua "cae" TLTL d cdc qude gia chau A TLTL Viet Nam dugc d l cap cong trinh ndy, vd tiong mOt bai vilt biln the khac vdi ddng tac gia Vipt Nam (King va cdng sy, 2008) "Professional middle class youth in post-reform Vietnam: identity, continuity and change" (Gidi chuyen mdn tre tiling TLTL d Viet Nam sau Ddi mdi: ban sdc, sy lien ti^c vd biln ddi), dugc phdn tich tien mdt mdu gdm 226 ngudi (ea nam vd nu thuOc nhdm tudi td 19-25) tai dd thi Idn eua Viet Nam Id Ha NOi, phd Hd Chi Minh, Da Ndng va Hai Phdng Mau Igi duge ldy td mdu cua cude Dilu tia SAVY (2003-2004 ) vdi chi bao xac dinh TLTL Id: hpc vdn va tidu dung Vi v^y, thuc chdt bai vilt chi dl c^p din mOt nhdm rdt nhd cua TLTL tie (flianh nien) dd thi Viet Nam MOt nhgn dinh ly tiid ciia nghien ciru Id: cho den thdi dilm dilu tra (2004), cd rdt it bdng chdng cho thay nhdm TLTL tre dang phat tiiln mOt ban sdc chinh tri ridng cua hg Ly cd thi Id hp van tilp tyc gdn bd vdi linh vyc vipc Idm vd giao dye thuOc khu vyc nha nude, efing gilng nhu thi he cha anh hg trudc day dd tiing gdn bd Cudn sdch "The Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and tiie Middle Class in Urban Vietiiam" (Phdt hipn Igi ndt dOc dao: Hipn dgi vd tdng Idp tinng luu d cac dd tiij Vipt Nam) la series cac bdi vilt kha ly thu cua nhdm hpc gid quIc t l (Nguyen-Marshall, Drummond, Belanger, 2012) ve tdng lap trung luu dd thi Vipt Nam qua khd tiiuOc dia (ddu till k^ 20), ciia nhung ndm 1960 d Sdi Gdn, vd d Ha NOi thdi ky Dii mdi va hgi nhap hipn nay, td cdch tilp cgn lien ngdnh (sd hpc, vdn hgc nghe thu^t, kinh tl, xa hpi hgc, kiln tiiic va quy hoach dd tiii) V l TLTL d Ha NOi hiOn nay, bai vilt cua Lisa Drummond: "Middle class Landscapes in a Transformmg City: Hanoi in the 21st 88 Nghien cHu vi tdng lop trung liru , Century" euon sdch la kha ly thd td gdc nhin cda quy hogch vd xa hOi hgc dd thi Tdc gid sd dyng thudt ngu "canh quan" cua quy hoach dd thi de mieu ta su xuat hi^n cda TLTL d Ha NOi qua cac quan sat thudng ngay: Dd la su nd rO cdc tda nha cao tdng vdi cac can hO cao cdp, cdc "thanh phd tu nhan khdp kin" (gated community- nhir Khu Dd thi mdi Ciputra), cac sidu thi hay trung tam mua sdm (shopping mall), sSn golf vd cac tidn nghi giai tii, su gia tang d td cd nhan, phd biln cua dilu hda nhiet dO, nhfing ky nghi / du lich, dac biet la cdc ehuyin du Heh nude ngoai, cac trao luu "hang hieu" theo chudn khu vyc vd todn cdu, tdt cd diu mang xu hudng ldi song ciia mOt TLTL dgc tnmg "Cdnh quan" cho thdy "tinh trung luu" ro net cda mdt bO phgn dang kl ddn cu thdnh phd, ma theo tac gia "da bi cdc nha qudn ly vd hoach dinh chinh sdch "bd qua mdt each cdng", va vi v^y, cung cdn it dugc gidi nghien ciiu tiong va ngoai nude chd y Ndm 2014, Vipn Nghien cdu Chau A cda Bdc Au (Nordic Institute of Asian Studies - NIAS) d Copenhagen, Dan Mgch dd xudt ban cudn sdch cda tac gia Catherme Earl (2014) dudi tieu dl "Vietnam's New Middle Classes: Gender, Career, City" (Tang Idp trung luu mdi d Viet Nam: Gidi, Cdng viec, Thdnh phd) Cdng trinh chu yeu dya tidn each tilp can nhan hpc, vdi cac tu liOu lieh su - ddt nude hpc vd "cau chuydn dudng ddi" (life history) dl phdc hpa hinh anh mOt sd nhan v | t dgi dipn cho cdi ggi Id "tang Idp trung luu mdi" d thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh thdi kf "sau Ddi mdi" Hon nfia, tiSu diem cua cudn sach la d nhfing chilu canh "gidi, cdng viec va pho" nhu tieu de cua cudn sdch Tuy nhidn, nd ciing cung cap cho dOc gia Vipt Nam mpt hinh dung ve nhung nhdn v^t thuOc cdi ggi la "tdng Idp trung luu mdi" d thi Vipt Nam dudi gdc nhin ciia mOt hpc gia nude ngoai Dinh