Sai lệch xã hội nhìn từ góc độ xã hội học

Sai Igch xa hoi nhin tu* goc xa hoi hoc Nguyen Dinh Tdn' ' Hpc viOn Chfnh tn Quic gia Ho Chi Minh Email: nguyendinhtan@npa.org.vn Nhin ngiy thing 11 nim 2016 Ch^p nh|in ding ngiy 16 thing 12 nim 2016 Tdm tat: Sai lfch xa hgi doi lgp vdi chuan m\fc xa hgi Sai lfch xa hgi la nhftng hanh vi vi phgm hogc dl chfch khdi cdc chuan mye xa hfli Sai lfch xd hgi cd nhilu hinh thftc khac thugc vao tiing nln vin hfla Cd the cd nhftng hdnh vi dugc coi la sai Ifch xa hfi ttong mpt nen van hda nay, song lgi dugc coi Id binh thuflng ttong mgt nln vdn hfla khac Sai lfch xa hgi cd thl cd tinh tich cyc Thanh nifin Id Iflp ngudi dl thay doi, dd de cd sai lfch xd hfli, ca sai lfch tieu cyc va sai lfch tich cgc Tir khda: Sai Ifch xd hfi, chudn mye xa hgi, xa hgi hgc Abstract: Social deviance is seen versus social norms It includes behaviours that intrtnge or deviate from the norms, and has different forms that vary from one culture to another Some behaviours can be regarded as social deviance in a culture, while as normal in another Social deviance can be positive Being prone to change, youths can easily be subjects to social deviance, both negatively and positively Keywords: Social deviance, social norms, sociolo©' fiat vdn d l Sai lech xd h^i Id mgt khdi nifm ciia xd hgi hgc Sai lech xa fagi Id gi? Nd ed ddc diem, hinh thftc vd cac ylu to cau thanfa nfau the nao? Cdc van dfi cdn it dugc nghien cuu va cdn dugc ldm sang td ban Bai vifit ndy dl cap din cac van d l ttfin Sai I?ch xa faOi Trong xd fagi hgc, sai lfch xd hgi doi Idp vdi cfaudn mye xd hgi Cfauan mye xd hgi dugc failu Id quy tde duge da sfl edc thdnh vifin xa hgi thfta nhgn vd tuan thft mgt cdcfa ty gidc Hdnh vi chudn muc xa hgi thuflng dugc du Iudn xd hgi ca nggi, khen thudng Chudn mye xa hgi quy djnh tt'nh chdt, mftc dg, pfaam vi, gifli fagn ctia cai cfl the, cdi cho phep, cdi khdng dugc pfaep hogc cai khflng bdt bugc, cai bdt huge phai tfayc hifn ttong hdnh vi xd fagi cfta moi cd nfadn nfadm bdo ddm xd fagi van hdnfa mgt cdch binfa thuflng trdt tu Cftng voi dgng co, hodn cdnh, chudn muc xd hgi quy djnh, chi phfli hanfa vi ngufli Dftng nfau Blackwell kfadng djnfa: 79 tChoa hgc xa fapi Viet Nam, so (111) - 2017 cfaudn mye xd fapi tgo cdc hf qud xa hpi cd tdc dfng den hdnfa vi ngudi Chudn mye ed nhieu vai ttd Trudc hit, nd dieu hda hdnh vi ftng xft cfta mgi cd nfadn, giup mgi ngudi tuan thu nfafing kfaudn mau duge xa hfli thfta nhdn, giftp xa hfli hn djnh, v§n hdnh binh thudng va di dftng quy dgo Chudn mye xd fapi giftp mgi ngufli xdc djnfa vd phdn bift cai dting, cdi sai; bdi vi su tuan thu cae cfaudn mye xd hgi Id ddu hifu the hifin tu cdch tfadnh vien cua mgt nhdm, tfl chfte xd hfi ndo dd