THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
TRIET HQC, SO 11 (318), THANG 11-2017 QUAN mim CUA C.MAC V A P H A N G G H E N V E Mdl QUAN H | GIUA TAN TAI XA HOI VA Y THijrc XA HOI TRONG GIAI DOAN HiNH THANH QUAN NI^M DUY VAT V i LICH SLT Bao Th} Minh Thao' ' Tien sT, Vifn Triit hpc, Vi^n Hin lim Khoa hpc xi hpi Vift Nam Email: daominhthao71@gmail.com Nh|n ngiy 25 thing nim 2017 Ch^p nh$n ding ngiy 30 thing 10 nfim 2017 Tom tflt: Quan dilm vdt vl ljch sft la mpt tyu ly lugn cd y nghia vach thdi dgi md C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da mang lgi cho nhan logi Trong dd, vdn dl quan hf giua tin tgi xd hpi va y thuc xa hgi Id mpt npi dung quan ttpng Dupe dl xudt tft giai dogn ddu hinh chu nghta Mac (1844 - 1848), qua nhimg tac pham quan ttpng, nha Gdp phan phi phdn triit hgc phdp quyin cua Heghen - Ldi noi ddu, Gia dinh thdn thdnh Hi tu tudng DOc, nhihig quan nifm vl vai tro quyet dinh cua ton tgi xa hpi dli vdi f thftc xd hfi cung nhu ve tinh df c lgp tuang dli cua y thftc xa hpi ttong qud ttinh phan anh ton tgi xd hfi da gdp phan quan ttpng vifc ttift dk ching lgi chu nghta tam tdn giao, tfnh chat sieu hinh ciia chu nghTa v|t cu, cung nhu nhftng biln tudng cua chu nghTa tdm va kinh te hifn Tir khoa: Ton tgi xa hpi, y thftc xa hfi, moi quan hf giiia ton tgi xa hpi va y thftc xa hfi, quan nifm vdt ve ljch su Tft gifta nhiing nam 40 cfta thi ky XIX, dd hodn todn ehuyin sang l^p trudng vdt chu nghta, CMde vd Ph.Angghen da vdn dyng quan dilm v^t bifn chftng ve moi quan hf gifta vat chdt vd f thftc dl nghidn cftu vd lugn giai sy phdt triin xa hgi, hinh thdnh nen quan nifm vgt vl lieh sft ma d do, ttong linh vyc xd hgi, vgt chdt Id ton tai xa hdi, cdn y thftc Id y thfte xd hgi Thgt ra, moi quan hf gifta tdn tgi xa hfi vd f thfte xd hdi dd dugc CMde vd Ph.Angghen khdng dinh tft giai dogn hinh thdnh nhung nguydn Iy ea bdn efta chft nghta vdt bien ehftng vd chft nghta v^t Ijch sft Trong nhieu tae phdm d giai dogn ndy, cac dng ludn khdng dinh: Tdn tgi xa hfi cd trude vd quyit djnh y thftc xa hgi; y thfte xa hgi la edi ed sau vd Id sy phdn dnh ty gide, ti'eh eye it nhieu tdn tai xd hgi; quan hf vdi tin tai xd hdi, y thftc xd hgi cd tinh ddc ldp tuong dli vd CO tac dfng trd lgi tdn tgi xd hgi (thdng qua hogt dfng cfta ngudi) Vai trd quyet dinh cua ton t^i xa hfi do! vdl y thvc xa hfi Trong Ldi ndi ddu (nam 1844) viit cho tde phdm Gdp phdn phi phdn triet hgc phdp quyin cua Highen (nam 1843), CMdc da khdng dinh rdng quan hf kmh tl Id cdi quyit dinh quan hf chinh tri vd cae hinh thftc tu tudng hf Khi phe phdn Hdghen coi nhd nude Id dgng lye efta ljch sft Id edi sdn sinh "xd hgi edng ddn", quy dinh chl df kinh te eiia xd hgi, CMde cho rdng, khdng phdi nhd nude sinh xd hdi cdng ddn, md ngugc lai, xd hgi cdng ddn sinh nhd nude [Xem: 33 QUAN DIEM CUA C.MAC VA PH.ANGGHEN , 1, tt.569-590] Dilu ndy eho thay tft tde phdm nay, d