nghia vd xdc dinh vai trd cda TLTL qua chi bdo tidu dung, Nguyen Van Thinh vd cOng sy (2010) tiong bdi viet "The emerging middle class in Vietnam transitional economy: identification, measurement and consumption behavior respect to economic growtii" (Tang lop trung luu dang xuat hien nin kinh t l ehuyin ddi d Vipt Nam: nhgn dgng, ludng va hanh vi tieu dimg dii vdi tdng trudng kinh tl) dd tiln hdnh udc lugng quy md TTTL Viet Nam theo mdc tidu diing va cdu tnic tieu diing cua cd nhdn Cac tdc gid da sd dyng cac ly thuylt vd md hinh kinh t l lugng dl dy bao Ly thu la hg sd dyng c^n dudi mdc chi tieu dung theo chi bdo tuypt ddi cua World Bank (td 3-10$ PPP/ngdy/ ngudi), tii day udc lugng dugc ty I? TLTL d Viet Nam ndm 2010 la 40%, dy bao 2015 la 60% (so vdi 5% ndm 1992) Cae tac gia nghidn cdu cung thira nh§n Id hg mdi chi de cap tdi hdnh vi tieu dung eiia TLTL ma chua till tinh din vai trd ciia hanh vi tilt kipm va ddu tu, vd cang chua thi tinh din eac vai tid chinh tri, xd hOi va vdn hda cua TLTL Viet Nam tiong 30 ndm qua Lien quan den chi bao tieu diing, tien cac phuang tien truyin thdng gan ddy, cac Tap doan Maketing qude tl da dua nhfing dy bdo vl quy md TLTL mdi d dd tiii Vi|t Nam (theo nhiing tieu ehi xdc dinh rieng ciia hp) Dd la nhung sd ddy Igc quan, dua trdn mdc tidu dung va dl dy bao nhu cdu tieu diing, dac bipt Id cac san phdm thuang hiOu nude ngoai, nhu hai doan trich dudi day: Trjnh Duy Ludn 89 Theo khdo sdt mdi nhdt ciia Tgp dodn tu vdn Boston (BCG), Vi$t Nam hiin Id q gia cd tdc dd tdng trudng tdng lap trung luu vd gidu cd mgnh nhdt Bdng Nam A, d kien len 33 tri$u ngudi vdo ndm 2020 (Vnexpress, ngdy 20/1/2014) Ngdn hang ANZ phdi hgp vdi Tap dodn Nghien ciiu thi trudng Roy Morgan udc tinh mdi ndm, Viet Nam si cd them khodng tri$u ngudi tieu diing gia nhdp vdo tdng Idp trung Itm Ddy chinh la dgng lire ndi dia quan trgng thuc ddy tdng trud kinh ti (Vnexpress, 13/7/2014) nude, nhfing nam gan ddy, da cd mOt sd cdng trinh nghidn cdu true tilp vl TLTL Viet Nam D I tai NCKH cdp nha nude "Tdng lop trung luu phat tiiln xd hpi va qudn ly phat tiiln xa hOi d ViOt Nam" (Ma sd KX.02.16/11-15) Doan Mmh Hudn va Trdn Thi Mmh Ngpc (2015) ldm chd nhipm la mOt nghien edu cd tidu dl va nOi dung rdt hdp dan gidi nghien cuu cd quan tdm Tuy nhidn, ngoai nhipm vy trpng tdm Id chi vai tid cda TLTL ndi chung tiong phat triln xd hOi vd quan ly phat triln xd hOi, dl tdi dd chua xd \^ nhung CO sd phuang phap luan va phuong phdp hp viOc xac dinh va ludng TLTL d Viet Nam, day la mOt yeu cau then chot de tii cd thi "dinh hinh" quy md, cdu tnic ciia TLTLva ludng vai tid ciia ndtiongeac Imh vyc kinh tl, xd hOi, vdn hda d Viet Nam, cung cdc yeu to tac dOng phuc tap, da ehieu tdi nhimg vai tro Biii Dgi Diing (2014) bdi vilt "Quy md tdng Idp trung luu tai Vidt Nam theo tieu chi thu nh$p" dl cap din phuang phap xdc dinh quy md TLTL theo tidu chi thu nhdp, gidi thiOu cdch tilp can xac dinh quy md TLTL d M^ (theo chi sd tuong dii: td 60% din 200% trung vi thu nhap theo ddu ngudi) vd thi dilm ap dungti'nhtoan tren nin sd lieu Dilu tra mdc sdng dan cu 2010dl xac dinh quy md TLTL tgi 60 tinh ciia Viet Nam Gan day, Bui Thi Cudng, Phgm Thi Dung vd Td Ddc Tu (2015) vdi bdi viet "Tang Idp tinng luu d Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh: Co cdu va ddc dilm nhan khdu" ddtiinhbdy mOt nghien cdu dang chu y ca vl ngi dung va phuong phap Dya tien mau gdm 383 ngudi dugc tiich xudt td mdt mdu Idn han (661 ngudi dang lam vipc tiong 1.080 hO dugc khao sat) cac tdc gia dd tinh quy md TLTL cua Hd Chi Minh vdo thdi dilm khdo sat (nam 2010) Id 57,9% Vl