TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA C6NG NGH$, Tmang Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgt hgc Hui T$p 4, So (2016) T R E E M L A O D Q N G D I C U Of V I E T N A M TtT N A M 1986 D E N N A Y L£ DSng B i o ChSu Khoa Xd hgi hgc, Trudng Bgi hgc Khoa hgc — Dgi hgc Hui Email: lebaochau73(^ahoo.com T M TAT Cong cugc Bdi mdi da mang lgi cho Viet Nam nhiing thdnh luu ddng ki, dgc biet la tie dg tdng trudng kinh te cao TtQ> nhiin, bin cgnh nhiing thdnh luu dgt dugc, Viet Ngm phdi duang ddu vdi nhieu vdn di xd hdi nc^ sinh Bdng phuang phdp nghiin ahi tdi lieu, bdi bdo trinh bay su xudt hign trd lgi vd gia tang tre em lao ddng di cu a cdc thdnh phd Idn, dgc bigt Id nhdm tre em dugc gia dinh gdi din lam viec Irong cdc co sd sdn xudt, dich vu lu nhdn Bdi bdo cOng chi rang di cd buc tranh todn diin vi tre em lao dgng di cu can phdi di tim cdc em Irong cdc Hghiin cuu trudng h^rp vi tre em lang thang lam viec trin dudng phd vd nhiing nghiin cuu ve tre em lao ddng Tinh "vd hinh " cua Ire em lao dgng di cu dd khiin cho viec nghiin ciiu cSng nhu viec bdo ve chdm sdc vd gido dye nhom tre ndy gap rdi nhiiu khd khdn Tit khda: Tre em lao dgng di cu tre em lang thang, Viil Nam D a t v a n de Chinh sich Ddi mdi (ra ddi nim 1986) da dua Viet Nam budc vao thai ky cda nhirng cai each chitih tri, kinh tl, xa hdi D^c bidt, viec chuyen dii td md hinh kinh tl hda tap tmng sang md hinh kinh td thj tmdng da mang lai cho Viet Nam mdt hinh inh mdi Viec tilp e^in thj tmdng the gidi da tgo vigc lam cho hing trieu ngudi, gii va Ue budc vio thj tmdtig lao ddng mdi nam Tuy nhien, khdng phai mpi thay ddi, ddng hinh vdi qui tiinh phit trien kinh te nhanh, deu mang ti'nh tich cyc Khi thj tmdng lao dpng phi chinh thde d cic thinh phd Idn cing phlnh to vi nhu ciu ve lao ddng gii re ngiy cing Idn, thi ciuig Ii luc Ue em lao ddng di eu tu cac khu vyc ndng thdn din phd lim vide kiem sdng va phy giiip gia dmh cung xuit hidn tid Igi va cang gia tang Mac dii nghien edu ve Ue em khdng phai la rapt chu de mdi, tre em lao ddng dl cu van Ii ehu dl it dupc cic nha nghidn eihi d Vigt Nam quan tam Vi vgy, sd lidu thing ke quoc gia vl tre em lao dpng di cu d Viet Nam cdn rit so sii Cac khao sat bing phuong phap djnh tuih eung rit it nhftng khd khan gap phai tu vi|c tiep cgn vi lay thdng tin tu tre em De cd nhimg can thiep dung din, timg budc hgn che va xda bd tre em lao ddng di cu, bang phuong phip thu thip, tdng hpp va phin tich tai lieu, bai viet niy de cap den thye trang Ue em lao ddng di cu d Viet Nam giai dogn tu sau nam 1986 din Tre em lao dgng di cu & Vi^t Nam tit nam 1986 din Tre em lao dong di cu d Vi€t Nam D I hidu ro khai nidm Ue em lao ddng di cu, trudc hit cln lam ro hai khii nigm : lao dpng tre em vi di cu Lien quan ddn khii niem lao dpng tre em, cin nhd rang cho den vin chua cd mpt khii nigra thing nhit nao Tuy nhien, cic quoc gia diu dya vao Cdng udc 138 ciia Td chuc Lao dpng Quoc te (ILO) quy dinh ve mdc tudi lao ddng toi thidu lim cin cu xic djnh lao ddng Ue em Theo