Nlu ngufli ndo lam sai lech cfaudn mye xd hgi thi ngudi dd se bj hf th6ng tft cfadi hodc tdy chay, Chuan mye xa hgi eung giftp cftng cfl ede gia trj vdn hfla thflng qua cdc hinfa tfaftc tfauflng, phgt dfli vfli nhihig hanh vi tudn thu hoac di chf cfa vdi nhfing chudn mye xa hgi cfta nhflm, t l chftc Vfli y nghia do, cfauan mye kfaong cfai don tfaudn Id nhiing khdt khao cua xa hdi, md cdn Id yfiu cdu tat yeu cfta xa fafi ddi vfli hdnfa vi cua cdc ca nhan Chuan mye xd hgi cd thl la nhftng bifiu hifn ngdn cdm mOt s6 hdnh vi sai lfch dang t6n tgi ttong xd hgi (vi dy, nghifn hftt ma tuy, mgi dam, quan faf tinh dye ngodi hfln nhdn, phflng nhanh vugt du, gay g6, ddnh nhau, lgm dung nhiing dfl uflng cd ) Chuan muc xd hgi bao ghm cd hg tfaflng cdc dilu luat, cdc phong tyc, tap qudn nhdt djnfa vd dugc chia thdnh: chudn mye xd hgi chung (todn xa hdi), chudn mye xd hgi cfta mgt nfadm Cd nfafing chudn mye xd hOi dugc thilt che hda, ed nhihig chuan mye xd hgi khong dugc tfaifit che hda Chuan mye xd hgi quan ttgng nhat Id chudn mye phap luat, chudn mye chinh tri Trai nguge vdi chuan m\rc xd hfli Id sai lech xd hfi Hifn dang ton tai nhieu thuat ngft cd n$i dung dflng nhdt vfli khdi nifm sai Ifcfa xd hdi (nhu: sai If cfa, lfch lae, lam lgc, Ifcfa chudn, lfch lae xa hgi, lech hudng xd hdi, fadnfa vi lfch chudn, phi cfaudn, vd chudn, mdt chudn, khdng cfl chuan mye ) Sai lfch xd fafi tfaay d6i theo ljcfa sft Nd dugc xudt hien tft quan nifm thflng trj vl trat ty the gifli, vfi eau trfte xa hgi, vl vj tri vd bdn chdt eon ngufli ttong xa hfi Tft nhihig quan lufm ndy sinh quan nifm v l cdi dting, cdi cfaudn mye, cai phu hgp (vdi ttat ty khdch quan cfta sy vat hodc vdi ban chdt ngufli), cdi sai lech xd hgi Hifn tugng sai If cfa xd hgi khflng phdi la nhdt thdnh bat biln, nghia Id nfl biln dfli phy thuflc vao hodn cdnh ljcfa sft cua tftng xd hfli Mgt hanh vi luc Id sai If cfa xa fagi nfaimg Iftc khdc cd tiifi khflng Id sm If cfa xd hgi Mgt hdnfa vi ndo dd dugc coi la Ifcfa lgc nd kfadng phft hgp vdi mong dgi cfaung ctia nfadm faodc cfta xa hgi Sai lech xd fafli Id hanh vi cua ngudi di chfch khfli cdc quy djnfa cfaung cfta phdp lugt, di chfch khfli cac gid trj, chudn mye, cdc quy tae, quy uflrc ctia xa hgi Sai lech la sy vi pfagm nfafing dieu cdn thilt, vi pfagm chudn mye xd hfi Nhu vgy, sai Ifch xd hgi ludn dfli chifiu vdi cfauan mye xa fagi Trong xd fagi hgc, sai lfch xd hfli dugc hiiu Id mgi sy vi phgm cfl y thftc vl cae tifiu chuan ciia mgt nhflm hay cua mgt xa fagi nao dfl I.C.Kon cfaia sai Ifcfa xd fafli thdnh loai Thft nhdt, hanfa vi sai Ifcfa so voi nhiing chudn mye ve sftc khfle, tdm if gdn vdi bfnh ly hgc tdm tiidn Thft faai, nhflng hdnh vi sai Ifch so voi chudn mye xa hgi vl vdn hda, phap