phuong phdp, dang chu y la edc tdc gid khdng sd dyng tieu chi thu nhdp hay ehi tieu ma sd dyng khung phan nhdm nghi nghiOp cda Ting cyc Tdng ke, cd dilu chinh va bd sung, de phdn loai va khang dinh nhdm nghe nghiep dugc xep vao TLTL cua Dd la cae nhdm: (1) Lanh dao, qudn ly Dang, Nha nude, dodn thi xa hgi, ca quan hdnh chinh sy nghiOp khu vyc Dang, Nhd nude, doan the; (2) Lanh dao, qudn ly cdng ty tiong khu vyc tu nhdn; (3) Chii co sd kinh doanh hO gia dinh phi ndng nghipp; (4) Chuydn mdn k^ thugt, nghiOp vy, dich vy, thuong mgi; (5) Nong dan Idptidn.Phuang phap dd trdnh dugc vipc xac djnh cdc chi baotiiunhap vd chi tidu - vin rdt khd thu thap day dd va chinh xdc tren thyc dia Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl 90 Nghien cdu vJ tdng lop trung luu thi cac vidn cua moi nhdm (dac biet la cac vidn ciia nhdm 4) thudng bi phdn tdng tiong nOi bO theo cdc ddc dilm ed nhdn vd gia dinh, ndn khdng phdi tdt ca cac tiianh vien cua nhdm diu ed dd dilu kidn (chdng han ve thu nhgp) de duge xep vao TLTL Le Kim Sa (2015) cd nghien cuu "Tdng Idp tnmg luu d Viet Nam: quan dilm tiep can, thyc tien phdt triln va eae kien nghi chinh sdch" Cd Id ddy Id nghidn cdu dinh lupng ddu tien vl TLTL d Viet Nam dya tien bO so lieu cua cuOe Dieu tia Muc song Dan cu Viet Nam (VLSS) tiong cac ndm 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 va 2012 Nghien euu dd xac dinh quy md cua TLTL Viet Nam theo tiep c|in da chilu, vdi chi bao ca bdn Dd la chi bdo thu nhgp (dugc xac dinh d mdc tien Idn ngudng ngheo); chi bao giao dye (dugc xac dinh bdi hpc vdn cda cua it nhdt vien hp gia dinh phai td Trung hgc phd thdng tio len); vd chi bao nghe nghipp (dugc xac dinh bdi it nhdt cd thdnh vien hO gia dinh lam nghe phi gidn don) Td do, nghien cuu dd udc lugng quy md TLTL Viet Nam (theo tiep can da chilu), hien chiem khoang 31,5% dan sd dat nude (Le Kim Sa, 2015) Day ed le la nhung eon so ddu tien ve quy md cua TLTL d ViOt Nam theo tidp cdn da chidu M|c dii cdn cd nhfing hgn che nhdt dinh, nghien cdu ndy da thd nghiem vd ggi nhieu vdn de ve phuang phdp nghien cdu vd phuong phap ludng da chilu ddi vdi TLTL d ViOt Nam Phuong phap mang tinh "co dan" nhilu "nghipm s i " v l quy md TLTL thdng qua cdc "bO lpc", tiong bdi cdnh nhilu nghidn cdu dd dua nhung eon sd rat khac vl quy md TLTL dya tren tiep can don ehieu (thu nh§.p, chi tidu hay nhdm nghd nghidp) MOt ting quan sa bO tren day eho thay hinh anh cua TLTL dang xuat hien d Vi^t Nam va nhu eau nghien cdu ve tdng Idp ndy dang khd sdi ndi, vdi nhung ydu cdu khdt khe vl CO sd ly ludn, phuong phdp ludn va phuang phap hO mOt cdch chat che Ben cgnh khai nipm TLTL bao gdm cac ca nhdn cdu thdnh TLTL, cdn cd mpt chu de khac rat diiags chii y Dd la khai nipm "gia dinh trung luu" - noi luu gifi cac khudn mau Idi song cua nhfing don vi xd hOi quan trgng ciia TLTL, vd vai tio ciia chiing tiong phdt triln kinh te, xa hOi, van hda cua ddt nude hiOn va nhfing thOp nidn tdi Nhfing vdn dl phuang phap xdc dinh vd ludng quy md, cdu trdc, vai trd cda cdc gia dinh trung luu Viet Nam hi?n cung la nhfing vdn dl ddi hdi nhilu tim tdi, phat hipn va van dyng nghien ciiu Chdng tdi se cd dip de cap den nhfing van de cy the hon nhung vdn decda TLTL va Gia dinh trung luu ViOt Nam nhung nghidn cdu mdi sdp tdi Tai li^u tham khao Arita, Shin 2003 The growth of Korean middle class and its social consciousness The Developing Economies, XLI-2 (June 2003):201-220 B£)i E>ai Dung 2014 Quy mo tang 16p trung lini t^i Vi^t Nam theo tiSu chf thu nh$p Tgp chi Kinh li va Chinh tri Thi gi&i, Sl (218) Bai The Cii6ng, P h ^ Thj Dung v4 T6 Dire T