CMde da bdt ddu cd sy hinh tiianh ro ndt quan nifm vdt ve lieh sft Din Hi tu tudng Due, tac phdm ddt nin mong cho nhiing nguyen ly ciia ehft nghta vdt Heh sft efta CMde vd Ph.Angghen, dl cap din mdi quan hf giiia tin tgi xa hdi va f thfte xd hpi, eac dng dd tap trung nhdn mgnh tinh thft nhdt cfta tdn tgi xd hdi, chftng minh sy phy thugc cfta y thfte xd hdi vdo tin tgi xa hgi vd sy edn thidt eung nhu hifu lyc ciia y thftc cdeh mgng But ehiin quyit lift vdi cdc nhd tdm chft nghta thuge phdi Hdghen tie vd quan nifm eua tdn gido, CMac vd Ph.Angghen dd dd xudt vd khdng dinh quan niem vat Uch sft ve sy san xudt y thfte Cae dng ehi rd, tft ddu, y thftc dd gdn bd mat thiet vdi hogt dgng vat chat vd sy giao tiep cua ngudi: "Sy sdn xuat nhiing y nifm, nhftng quan niem vd y thfte thi liic ddu id true tiip gdn Uen mat thiet vdi hoat dgng vdt ehdt vd su giao tiip vdt chdt eua eon ngudi - ngdn ngft cua ddi sdng hifn thyc ddy, nhiing quan nifm, tu duy, su giao tidp tinh thdn eua ngudi xudt hifn la sdn phdm trye tiep eua cdc quan hf vat chdt eiia hg " [3, tt.37] Do vdy, vd ban chdt, y thuc eua ngudi Id sdn pham cua ede quan he vdt chdt cua hg, hay la sy tu y thftc ve chinh ddi sing hifn thyc efta eon ngudi Rdng, "chinh ngudi la ke sdn xudt nhiing quan niem, y nifm, v.v., cua minh, song day Id nhiing eon ngudi hifn thye, dang hanh ddng, dung nhu hp bi quy ditih bdi mgt sy phdt ttien nhdt dinh cfta nhiing lyc lugng sdn xudt cua hg vd bdi sy giao tiep phu hgp vdi sy phdt tridn dy, kl cd nhiing hinh thftc rdng rdi nhdt eua nhftng sy giao tiep Y thftc [.,.] khdng bao gid cd the Id cdi gi khdc han Id sy ton tgi dugc y thftc [ ], vd sy tdn tai ciia ngudi Id qua trinh ddi song hien thyc efta eon ngudi" [3, tt.37] LuEta dilm khdng chi cho thdy ngi dung ciia cdc khdi nifm tin tgi xd hpi vd y thac xd hgi md cho thdy ed ngudn gdc hinh tiidnh vd mdi lidn hf gifta chung Trong ban v l ngudn goc, bdn chat eua y thftc, CMdc va Ph.Angghen dd ldm rd f thftc mang tinh xa hOi- Y thftc eon ngudi, tft ddu, dd Udn he khdng khit vdi sdn xudt vat ehdt, gdn vdi hoat ddng thue tien lieh sft efta eon ngudi Mgt khac, y thftc edn ehju sy chi phoi ciia cdc quy luat xd hdi, nhu cdu giao tiep xd hfi vd cdc dilu kifn sinh hogt hifn thye efta ngudi quy dinh Do vdy, y thuc eiing Id mdt hifn tugng xd hdi V l dilu ndy, cdc dng khdng djnh: "Ngay tft ddu, y thfte da la mgt sdn phdm xd hgi, va vin la nhu v|iy, chftng nao eon ngudi eon tdn tgi" [3, tt.43] Con ngudi vd xd hdi Ioai ngirdi bat ddu tft ddu tiu y thftc efta hp eiing bat ddu tft dd va y thftc la sdn phdm tdt ydu efta ddi sdng hifn thyc cua eon ngudi Cae dng eiing eho rdng, sy phong phu thyc sy ve tinh than cua ed nhan la hoan todn phy thufc vao sy phong phii cua nhiing mdi lien he hien thue ciia hg vd, "ngay cd nhiing tudng hinh ttong ddu 6c ngudi cung Id nhiing vgt thdng hoa tdt yeu eita qua ttinh ddi sing v£it chat cfta hg, mft