cdng udc niy, tudi tdi thilu co ban Ii khdng dudi 15 vi tudi tdi thieu ap dung cho cac cdng vigc nguy hgi li khdng dudi 18 (3 Viet Nam, chua cd khii niem chung ve lao ddng trd em Tuy nhidn, nhimg quy djnh Bd lugt lao dpng 2007 vl co bin Ii phu hpp vdi dieu udc quoc te ve lao ddng Ue em Dieu 119 ciia Bd luit niy quy djnh : Ngudi lao dpng chua nidn la ngudi lao ddng dudi 18 tuoi Dilu 120 eiia Bp lugt cam nhgn Ue em chua du 15 tudi vio lim viee, tru mdt sd nghd vi edng viec Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi quy djnh Trong bii vilt nay, chiing tdi sd dung khai nigm lao dpng tre em li nhiing lao dOng co dp tuoi dudi 18 tudi, tham gia lim eac cdng vigc ma dieu kign lira viee anh hudng den sy phat triln vl thi chit, tinh thin va nhan phim cua Ue Vdi dieu kign lira vigc, cic qudc gia thuong lay dd dii thdi gian lira vide lira tiiudc chinh Vdi Ue em td 5-11 tudi li tren gid/ngiy ho§c tren gid/tuin; Vditiretd 12-14 tudi Ii tren gid/ngay hogc Udn 24 gid/tuin; Tre em tir 15-17 mdi la tren gid/ngay hogc trdn 42 gid /tuin Theo khai nigra ciia Lien Hiep Qudc, di cu la sy di chuyen tu mot don vj Iinh thd niy din mdt dan vi lanh thd kliie, hoac li sy di chuyen theo khoing each tdi thieu quy djnh Sy di chuyin niy diin Uong mdt khoang thdi gjan xac djnh va dupc dge trung bdi noi cu tni thudng xuyen Trong bai nay, Ue em lao dpng di eu do dupc hieu la nhimg lao ddng dudi 18 tuoi phai rdi khdi gia dinh, din smh sdng d mot noi khic vi lam vide d nliftng noi cd dieu kidn lam vide inh hudng den sy phat Uiln ve the chat, tmh than vi nhin phim ciia cac em Ndi den tre em lao dpng dl cu d Viet Nam giai dogn td sau chinh sach Ddi mdi, phai nhIc din sy xuat hien ciia logi hinh tre "di cu kinh tl" "Nghien cdu ve tre em dudng phd d phi Hd Chi Minh" cua Terre des hommes vl de em dudng phd tiln hinh vio nam 2000 da phat hien sy hign dign va gia tang ciia nhdm Ue d thinh phd Hd Chi Minh Sd Ue em niy, chu ydu tu cac tinh mien Trung v i mien BIC (73%) den thinh de kiem tien phu giiip gia dinh Nghien edu da dgt ten cho nhdm tre em la "ngudi di cu kinh tl" [21, tr 20] vi ddi tupng dupc xep vao nhdm D Luu y ring trudc dd nam (vio nam 1992), Terre des Hommes di ed nghidn cuu vl tre em dudng phd d Tp HCM [20] Vao tiidi gian niy, d diy chua xuat hign nhdm tre em di cu kinh td Tren eac dudng phd, chi cd ba nhdm sau: • Nhdra A : Nhiingti-ebd nhi di hay nhimg Ue vd gia cu va ngii ngoai dudng • Nhdra B : Nhftng tre ngii ngoai dudng vdi gia dinh hoae vdi ngudi bio hd TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C6NG NGH£ Tmong Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hui T$p 4, S6 (2016) • Nhdm C : Nhiing tre cd gia dinh hoic ngudi bao hd va ngu d nha Dilu dd eiing cd nghTa la thdi gian dau cua thgp nidn 90, hiu nhu khdng cd dgng tre em dl cu mdt minh din phi Hd Chi Minh lira viec de gdi tien ve giup dd gia dinh Tre em di cu kinh te chi xuit hidn td giai doan 1992-2000 Cac em d nhdm D mlu khao sit lan thd hai cua Terre des Hommes bao gdm ca nam lin nft, d dd tuoi td 12 