luat N.Smelzer tfai cho rdng, sai ifch xd hdi Id sy di chfch khdi cac chudn mye ctia nhflm Trong xa hgi Xfl vilt trudc day vd xd hfi Nga hifn nay, cdc djnfa nghia vfi hdnfa vi sai lfch dugc sft dung rfng rdi: hanh vi sai lfch Id mflt hf tiiflng cac hdnfa vi faay Id hanh Nguyen Dinh Tan dOng rifing bifit cfta mfit ngudi faay mgt nhdm xd fapi ndo dd, md hdnfa vi dd kfaflng pfau fagp vfli cdc cfaudn mye, kfaufln mau, quy tde eua hdnh vi, cdc mong dgi, titilt che, cdc gid tri duge xdc lgp ehinh tfaftc faodcfainfatfadnfa tt^n tfayc tfi eua mflt nhdm hay mflt xa hdi; fadnh vi sai lfch Id hien tugng xa hOi md bilu hifin ttong edc hinh tfaftc faogt dgng tuong dfli rgng rdi vd bfin viing nhung khong phft hgp vdi cdc cfaudn mye vd mong dgi duge xdc Igp cfainh tfaftc vd tfln tgi tten tfayc tfi cfta mflt xa hgi; hdnh vi sai lech la bdt ky mOt fadnh vi hay hdnh dflng cfta cd nhan hay nfadm xa fapi khflng phft hgp voi sy mong dgi chung cfta cdc tiidnfa vifin etia xa hfli, di checfa kfaoi xa hgi; sai lfch xa hgi la hanh vi, hanh dflng di chfch khdi eac quy djnh cfta phdp luat, di cfafefa khdi edc gid trj, cfauan mye, quy tdc xd fafli; sai lfch xd hpi la hdnh vi di cfafefa kfafli cfauan mye cfta nhdm, la sy di checfa khfli cdc chuan mye vdn hfla da dugc thfta nhdn Id hdnfa vi cua mgt ca nfadn hay nhflm vi pham cdc quy tde, quy djnh cua cdc cfaudn muc xa hgi, la nfaftng tinh huflng, sy kifn cu the cua cugc sflng ddng vai ttfl la nfaiing nfaan tfl pfaa vd sy tdc dgng eua cdc cfaudn muc xa fagi; sai Ifcfa xd hpi Id sy vi phgm cfl nhgn thftc cdc quy phgm vdn fafla Tom lgi, mdc dft ed khd nhieu cdc djnh nghia khdc nfaau vl sai Ifcfa xd fagi song cdc djnh nghia dfiu cd diem chung d cho, col sai ifcfa xa hpi Id nhftng hdnh vi vi phgm hodc di chfich khfli cdc chudn mye xa hpi Dac dilm cua sai If cfa xa hgi Thft nhdt, sai lfch xa hpi diln ttfin mgt phgm vi rdt rpng d mgi quflc gia, khu vye, liiih vyc Thft hai, nd diln d mgi c ^ dp (cd die dien d mgt nhdm nhd, mpt cpng dflng faodc mpt quflc gia, dan tpc, tft nhd dfin Ifln, tft t h ^ dfin cao, tft gidn don din phftc tap) Thft ba, nfl cd nhieu fainh tfaftc, nfailu kieu logi kfaac tfaupc vdo tftng nen vdn fafla ldn ciing nfau tieu vdn fada (vftng, miln, nhdm) Cd nhiing hanh vi Id sai If cfa xa fadi mgt nfin van fada ndy song Igi Id bmh thuang ttong mpt nen vdn hda khdc Sai lfch xa hpi khflng bdt biln md cfl the thay doi Iroi^ nhihig thdi difim kfade nfaau hodc nhung nfin van hda khae ChSng hgn, hifin tirgng khodn san phdm tdi nhdm ngudi lao ddng d tinh Vmh Phu trudc ddy (thdi Kim Nggc la bi thu tinh uy) dugc coi la sai lfch xd hfli vi Iftc dd Ddng ta chua dfli mdi; song nd lgi khdng dugc coi Id sai lfch xd hpi vao thfli dfli mfli Sai lech xd hpi efl