qud trinh eo thi xde djnh dupe bdng kinh nghifm vd gdn lien vdi nhiing tien dl vdt chdt Nhu vgy thi dao dftc, tdn gido, sieu hinh hge vd nhiing dgng khdc cua hf tu tudng cimg vdi nhftng hinh thdi y thftc tuong ftng vdi ehung, Udn mat mgi ve dfe Igp bl ngodi" [3, tr.38] Nhu vgy, theo CMde va Ph.Angghen, khdng phdi mgi quan hf ciia ngudi diu la sdn phdm cfta y thftc nhu phdi Heghen tre quan nifm, ma Id ngugc lgi: "Khdng p h ^ f tiiftc quyit dinh ddi sdng md chinh ddi sing quyit dinh y tiiftc" [3, tt.38] Vdi quan nifm DAO THI MINH THAO nay, cdc dng dd dua mgt nhdn dinh hodn todn mdi khdng chi doi vdi tu tudng tdm tftng thdng tri trude do, ma cdn mdi ddi vdi cd cdc nhd triit hpc vdt tiln bli, kl cd Phoiobde, vl nguin gic cfta f thfte Tu tudng khdng phdi Id sdn pham thy dfng duge tao tft vdt chdt nhu Phoiobde quan nifm, ma nd duge sinh tft tdn tgi xa hgi vdi tu each mgt qud trinh hidn thyc ciia ddi sdng ngudi, hoat dgng tiiyc tien vgt chdt cfta hg Id cai ddng vai trd quyet dinh Ngoai ra, edn cdn phdi xem xet tdt cd nhihig hinh thdi vd san phdm cfta y thftc xd hfi da phdt sinh, phdt trien tu ea sd vdt chdt vd tu nhiing mau thuan eiia co sd dd Trong khdng djnh tdn tai xd hgi quyet djnh y thftc xd hdi, CMdc vd Ph.Angghen ludn nhdn manh phai xdc djnh tidn de dau tien cho mpi sy tdn tgi eua eon ngudi, vd do Id tien de cfta mgi Uch sft Id ngudi ta phdi cd khd ndng sdng rdi mdi cd the "ldm lieh sft" Nhung mudn sdng dugc thi trude hit edn phdi eo thue dn, thue uing, nhd d, qudn vd mdt vai thft khdc nfta [3, tt.39-40] Hdnh vi lich sft ddu tidn eiia eon ngudi la vife sdn xuat bdn thdn ddi sing vdt ehdt Dd la dieu kifn ea bdn efta mpi Ijch su, cua mgi sy ton tai ngudi tnrde ddy, hien ciing nhu ve sau ddy, can luu y rang, cdc ong coi vife sdn xudt ddi song vdt ehdt Id dilu kifn eo bdn, ddu tien, nhung tuyft dli khdng phdi Id nhdt vd khdng phdi Id mgt dang efta thuylt quyit dinh lugn v l kinh tl nhu nhung ngudi phe phan chu nghta Mdc dd vd dang xuyen tgc Thdy ro tinh thft nhdt vd quyit djnh cua ddi song hifn thyc, CMdc vd Ph.Angghen nhan manh: Phdi "xudt phat tft xd hOi cdng ddn md gidi thich todn bf nhftng sdn phdm ly ludn khac va mpi hinh thdi y thftc, tdn gido, tridt hge, dgo dftc, v.v vd theo ddi qud trinh phdt sinh ciia chftng tien co sd do" [3, tt.54] Nhu vdy, khae vdi quan nifm tdm, quan nifm vgt vl Uch sft ludn xudt phdt tft chfnh vifc sdn xudt ddi sing vdt chat vd ludn dftng tren mdnh ddt hifn thyc eua lieh su; nd khdng edn eft vdo tu tudng dd gidi thfch thye tidn, md ngugc lgi, nd gidi thieh sy lunh thdnh cfta tu tudng edn eu vdo thue tiln vdt chdt Trong Uch sft, nin sdn xudt vdt chdt khdng ehi dl lgi ddu dn ttong nhftng cufc khai thde tdi nguydn, chidn ttanh vd mpi phuang didn khdc eua ddi sdng xa hgi, md edn ehi phdi ehiiih tri, ludt phdp, vdn hda hay tu tudng ciia mdi thdi dai Bao gid ciing vdy, tten nen tdng tdn tgi xa hgi, ttong