din 17 tudi, tuoi trung binh la 15 Cd khoang 73% cac em den td mien Bic va railn Trung va 23% tu cac tinh Nara Trung bp Ddi ngheo (ehiem 96%) van la nguydn nhin chinh khien Ue era phai rdi gia dhih lao ddng kidra sdng Tre thupc ndm D li nhihig Ue ed trinh dp hpe vin cao nhit so nhdm tre : 83% cic era biet chft, hon 50% cac em trai vi tren 40% cac em gai thupc nhdm D bd hpc d cap Khao sat nam 2000 ciia Terre des Hommes eho biet nhiing dda Ue di cu kinh te ed mpt cdng vigc tuong ddi bao dam, vdi ngudn thu nhip diu din Cie em khdng dupe xem la Ue em dudng vi dupc tri luong dd lam cdng vi^e dupe thud Mdt sl lao ddng Ue em nhip cu lira vigc Uen dudng phd, rapt sd khac duoc thue mudn dd lim cic co sd kinh doanh nhd hay cic xudng sda chfta Phan Idn tre em thupc nhdm D nay, rage du song va lam viec xa nha nhung van gan bd vdi gia dinh, que huong, yeu thuong bo mg va lim vigc bing Uaeh nhiem de gui tien ve nha Sd lupng lao dpng tre em nhgp cu d thinh Hd Chi Minh theo nghien cdu la rat cao va dang gia tang nhanh chdng Vin dh tre em di cu kmh tl cd quan hg chat ehe vdi van dl Ue em lang thang va tre em lao dpng, mac du hai nhdm khdng phii luc nio cung triing klidp vdi Hidn tai d Viet Nam vin edn thilu so Heu toan dien vl tre em lao ddng di cu Uong vin dd Ue em lang thang va tre em lira viee duoc nghien cdu nhieu hon Nghien cihi cua Terre des Hommes [21] vi nghien cihi Duong Kim Hdng va Keniehi Ohno [7] cd de cap din Ue em di cu kinh tl nhung lai xem nhdra tre niy nhu la bien thi mdi cua tre em lang thang, bdi tre em mi hp tiep can dupc lira viec tren dudng phd Chi khac la nlidm khdng ngu tren dudng va cd nhung thai dp, hinh vi khic vdi nhdng tre thupc nhdm khie vi cudc sdng ciing nhu cdng vide ciia cac em "dn djnh" hon cho dd thu tiiip hing thing thudng rit tiilp Nghien cdu "Migrant working children in Ho Chi Minh eity: Emerging trends between economic migrant and runaway child workers" eiia Paige Fem [16] chu yiu cung dya tren kit qui cupc dilu Ua (1992 va 2000) cda Terre des Homraes, bo sung thdm du ligu tiiu dupcti-ongnim 2005 cda Van Thj Ngpc Lan va thong tm thu dupc tu 30 miu phdng vin siu nam 2006 ciia tac gii danh cho Ue ban ve sd, danh giiy va ban phd go d tiiinh Hd Chi Minh Nghien cuu niy di cung cip nhftng nguyen nhin tgo tmh trang gia tang sd lupng Ue em di cu kinh tl d tiiinh Ho Chi Mmh tii nim 1992 din nim 2000 Tre em lang thang va tre em lao d^ng - m$t bien thi cua tre em lao dong di cu Lien quan din nhdm Ue em cd hoan cinh dac bi^t vi de bj tdn thuong nhit xi hdi la nhdm tre em lang thang, Ue em dudng phi, cd rit nhieu nghien cuu quan tim, vi du nhu nghien cdu ciia Dd Thj Ngpc Phuong [8], Duong Chi Thien [6], Duong Kim Hdng [7] Ngoai viec phan logi tre em dudng phd, cic nghien cuu niy deu tap tmng phan tich tinh de bj tdn Tre em lao dgng di cud Vi^t Nam tit nam 1986 din thuong d tre, lam rd cic nhu ciu mi tre em lang thang kilm sdng tren dudng phd raong dpi eiing nhu cic chinh sach bio trp cua nha nude doi vdi nhdm tre era Dgc bigt, nghidn cuu eCia Duong Kim