ngufln gflc tu xd hgi, truoc hit tft su sai Ifch chudn mye vdn fada 0ianh vi dugc ddt ttong su dfli chifiu vdi cdc chudn mye vanfada).Chudn mye vdn hda cung lufln bien dfli, vi vay, hdnh vi ciia ngufli cflng phdi biln dfli phft hgp vfli nfaihig bifin dfli ctia cfauan mye vSn hda Trong cac xa fapi cfl doi kfadng giai cdp, ede cfaudn mye xd hdi vd vific ung dyng chftng lufln gdn lifin vdi bat binh ddng xd hpi Trong nhilu trudng hgp, mpt sd hdnh vi ciia tdng Iflp bj trj (ben dudi) bj coi Id sai lfch vd bj trftng phgt Trong cdc h^inh vi tuong ty cua tang ldp bfin tren lai dugc bdo ldnh hodc khflng bj coi Id efl tpi Nhu vdy, nfafing tifiu cfaudn vdnfadatrong xa fapi ed ddi khang giai edp dugc dp dung khflng bmh dang vfli nfaau xem xet hanh vi sai lech Phdn loai sai Ifch x9 fapi Sai Ifcfa xa hgi cfl tfafi Id sai Ifcfa tifiu cyc hoac la sai lfch tich cyc Sai If cfa tieu eye la nfaiing hdnh vi nguy hilm cfao xa hpi (nfau: say rugu, ngfaifin ma tuy, mgi dam 81 KfaoafagcxdfapiVift Nam, sfl (111) - 2017 tfaam nfaung, khftng bo, ttpm cdp, gifit ngudi ) Cd ngudi phdn logi sai lfch xd fapi lam nfadm Ifln, cd lifin quan den va Iflng ghfip vdo nhau: fadnfa vi sai Ifcfa; hdnh vi tpi l6i; hdnh vi tpi pham Hdnh vi sai If cfa Id kieu vi phgm nhe nhdt vd bifin nhdt Nfl khdng din den vi pfaam trat t y fadnfa cfainfa va quy pfaam xd hpi Hdnh vi sai lfch cd thl Id bdt ky hdnh vi faay fadnfa dpng ndo kfaflng pfau fagp vfli ede cfaudn muc tfadnh vdn hay bdt thdnh vdn Hdnh vi tpi iSi Id nfaftngfaanfavi cfaua den mftc phdi chju hinfa pfaat tfaeo bp luat hinh sy Nhthig vi phgm chudn mye cd the nghiem trgng faay khflng quan ttgng, c6 f hay vfl y nhung tdt cd cac hdnh vi vi phgm ngfaifim ttgng faay kfaflng ngfaifim trgng, cfl tinfa hay vfl y dl xem nhu hdnh dpng chflng Igi pfaap lu|it vd d i u thugc vfi hdnh vi tpi loi Hdnh vi tpi pham Id todn bg cdc hdnh vi di chfich vdi cdc chuan mye xa hpi da dugc ludt faoa, vi pfagm lugt hinh sy, luat hdnfa chinh Tflm lgi, bdt Vf hdnh vi ndo kfadng dugc du luan xd hpi iing fag tfai ggi la fadnh vi sai Ifch Hdnh vi md phdp lugt khflng ftng hp tfai ggi Idfaanfavi tpi l5i (hay cfl tgi) Cling cd nfaa ngfaien cftu cfaia sai Ifcfa xa fapi thdnh cdp dp: hanfa vi dj tfauong, tf nan xd fagi vd tpi phgm Hdnh vi di thuflng Id nhfing hdnfa vi bat binfa thuflng, khdc thudng, kfadc bift vdi hanh vi efta dflng ddo nhiing ngudi xung quanh Hdnh vi dj thudng chua dgt den mftc dp nguy faiem cfao xa hgi song thuflng gdy bftc boi khfl chju, mat tiiifn cdm doi vfli nhiing ngufli xung quanh Chung ta de nfaan tfaay ring, cupc song hdng ngdy cfl nhieu hanfa vi dj thudng vd dong hdnh cftng ngudi Hanh vi dj thudng bilu lp khd da dang tiiy thupc 82 vdo ddc diem cfta nen vdn fada cfta tftng