edt loi Id nen sdn xudt vdt ehdt, tat ed ddi sdng tu tudng, vdn hda, tinh thdn, ehinh tri, ludt phdp hay vdn hgc, nghf thudt cfta ngudi vd cgng ddng dugc hinh thdnh vd diu bj quy djnh, chi phdi bdi nen tdng vdt ehdt Trong ddu tranh chdng lgi nhftng quan diem tam vd khdng dinh ldp trudng vdt vl ljch sft, CMde vd Ph.Angghen ciing chi ro ngudn gdc giai cdp cua chft nghta tdm Dd la sy phdn edng lao dgng tao su phdn bift gifta "lao dgng vdt chdt" vd "lao dgng tinh thdn" Cimg vdi sy xudt hifn giai edp, hogt dgng tri 6c, tinh thdn ttd thdnh hinh thftc hoat dgng chft ylu tuydt dli cfta mgt s l nhdm ngudi (nhd triit hgc, tdng 1ft) vd giai edp thing tii: "Bdt ddu tft Iftc dd y thftc cd thi thgt su tudng tugng rdng nd Id mgt cdi gi khae chft khdng phdi Id y thue vl thye tiln hien co, rdng nd cd the thuc SIC dgi bieu cho cdi gi dd, md khdng dgi bieu eho mft cdi gi hifn thyc ed; bdt ddu tft lue do, y thftc cd khd ndng ty gidi thoat khdi till gidi vd chuyin sang xdy dyng ly ludn "tiiudn tiiy", tiidn hgc, triit hge, dao dftc, v.v." [3, tt.45] Tft eho tdeh rdi y thftc 35 QUAN DIEM CUA C.MAC VA PH.ANGGHEN vdi thi gidi v^t chdt, tuyft doi hda mat hinh thftc cfta qud trinh nhdn thfte dd din cae nha tdm chft nghta din nhung tudng vl sftc mgnh ciia tu tudng, tinh than CMdc vd Ph.Angghen eon ehi nguydn nhdn phdt smh, phdt triin efta hf tu tudng cdeh mang Chfnh sy xung ddt gifta lye lugng sdn xuat mdi vd quan hf san xudt cu dd bdc trdn tinh khong ben viing, tinh tudng vd gid dli eiia nhiing tu tudng ehinh trj, M t phdp, tdn gido efta giai edp thong tri, tir tdt ylu san sinh nhftng tu tudng mdi tien bg hon va thieh iing vdi hien thyc mdi, ddng thdi bilu hifn d tinh trgng cdc giai edp bj hoc 1ft khdng the ehiu dyng duge dilu kifn suih hogt cu nfta, vgy, hg phai dftng len ddu ttanh chdng lgi giai cdp bdc Idt Vd, mgi mdu thuan, bien ddi cfta tu tudng diu ed nguyen nhdn tft nen tdng vgt chat cfta xa hdi, "ngay ed ly luan do, thdn hpe do, tiilt hgc dd, dao dftc do, v.v., mdu thuan vdi nhiing quan he hifn cd thi dieu dd ciing ehi co the xdy cho nhiing quan hf xa hdi hien cd dd mdu thuan vdi nhihig lye lugng sdn xudt hien cd" [3, tt.45] Tft dd hinh thdnh f thftc ddn tgc, y thuc edch mang vd sy chin mudi cua hien thye cdeh mgng quyit djnh sy phdt sinh, phdt triin eiia tu tudng edch mgng Nhihig tu tudng tren ciing vdi nhung nghien cftu ve mdi quan hf gifta lyc lugng sdn xudt va quan he sdn xudt, giua co sd hg tdng vd kiln true thugng tdng Id nhiing dilm xudt phdt de din tdc phdm Sic khdn ciing cua triil hgc (nam 1847), CMdc khdi qudt mdt cdeh day du bdn chdt cua quan niem vgt vl ljch sft: "Nhihig quan he xd hgi ddu gdn lien mat thilt vdi nhftng lye lirgng sdn xudt Do cd dugc nhung lyc lugng sdn xuat mdi, Iodi ngudi thay doi phuang thftc sdn xuat cua minh, vd thay ddi phuong thfte sdn xudt, each kiim sdng 36 cfta minh, Ioai ngudi thay doi tdt cd nhflng quan hf xa hpi