Hdng va Keniehi Ohno [7] da diem Igi djnh nghTa va phin loal Ue dudng phi ciia cac nghidn cdu tmdc day Nghidn cuu niy da tien hinh so sanh kit qua nghien cdu ciia cupc dilu Ua vd tre em langtihangd thinh phd Idn nhat Viet Nam, thinh Hd Chi Minh va d phd Ha Npi Dd la : (1) Cupc dilu tra lln thd vl "Tre bui ddi tgi thinh phi Ho Chi Minh" cda Terre des hommes [20]; (2) Cudc dilu tra lln thd cua Terre des hommes vdi chii de "Nghien cvcu vl Ue em dudng d phd Hd Chi Minh" dupc tidn hanh nam 2000 vi dupe bo sung kit qua td cic cudc thao lugn nhdm eua cie phdng vin vien dupc tidn hinh vao nam 2002 [21]; (3) Dieu tra vl tmh hmh Ue em dudng phd tai Hi Ndi (thing nam 1996) dupc tiln hanh vao thing 11 vi 12 nam 1995 eua Nguydn Vin Budm va Jonathan Caseley [15]; va (4) cupc dilu tra ve tre em dudng phd dupc Dien din Phit tridn Vidt Nam (VDF) tidn hinh vio thing nam 2004 [5], Tu do, cae tac gii da dl nghj mdt cieh phin loai Ue em dudng mdi dya tren tieu chi nguyen nhan va hoin cinh Trong do, nguydn nhin dupe phin thinh gia dinh tan vd, vin dl nhin thdc, va kinh te Hoan canh dupe phin nhiing dim bio hi^n tgi va dau tu cho tuong lai Nghien cuu chi rang vio nam 1992, da sd tre em lang thang d thinh H I Chi Minh diu din td cac tinh phia Nam Tgi thdi dilm do, nhihig Ue din tu cie thih phia BIC vi BIC trung bd khdng cd nhieu d phd Hd Chi Mmh Tinh ddn nim 2000, ed nliieu Ue lang thang din tu nhilu vung que khac tap trung tgi thinh phi H I Chi Minh han Hon 70% sl trd nhdm A, B va nhdm C din td eac tinh phia Nam vi Nam trung bd, dd cd tdi 60% Ud tiiudc nhdm D (vi ly kinh tl) din td eac tuih mien Bic va Ble Tmng Bd- Dilu niy chung minh nhiing nam gan day, phan Idn Ue mien Bac vi Bie tmng bd din thinh HO Chi Minh ddu la nhimg lao ddng di eu Ciing theo bio eio nghidn cdu cua Duong Kim Hong vi Keniehi Ohno, hai cudc didu tra d Ha Npi da khang djnh rang phan Idn tre di eu den td cac viing ndng thdn, Uong sd tre den tu Thanh Hda la ddng nhat Ndi din Ud em lao ddng di cu, khdng the khdng nhac den nhirag nghidn edu ve lao ddng Ud em Cd nhit nhilu nghien cdu vl tre em lao ddng sdm va lam dung lao dpng tre em nhu nghien cdu cua UNICEF [22], Vien khoa hpc lao dpng vi xi hdi [24], Ngan hang thi gidi [25], Dgc bigt, dilu tra qudc gia vl lao ddng Ue em cua ELO [12] da ude tmh mpt sd klidng nhd 1,75 trieu tie em Viet Nam dang lim viec didu kidn dupc thong kd vao nhdm lao dpng Ue em Lien quan din eie logi hinh lao ddng tre em, ngoii cie edng vigc d tien dudng (nhu dinh giiy, bin ve so, an xin ) va Uong cac ca sd sin xuat, sda ehda tu nhin, cd mdt loai hinh lao ddng mi gin diy cac nghien edu d Viet Nara rit quan tim : tre era giiip viee nha Sy phat triln kinh tl thdi ky hgu doi mdi da cd nhirng tic ddng rit Idn den tinh ehit va hinh thii cua lao ddng Ud era Trong bdi canh eing ed nhieu phu nu tham gia vio lao dpng sin xuat, lao ddng lim cdng an Iuang, hpc hinh, tun kilm thu nhip cho gia dinh, cac hp gia dinh cing can ngudi giiip viec nhi vi trdng gift cii Theo n^ien euu ciia Save the children UK [18] vi