vftng, miln, qu6c gia, dan tpe Tf nan xd fapi Id faifn tugng kfad pfal bien d mgi xd fapi, ton tgi dai ddng tft cfl din kim, tft Dflng sang Tay Mgi ngudi deu tfaira nfadn nfafing tdc dpng tifiu eye cfta tf ngn xa fapi va sy can thiet p h ^ phdng chflng tf ngn xa hpi Trong xd hgi cdn t i n tai nhifiu quan dilm khdc nfaau ve bdn cfaat cflng gidi pfadp ddu ttanh vdi tf ngn xa fapi Song nhin chung, tf nan xd fadi tfauflng dugc failu Id mptfadnhvi sai Ifch v l cfaudn mye xd fafi Id su vi phgm cfl tinh nguyen t&; nfaftng vdn dl tfaupc vl loi sflng, tmyln tfa6ng vdn fafla, dgo dftc, thudn phong, my tyc vd nhihig quy tdc dugc thl ehl fada mpt cdcfa rpng rdi xd fapi, gay pfauong faai den ddi song kinh tl, vdn hfla va dao dftc cua xa hpi Tgi pfagm Id fainfa thftc bieu faien cao nhat ciia sai lech xd hpi, la sy vi pfagm cac chuan mye dugc quy djnh cfainfa tfaftc ttong cdc bp lugt hinh sy Tfli pham Id hanfa vi bj cam dodn bdi bp lugt hinh sy cfta mpt qu6c gia nao dd Tpi phgm cd rdt nfailu cdc fainfa tfaftc, mftc dp, kilu logi kfadc nfaau Cdc ylu to cau thdnh sai lfch x3 fagi Cd yfiu t6 cdu thanfa iidnh vi sai Ifch chudn muc xd hpi Mflt la, nhiing sai Ifcfa thuflc hf thong gid trj Hf thflng gia trj ttong xd hpi dugc hinh thdnh qua eac thfli ky Ijch sft nhdt djnh vd vdy nfl mang tuih ljch sft; nd sfi mdt di khflng cfln phft hgp vfli tfayc tien xd fapi song nd igi dugc fahifa mfli tiiyc tiln biln doi He thing gia trj dugc chia tfaanfa cac gid tri chung qudt (gid trj nhdn logi) vd cdc gid trj tfaupc v l mpt giai cdp hay tdng Idp nao Bdt ky Nguyen Binh Tan mpt sy di checfa ndo cfta fadnfa vi ngudi deu bi coi Id sai Ificfa xd hpi Hai Id, sy _rfli logn cac tiiilt chl xa fapi Cdc tiult chfi xa hfli cfl chftc ndng difiu cfainh, huflng ddn va kifim sodt hdnh vi ngufli phft hgp vdi cac chudn mye md tiiilt chfi xa fapi tgo Chung dugc tfaifit l|p trfin cdc nhu cau CO bdn cfta xd hpi Cdc tfaifit cfal xd fagi cfl vai trd kifim sodt vd qudn ly xa hpi Rfli logn thiet che dan tdi mdt fln dinfa xa fapi Vi vdy, bdt ky mpt sy roi logn hay vd tiiilt cfae ndo dfiu trd tfaanfa nfaiing vdn de xa fapi ngfaifim ttgng va dan dfin fadnh vi sai Ifch xd fafli Ba la, su bifin dfli cdc cfauan muc xd fapi Trong dfli sflng xa hpi, chudn mye xa hpi la nhiing quy udc chung efta cd cgng dflng faay mpt nfaflm xa fapi nfadt djnh, quy dinh nhiing hdnfa vi cy thl ciia mfli ca nfadn mSi tinh huflng cy tfafi nfadt djnh Sy xem nhe cdc cfaudn mye xa hpi, kfadng tuan tfau cdc chudn muc xa fafli cd tfafi dan tdi nfafing faanh vi sai lech xd hpi Tuy nhifin, ciing nhu bat ky hien tugng xa hfii ndo, cfaudn mye xa fapi ciing luon bifin ddi tfaeo tfadi gian Chudn mye da bien ddi hodc bj bdp meo faoac khflng dugc dp dung dftng cho thi dan