cua ntinh" [4, tt.I87] Nhu v§y, theo quan diem cfta CMdc vd Ph.Angghen, vai trd quyet dinh cfta ddi song vdt chdt dli vdi ddi sing y thfte, tinh thdn ciia ngudi dugc thi hifn khdng ehi ttong Itnh vye sdn xudt vdt ehdt, md edn cd ttong ddi sing tu tudng, tinh thdn cua moi cd nhdn va c§ng ddng Todn bf cdc hinh thdi f thftc, tft chfnh tri, phdp li4t din dgo dftc, tdn gido hay nghe thugt, ddu sinh tirdn mdt eo sd hifn thye Id ^ n tgi xd hfi, deu phdn dnh ton tgi xd hgi vd t i n tgi xd hdi dd quyit dinh Sy phong phu, da dgng hay ngheo nan cfta ddi sdng tinh thdn diu sy phong phu hay nghdo ndn cua hifn thye tao nen Val tro cua f thirc xd hfi qua trinh phSn dnh t i n t^i xa hfi Khdng dinh tdn tgi xa hdi quyet dinh y thftc xd hgi, nhung CMde vd Ph.Angghen khdng tuyft dli hda vai ttd cua ddi sing vdt ehdt ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh than cfta eon ngudi Khdng chi thd, cac dng cdn nhdn thdy tinh ddc l^p tuong dli cfta f thfte xd hgi ttong qud trinh phdn dnh tdn tgi xa hdi, ciing nhu sftc mgnh cai tgo cua nd dli vdi t i n tgi xa hgi Bdn ve hf tu tudng cftng vdi nhiing hhih thdi y thftc xa hgi, C.Mae da vgch ro ban chdt giai cap cfta thugng tdng kiln true tu tudng n g khdng djnh; Trong mgi thdi dgi, nhung tu tudng eua giai cap thing trj Id nhSng tu tudng thing tri, nd cd tdc dyng la vu tinh thdn dli vdi sy thdng tri cua giai cdp Rdng, "giai cap ndo Id lyc lugng vgt chdt thing tri xa hfi thi cung Id lye lugng tinh thdn thdng trj ttong xd hgi Giai cdp nao ehi phdi nhung tu lifu sdn xudt vdt chdt thi eiing ehi phii ludn cd nhihig tu lifu sdn xudt tinh tiidn, tiidnh tiift ndi chung tu tudng cfta nhung ngudi khdng DAO THI MINH T H A O cd tu lifu sdn xudt tinh thdn ciing ding thdi bj giai cap thing tri dd chi phii" [3, tr.66] Ndi mpt cdeh cu the la, nhftng ngudi ndm gift sftc mgnh kinh te eiing se c6 dnh hudng ldn ddn ddi sdng tinh than cfta xd hOi Sy thdng tri cfta hf tu tudng chinh tri, phdp ludt efta giai cdp thdng tri chfnh Id sy ddm bdo viing ehde cho sy thing tii vl kinh t l efta hg Dieu cdng ttd nen ro net hon md ttong giai doan hidn nay, cac dng triim ciia ede tap doan kinh td ldn, ngodi vifc cd the tdc ddng true tiip tdi san xudt xd hgi, ean thifp didu khiln cac ddng hdng hda hay thi trudng tien tf, hg cdn ed the gdy dnh hudng den ehinh tri, vdn hda, tu tudng cfta todn xd hdi, tham chi ed thi ehi phdi cd gidi truyen thdng the gidi, vd sde manh la khdng the xem thudng Theo C.Mae vd Ph.Angghen, mdc du ddi song vdt chdt gift vai ttd quyet dinh, nhung f thftc, tinh than, tu tudng ciing cd tinh dfe lap nhdt dinh Khi phdn tieh vl quan hf bifn ehftng gifta lyc lugng san xudt vd hinh thfte giao tiep, C.Mac dd ehi ro sy tdn tgi dai ddng nhung quan he Igi ieh, hay vdn dd quyen lyc truyen thdng ttong ede egng dong ngudi: "Nhiing giai doan vd Igi ieh khac khdng bao gid bi hoan todn vugl qud md ehi bj If thuge vdo nhiing Igi ich