ciia ILO [11], phin Idn phu nu vi Ue era d cac viing ndng thdn rat thich hpp vdi loai cdng vi^c niy Vi thi hp di cu td ndng thdn len thi dk kilm sdng bing edng vigc giiip vide nha TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CQNG NGH$, Tnrong Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hge Hui Tjp 4, So (2016) Nghien edu ciia ILO [11] da cho bilt cd din 2161 Ue em lim nghe giup vigc nha d thinh Hd Chi Minh Trong do, cd 69,7% Ue em gii vi 30,3% tre em nam 31% tre giup vigc nhi budc vio nghe d dp tuoi trung bmh 13,2 tudi (vao thdi diem nghien cuu) Cdng viec chinh cua cie em la: rda bat, lau nhi, chuin bj cac bfta in vi Udng em Thdi gian lam vi$c eua cac era tnmg binh Ii 13 gid/ngay/7 ngiy Nghidn cdu "Tre era lam thud giup viec gia dinh d Hi Ndi" ciia Td chdc cuu trp Ue em Thuy Diin va Khoa Tim ly, tiudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhin van, Dgi hpc QuIe gia Hi Npi cho bilt: "phin ddng tre em lao dpng lam thue d thi xult thin td gia dmh dang sinh sing va lira in d eie vung ndng thdn, noi eon nhilu khd khin ve kinh t l " [17, U 79] 219 em giiip vide cho cie gia dinh d Ha Ndi miu khio sat cua n^ien cdu din tu 21 tmh, rii khIp tu miin BIC din mien Trung Chu yiu td cac vdng ndng thdn Kit qua nghien cuu niy khing dinh hidn tupng di chuyin lao ddng td ndng thdn thinh thi ed lao dpng tre em Hoin canh khd khin ve kinh te vin ludn la nguyen nhan chinh khiln cac em phai di lam thue giup viec nhi Phin Ion tre em lao ddng bj Igm dyng dudi nhieu hinh thde Tinh "vo hinh" cua tre em lao ddng di cu d Viet Nam - mpt kho kban cho cac nghi@n cdu khoa hpc Cd the ndi cho den nay, cac nghidn cuu vl tre em di cu kinh tl d Viet Nam chua nhieu va chua cd tinh hg thdng Nguyen nhin ciia su thilu vang niy thu nhit phii kl den tinh ehit "mdi xuat hign" (khoang td gifta nhfing nam 1990) ciia hien tupng tre em lao ddng di cu dupc tti cdng d Viet Nara va keo theo nd la nhftng khd khan thieu sd lieu thdng ke chinh thdc cung nhu nhdng tai lieu sin cd ve tre era di cu kinh te Thu hai, mi ciing li nguyen nhin chd yiu, Ii tinh "vd hinh" ciia nhdm doi tupng niy khdng ding k^ tam tni tam ving ndn khdng xuit hien cic sd Heu thing ke chinh thde Khi tre khdng dang ki cu tni cung cd nghTa la cic em khdng tdn tai rapt cich chinh thuc d dja chi Iim tni vi d nhung co sd lam vigc tgi khu vyc dd thj, Nghien cdu vl "lao ddng tre em d phi Hd Chi Minh" ciia Save the UK [18] da chi ring tre era lam vide nhieu cac ca sd san xuit gia dinh, tu nhan va phi chinh thdc d tiianh phd Hd Chi Minh Theo nghidn edu niy, hilm thiy cie em lira viec Uong cac cdng ty, xi nghidp cd ding ky kinh doanh va cac doanh nghiep nha nude Tre em lam viec Uong cac co sd chi biin (manufecturing) va xu ly (processing) da phin tap trang d eic co sd tu nhan nhd vi vda Nghien cuu da giai thich vi da sd tre em diu lim viec cac eo sd chi biin vi xu ly tu thupe hd thing kinh tl phi chinh thdc Mpt so nguyen nhan phai kl den Ii eie co sd san xuit vin dau tu it, thudng su dung cic nguyen vat lidu ciing nhu miy mde