!• Dmh Thi Giang Tgp chi KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE 163(03/1) 1 - QUAN DIEM CUA T.HOBBES VE XA H O I DAN SU Binh Th] Giang' Trudng Dgi hpc Y Duac - DH Thai Ngiiyen IJ ,!^ '; T6M TAT Nha chinh tn v^ nha tu tudng nguoi Anh Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) dupc coi la nguoi dau tiSn sii dung thuSt ngQ "xd hgi ddn su" (societas civilis) theo nghia doi lgp vdi "tinh trang tu nhien" (status naturae) quyen De Cive xudt ban nam 1649 T Hobbes phan biet "xd hgi ddn su" mot m5t vdi tinh trang tu nhien "moi ngudi chong lgi moi ngudi" (Bellum omnium contra omnes), va mat khac, vdi nhiing xS hOi tu nhien ma Hobbes cho la dupc cau tao nen bdi cac gia dinh [l.tr, 11-12] Tir khoa Xd hoi dan su, T.Hobhes, tinh trgng lif nhien, IriSl hpc Leviathan DAT V A N D E Van de xa hoi dan su va nha nude la mpt phln quan trpng hpe thuyet triet hpe cua T.Ifobbes Diem xuat phat eua van de la tir quan niem eoi ngudi la mpt the thong nhat giua tinh tu nhien vi tinh xa hpi Ly lugn ve xa hgi vi nhi nude duae dng trinh bay eae tie pham "Leviathan" vi "Ve cdng dan" GlAl QUYET V A N D E Nguon goc cua xa hoi din sy T.Hobbes mo ti ngudi xuat hien trude het cai mi dng goi la trgng thii tu nhien, la tinh trang ciia eon ngudi trude cd xa hgi din sy Trong trang thai ty nhien niy, moi ngudl deu binh ding va deu cd quyen ngang ve tat ea nhiing gi hp thay la ean thiet cho sy sinh ton Binh ding d day eo nghta dan giin Ii ngudi co the Iam hgi ngudi khic vi su dyng bat cii dieu gi hp xet la can de ty bio ve minh Nhirng khac biet ve sue manh cd the tdi liie dupc san bing va k^ yeu CO th^ tiSu diet ke manh "Quyen ciia moi ngudi doi vdi mgi ngudi" trang thii tu nhien khong ed nghia la mgt ngudi cd quyen nhiing ngudi khac cd eac nghia vu tuong ling Quyen trgng thii ty nhi6n tran tmi cd nghia li mdt ngudi duac tu "Iam nhiing gi minh muon vi chong Igi nguai nao minh muon, sir dung va hudng thy moi dieu minh thich hay cd the eudp dupc" [2, trl88] DOng ca ngudi la y ehi * Tel: 0987128483 sinh ton, va thai dp tam li eiia eon ngudi Ii su so hai, sp chet va dge biet so cii chet bao lyc Trong tinh trgng ty nhien, mpi ngudi deu hang say theo duoi nhiing hanh vi ma ho nghT se bio dim an toan cho hg Hinh anh ngudi ta cd ve trang thai ty nhien niy Ii hinh anh ciia ngudi hanh dong chong lai lan nhau, cac vat the chuyen dgng, hay tinh trang vd ehinh phu mi T Hobbes gpi la "euoc chien eiia mgi ngudi chong Iai moi ngudi" Tai eon ngudi lgi hinh dgng nhu the*? T.Hobbes phan tich dong co ciia ngudi bing each noi rang moi ngudi deu cd hai dpng Iuc dd Ii ham mupn va muon tranh Hai dpng lyc niy cat nghta eac chuyen dpng eiia mdt ngudi hudng ve hay day xa nhiing nguai hay vat, va cd y nghta tuang duong vdi yeu va ghet Con ngudi dupc thu hiit v^ cai ho nght se giiip hp ton tai, va hp ghet cii hp cho Ii su de dpa doi vdi ho "Cic tir tot va xiu CO bat cii nghta nao tiiy moi ngudi muon gin cho no, vi eai gi hg yeu thi hp ggi la tot, eai gi hp ghet thi hp gpi la xau Khong cd cai gi Ii tot hay xau don thuin va tuy?t d6i"[2, trl88] Con ngudi eo ban la ieh ki theo nghia hp quan tim chii yeu tdi su song eon ciia minh vi dong nhat sy tot lanh vdi nhiing tham muon ciia hp Vi vay, trang thii tu nhien khdng cd nghta vu nao bd bugc ngudl kinh trpng ngudi khac, va khong cd dao diic theo nghTa truyen thong la cai thien vi cdng bang Vdi quan diem vi k