dang chiin thdng, va chung vin tiep tue tdn tgi lay Idt ben cgnh nhiing lgi feh d6 ttong hdng the ky" [3, tt.l04] Vd, "dilu eiing gidi thfch rdng tai tixjng mdt sd vdn de eho phep chftng ta trinh bdy khai qudt hon thi f tiiftc ddi dudng nhu di trude nhthig quan hf kinh nghifm duong thdi, den nii ttong nhiing cufc chiin ddu cua mdt thdi dgi sau, ngudi ta cd thi dya vao quydn uy cfta nhiing nhd I^ ludn cua thdi dgi trude" [3, tt.l05] Nhu vdy, mde dii ehju sy quy dinh efta ton tai xd hdi, song tu tudng, ly lugn, suy rpng la ddi sing y thftc, tinh thdn, eung e6 quy ludt ndi tai ridng cua no, cd sy kl thira, tiep nii gifta cdc thdi dai, cd cd sy bdo thd, Igc hdu vd tinh vuprt trude eiia no qud trinh phdn dnh tdn tgi xa hpi Tfnh ddc ldp tuong dli cfta y thftc xd hfi duge till hifn dgc biet ro qua sy tdc dfng ttd lgi eua y thfte xd hdi ddi vdi tdn tai xd hgi Vdi tinh ehdt ndy, y thftc xd hdi cd thi ddng vai trd ddy nhanh hoge kun hdm sy phdt ttiln efta t i n tgi xa hgi Trong Gdp phdn phe phdn triet hge phdp quyin cua Highen - Ldi ndi ddu, CMde viet: "Vii ciia sy phe phdn ed nhien khdng the thay thd duge sy phe phdn eua vu Lye lugng vdt chdt ehi cd the hi ddnh bdng lye lugng vat ehdt; nhung ly ludn ciing sS trd thdnh lyc lugng vat chat, mgt n6 thdm nh^p vdo qudn ehung" [1, tt.580] Khdng ehi thd, CMde edn dde bift ehft y den sftc manh efta tri thfte ly ludn dli vdi hifn thyc, chi rd vai ttd to ldn efta Iy ludn ttong dinh hudng phong ttdo edeh mgng: "Gidng nhu triit hge thdy giai cdp vd sdn Id vii vgt ehdt cfta minh, giai cap vd sdn ciing thdy triit hpc Id vu khf tinh thdn ciia minh, vd chi cdn sdm set ciia tu tudng ddnh mgt edch triet dd vdo cdi mdnh ddt nhdn ddn edn nguyen vpn dy la vife gidi phdng ngudi Due ngudi se hodn thdnh" [1, tt.589] Ddu nao cfta su gidi phdng eon ngudi, theo CMdc, la triet hgc Nhung triet hge chi thyc hien duge vai tto cfta nd ddp ftng dugc nhu cau thyc tiln each mgng vd dugc thdm sdu vdo giai cdp edeh mang, dft sftc ldi cudn hg Ong viet: "Nhftng nhu edu if ludn lifu cd trye tiip tid thdnh nhihig nhu cdu thye tien hay khdng? Tu tudng c l sftc bien hifn thye vin chua du; bdn thdn hien thye eung phdi e l sue hudng tdi tu tudng" [1, tt.582] Didu cho thdy, sy phft hgp bifn ehung giiia tu tudng vd hifn thyc, gifta f thftc xa hgi vd tin tai xd hpi sg 37 QUAN DIEM CUA C M A C VA PH.ANGGHEN , Id mdt dgng lyc thfte ddy sy phdt triin cd ddi sdng vdt chat ldn ddi sdng tinh thdn cfta ngudi Dft l^ lugn, xdt ddn cimg, khdng thodt ly khdi ddi sing vgt chat, nhung khdng thi phu nhfn vai trd dinh hudng, din dudng efta nd sy phdt triin cfta xa hgi Trong nhan mgnh mgi sy thay ddi xd hpi phdi tuan theo quy ludt khdeh quan cfta Uch sft, CMdc van ludn tin rdng, tti thftc vd y chi ngudi ed thi thftc ddy qud trinh tien nhanh hon Han thi nfta, CMdc vd Ph.Angghen cdn dde bift nhdn mgnh: Y thue, tu tudng chi till hifn sftc mgnh cfta nd thdng