re nhit, cd chit lupng thip nhit de sin xuat hing hda cd chit lupng thap vdi gii sin pham ciing thip Nhihig CO sd niy sin xuat vi ban hing mpt thi tmdng cd sdc mua thip, dd lpi nhuin thu dupc eung khdng cao Vi the hp phai tim kilm ngudn lao ddng re nhat Ii lao dpng phu nft, Ue em vi lao ddng di cu Trong dd, cac co sd sin xuit thupc he thdng kinh te chinh thuc, vi cd dang ky kinh doanh, ddi hdi ngudi lao dpng dupe tuyen dung phai cd diy dii cac gily td can thilt nhu giay khai sinh, chdng minh nhan dan vi chung chi nghe Do dd, theo mpt nghidn cdu khae ciia Save the children UK [19], rat khd de hilt cic em sS phai lira thi nao de 175 Tre em lao dgng di cu- & Viit Nam tir nam 1986 den duoc bio vg cd hinh vi xim hgi xay Trong nhilu tmdng hpp phai ddi mat vdi nhung cing thing quan hd vdi ngudi dja phuong noi cac em nhgp cu din, tte em nhgp cu thudng tham gia eac bing nhdra nhu la mpt each dl dupc d Uong rapt mli quan hg gia dinh v i khdng bj CO lip Vi^e khdng dang kj' cu tru tgi noi den, lira vigc d cic co sd tu nhin thupc hd thdng Idnh tl phi ehinh thdc khdng cd dang ky kinh doanh cang lam ting tinh "vd hinh" cua Ue em lao dpng di eu Qua gin 30 nam ddi mdi Dang va Nhi nude Viet Nam d$e bidt quan tim den viec cham sde, giio due, bao vg Ue em Viet Nam la nude dau tien d chiu A vi la nude thd hai tren till gidi phd chuan Cdng udc qudc te ve quyen tre em Tuy nhien, thye te eho thay, quyen tte em d mdt sd viing d nude ta vin chua dupc dam bio Vi nhieu nguydn nhin khie nhau, bao gdm ci nhihig nguydn nhan td phia xi hdi vi nhiing yeu td thupc hoan canh gia dinh, raong dpi ca nhin, tre em d cac vimg ndng thdn ngheo van dang di chuyen den cac khu dd thj Idn de lira vigc kiem sdng Ngoii cie nhdm tre em lang thang, Ue em dudng pho, td nhftng nam 1990 d eic tihanh phd Idn tgi Vi^t Nam, ed sy hien dign va gia tang cda nhdm tre era di cu kinh te Cac era lam vigc nhu nhftng edng nhin thye thy Uong nhiing co sd san xuat, kinh doanh, nhu lao ddng ngudi Idn trdn dudng phi, d cac ben tau, nha ga hay Ii lam thue giup vi$c nhi cho eic gia duih d thinh Cho dd lim vide d diu vi Uong dieu kien nao, quyen Ud em eiia eae em vin khdng dupc dam bio Trong sl nhihig em den phd mot minh, nhdra trd "di cu kmh td" lam vide b^n ttong tiong cic xudng san xuat nhd hay nhi ciia chd lao dOng dupc xera Ii nhdm khd nghidn cuu nhit Nguyen nhin chmh la tinh "vd hinh" ciia cac em d tihinh duoc tgo tinh chat cdng vide va sy ndi long quan ly hp khau eda nha nude td sau chinh sieh Doi mdi Vi mdt mai tuoi sing hon, tte em lao dpng di cu can phai dupc toin xa hdi quan tam, bao ve, chim sdc vi giio due TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Bp Lao dpng, Thuong bmh vi Xi hpi vi UNICEF Viet Nam (2009) Xdy dung mdi trudng bdo vi tre em Viet Nam: Ddnh gid phdp ludt vd chinh sdch bdo vf tre em, dde biit Id tre em cd hodn dde biit a Viil Nam Website : http;//www.iinicef-org/vietnani/vi/RasoatphapIuat.pdf [2] Bd Lao dpng, Thuong binh vi Xa hdi (2001/ Ddnh gid vd khuyin nghj cho viic sua ddi cdc chinh sdch ki