denfaanfavi sai Ifcfa xd fapi Bin la, sai If cfa xa hpi ndy sinh sy thay dfli cac quan he xd hgi Qasax hf xdfapinay sinfa qua trinh ngudi cimg faogt dpng sdn xuat va tmh tfaan Quan faf sdn xudt vgt cfadt la quan he ca ban, la ca sd ton tgi va phdt trifin ctia xd hgi Id mdi quan hf ca bdn, chi phdi mgi quan hf khae Sy vgn dpng vd phat triln cfta quan hf sdn xudt keo theo sy tiiay dfli cfta cac quan hf xa hpi Chudn mye xa hgi vira phdn anh edc quan faf xd hpi vfta dieu cfainfa cdc quan faf xa hpi Cac quan hf xd hgi thay ddi se ldm cfao faf tfaong chudn mye xd fapi eung bifin doi va dan din edcfaanfavi sai Ifcfa xd fapi Thay Idi ket lugn Nude ta dang d thdi ky phdt trien kinh tfi, cfaong ddi nghdo, hpi nhap qude tfi Tfafli iif licfa sft mfli ddy co fapi, song ciing kfaflng kem phdn dua tranh nghift ngd, quyet Uft Sai lfch xd fapi ttong tfadi dgi mdi khdng pfadi Id sy run sg, faen nhat kfaflng dam duong dau vfli ke tfau Lflp tre cd faan cfae Id tfaieu timg trdi, thieu nhilu kinh nghifm sdng, song cd uu difim Id kfaflng qua "ngng Iflng", rdng huge mpt cacfa cftng nfadc vdi qua kfaft Su khao khdt mudn biln dfli (bftt pfaa ngodi nhiing kfaudn pfaep ndng n l ctia qua khft, vuon lfin, tifin phong sang tgo, khdng qua ^ n h kiln vfli nhfing sy kien bi trdng eua lich sft, xa than cfao mpt xu tfafi moi, thft nghifm cfao mflt cdcfa ldm mdi md licfa sft cfaua timg co tien lfi) cd tfai dSn din nhiing pfadt kien, song ciing cd thfi ddn dfin nhiing sai lech xd hpi Bfli cdnh mfli cua xd fapi kfailn cfao nfaiing sai Ifcfa xa fapi (cd ticfa cyc vd tifiu cyc, cd cfaft dgng vd bj dpng, cd kifim soat dugc va kfad kifim sodt lufln tdn tai can kl nfaau) rdt khfl phdn djnfa mflt cdcfa rfl rang Song, cfaung ta fay vgng rdng se cfl cdng ngdy cang nhieu nhihig "sai Ifch x§ fapi tich cyc" Tai lifu tham khao [1] Gido trinh Xd hgi hge qudn /jJ, Nxb Ly lugn difnh trj, HiNOi, 2005 [2] Nguy&i EHnh Tin (2005), Xd hgi hgc, Nxb L^ lu$n chhih biHd Nfl [3] EmiIeDurkheun(1984), The Dnisioncf Labor in Society, Macmillan Press, New Yak [4] Anthor^ Giddens (1972) Emile Durkheim: Sdected Writmgs, Cambridge Umveisi^ Press, NewYoric 83 ... khflng bmh dang vfli nfaau xem xet hanh vi sai lech Phdn loai sai Ifch x9 fapi Sai Ifcfa xa hgi cfl tfafi Id sai Ifcfa tifiu cyc hoac la sai lfch tich cyc Sai If cfa tieu eye la nfaiing hdnh vi nguy... coi la sai lfch xd hfli vi Iftc dd Ddng ta chua dfli mdi; song nd lgi khdng dugc coi Id sai lfch xd hpi vao thfli dfli mfli Sai lech xd hpi efl ngufln gflc tu xd hgi, truoc hit tft su sai Ifch... I.C.Kon cfaia sai Ifcfa xd fafli thdnh loai Thft nhdt, hanfa vi sai Ifcfa so voi nhiing chudn mye ve sftc khfle, tdm if gdn vdi bfnh ly hgc tdm tiidn Thft faai, nhflng hdnh vi sai Ifch so voi