qua hogt dfng th^c tien efta eon ngudi Ve vdn de ndy, tdc phdm Gia dinh thdn thdnh (nam 1844), cac dng khdng dinh: "Tu tudng cSn ban khdng thi thuc hien dugc cdi gi het Muln thyc hifn tu tudng thi cdn cd nhiing ngudi sft dyng lyc lugng thyc tiln" [2, tr.181] Dilu dd co nghta la, chinh hdnh dgng thyc tidn cfta ngudi cd y thftc mdi CO sftc mgnh cdi tgo hifn thye Tft dd, cdc dng cho rdng "khdng the dap tan dugc mgi hinh thai va san phdm eua y thftc bdng sy phe phdn tinh thdn, bdng vifc quy ehung "ty y thfte" hay biln ehung thdnh nhung "u hdn", "bdng ma", "tinh ky quae", v.v md chi bdng vifc lat dd mft cdeh thyc tien nhflng quan hf xa hdi hifn thyc da sdn sinh tdt ca nhiing dilu nhdm nhi tdm do; rdng khdng phdi sy phe phdn md edch mang mdi Id ddng lye eua lieh sft, eiia tdn gido, ciia triit hpe vd eua mpi ly ludn khdc" [3, tt.54] Nhan mgnh tinh tdt yeu efta vifc cdi tao thi gidi hifn thyc, cdc dng cdn da phd mgnh me cdi tudng tiidng trj cho rdng tu tudng ed tae dyng quyet dinh ttong tien trinh Uch sft Dieu hoan toan khdng mdu thuan vdi viee khdng dinh vai ttd, sftc manh cdi tao cfta y thfte xd hgi ddi vdi tin tai xd hgi 38 Sau ndy, ttong Ldi tya viet cho tae phdm Gdp phdn phi phdn khoa kinh ti chinh tri (nam 1858 - 1859), CMde dd ty ddnh gid nhiing quan nifm vdt v l Uch sft, ttong dd c6 quan dilm ve mii quan hf giiia tin tai xa hgi vd y thue xd hgi eiia dng giai dogn ddu nhu sau: "Nhflng edng vifc nghien cftu cfta tdi da din tdi din kit qua la: Khdng the lay bdn thdn nhfltig quan hf phdp quyin ciing nhu nhftng hinh thai nhd nude, hay ldy cdi ggi la sy phdt triin chung eiia tinh thdn cfta ngudi, d l gidi thich nhiing quan he vd hinh thai do, md ttdi lai, phdi thdy rdng nhftng quan he vd hinh thdi bdt ngudn tft nhiing dilu kifn sinh hogt vdt chdt, md todn bg da duge Heghen, theo edch cfta ngudi Anh va ngudi Phdp the ky XVIII, ggi gdp chung lai la "xd hgi edng ddn" vd vife gidi phau xa hdi cdng ddn ndy thi phdi tim d khoa kinh te ehinh tri" [5, tr.l4] Sy nhat qudn, chudn xdc ttong quan diem vdt v l ljch su dd dua CMde den ket ludn ve tinh tdt yeu ljch sft ciia cugc cdeh mang vd sdn vd tgo ca sd if luan eho hgc thuylt v l chft nghia cgng sdn khoa hpc Tdm lgi, trude nhiing ydu edu bftc thiet cua eupe ddu tranh chong lai chft nghta tdm gifta thi ky XIX va khdng djnh ldp trudng vgt ttong vifc nghien cftu lich sft xd hdi, d cdc tdc phdm ttong giai doan hinh thdnh hgc thuylt cfta minh, CMde va Ph.Angghen da phe phdn quydt lift nhiing tudng ve tinh quyit dinh cua y thftc, tu tudng ddi vdi tiln trinh phdt ttiln cfta Ijeh sft nhdn Ioai Cdc dng dd tgp trung nhdn mgnh vai ttd quyit djnh cua ton tai xd hgi, ciia ddi sing sdn xudt vgt ehdt doi vdi f thfte xd hfi cung nhu tinh tdt ylu cua vife edi tgo thi gidi hifn thyc bdng sue manh vgt chdt, ddng thdi eung khdng xem nhp vai ttd cfta y thftc, tu tudng ttong tiln trinh Hch sft DAO THI MINH THAO Nhihig phan tich ciia ede dng ve vai trd quyet dinh efta ton xd hdi vd tfnh dde Idp tuong ddi cfta y thftc xd hpi md mdt cdeh nhin mdi ttong vife nhdn thftc Ijeh sft tren tinh than vdt bifn chftng vd vat Uch sft Id: Thu nhdt mgi hifn tugng ddi sdng tinh than, xet din cung, diu cd ngudn gle tft ddi sdng v^t chdt, vd vdy, de nhdn thftc cae hien tugng cua ddi sdng tinh thdn xd hdi, cdn phdi cdn cu vdo tdn tai xa hdi da sinh nd Mdt khdc, cung edn phai giai thi'eh ede hifn tugng tft nhiing phuong dien khde nhau, nghta Id, phdi chft y den tfnh ddc lap tuong ddi cfta chung, thdy duge tinh chat phftc tap ttong sy van dgng cfta ddi sdng y thftc, tu tudng Can ttdnh sa vdo quan nifm eho rdng, trinh phdt ttien kinh t l thdp kem cfta xd hgi sS ddn din sy ylu kem vd ly ludn, hode tuyft ddi hoa sftc mgnh cfta ly lugn ma bdt ehdp dieu kien vdt ehdt hien ed Ca hai khuynh hudng ndy deu dan den hilu va van dung sai Ifch tu tudng bifn chftng ciia chft nghta Mdc ve mdi quan hf giua tdn tai xd hgi vd y thfte xa hgi Thu hai dh xdy dyng xa hgi mdi, can phdi tiln hdnh edi tao cd hai mgt tdn tai xd hdi vd y thftc xa hfi, ttong su thay ddi tin tgi xa hdi Id cdn bdn dl dan den thay dli f thftc xa hgi Dong thdi, cdn tiidy rdng, khdng ehi nhftng biln ddi ttong tdn tai xa hgi mdi tdt ylu din den nhung thay doi to ldn ttong ddi sing tinh than eua xd hdi md ngugc lgi, nhihig tdc ddng cua ddi sdng tinh thdn xd hgi, vdi nhftng dilu kien nhdt dinh, cung ed thi tao nhiing bien ddi mgnh me, sdu sdc tiong ton tgi xd hgi Tha ba, f thftc, tu tudng mudn phdt huy vai tid ciia nd ttong ddi song phdi thdng qua hoat dgng thye tien efta eon ngudi Do do, y thftc, tu tudng dung ddn Id chua du, cdn thyc sy n3 lyc chuyen hda y thftc, tu tudng thdnh sftc mgnh vgt ehdt thdng qua hogt dpng thye tiln mpt each khoa hpe Vdd nhiing tdc ddng cfta each mgng khoa hpc vd cdng nghe hifn dgi, ddi sing kinh tl xd hOi cdng phdt trien, giao luu vd hgp tdc quic td ngdy cdng tang Tdt ed nhiing dilu dang dua ddi sdng tinh thdn din eho ngdy cdng phong phft hon, cung vdi dd eiing xudt hifn nhidu xu hudng tam ly, y thftc, tu tudng phftc tgp Vi the, ddi hdi phdi cd nhiing nhgn dinh khdeh quan, khoa hpc ve sy bien ddi ndy de ed nhung dinh hudng phu hgp Trong bdi ednh dd, quan dilm ciia CMde vd Ph.Angghen vl mdi quan hf bifn ehftng giiia tdn tai xa hdi vd y thftc xd hgi edn phdi duge eoi Id nhiing chi dan phuang phdp lu$n quan ttgng, khdng thd thilu vifc djnh hudng nhdn tiiftc vd thyc tien efta eon ngudi dd tft dua nhiing quyet sdeh diing ddn, phu hgp tiiftc ddy sy phat triin xd hfi tiieo chidu hudng khach quan efta Ueh sft Tai lifu tham khao [I] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tdp, t.l, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Hi N^i [2] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn igp, t.2, Nxb Chinh tn Qu6c gia, Hi N
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