hogch chien luge ve phong chdng lam dyng tinh dvc tre em ndm 2001-2010, Bo LDTBXH, Vy phdng ching te nan xa hdi Ha Ndi [3] Dang Nguyen Anh (2005) Internal Miration: Opportunities and Challenges for Developmen Asia-Pacific Economic Center, Hanoi [4] Duong Kun Hing, Keniehi Ohno, (Thing 7/2005) Tri dudng phi Vigt Nam Nhiing nguyin nhdn tmyin thdng vd nhiing nguyen nhdn mdi, mdi quan hi giiia cdc nguyin nhdn nin kin dang phdt triin, Dien din phat triln Vi^t Nam Website: 176 TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CQNG NGH£, Tmirng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - Dgi hgc Hui T$p 4, So (2016) http://www.grips.ac.jp/vietnam/VDFTokyo/remp/Doc/2005/DP06V-DBCHong&KOhnoJul05.pdf [5] Duong Chf Thi^n (2007) "Trfi em dudng p h i nhu mgt nhdm xa hdi", Lu|n an tiln st xa hdi hpc, m i s l 62313001, H i Ndi [6] Duoi^ Kun Hong and Keniehi Ohno, (2007) "SUeet Children in Vietnam: Interactions of Old and New Causes in a Growmg Economy" m social issues under economic transformation and intergration in Vietnam, Vietnam development forum [7] Dd Thi Ngpc Phuong (1995) Tre em lang thang - mpt vin dl xa hoi can dupc quan tSra, Tgp chi Xd hdi hgc, s6 [8] Hoing B i Thinh (1997) 27m kiem gidi phdp phong ching mgi ddm tre em, Trung tdm nghiin cuu ve giai, gia dinh vd mdi trudng, Td chftc Radda Bamen Viet Nam [9] ILO (2002) by Le Bach Duong Children in prostitution in Hanoi, Hai Phong Ho Chi Minh city and Can Tho: rapid Assessment.]LO, Bangkok Website: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro bangkok/documents/pubUcation/wcms_bk_j)b_13_en.pdf [10] ILO (2006) Child domestic workers in HoChiMinh city [Survey Report] ILO office m Vietnam Web:http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/dowiiload.do?type=document&id=4784 [11] ILO, Lao dpng, Thucmg binh v i Xa hgi, Tdng cyc thing ke (2014) Diiu tra quic gia vi lao dgng tre em 2012 Cdc kit qud chinh Ha Npi Website: http://www.Uo,org/wcmsp5/groups/pubhc/— asia/—ro-bangkok/—ilo-hanoi/documents/pubUcation/wcms_237841.pdf [12] Institute of Economic Research of Ho Chi Minh City (1997) Survey of Spontaneous Migration to Ho ChiMinh City Project VIE/95/004, histitute of Economic Research of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Mmh City [13] Nguyen Thi Van Anh (1993) Tri em dudng phd lgi Hd Ngi, Vifin xa hdi hpc v i iiy ban bio ve va ch3m sdc tre em Ha noi [14] Nguyen Van Buom and Jonathan Caseley (1996) Survey on the situation of street children in Hanoi, Youtii research Institute [15] Paige Fem (2006) Migrant working children in HoChiMinh City: emerging trends between economic migrant and runaway child workers [Working paper en Ugne] Partial fulfilhnent of the requhements for Vietnam Culture and development [Seminar] HoChiMinh city Website: http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/308 [16] Save the children Sweden (2000) Tre em idm Ihue giup viic gia dinh d Hd Ngi, Nha xult ban ChinhUiqulcgia [17] Save the children UK (1998) Child Labour in Ho Cht Minh City, Hanoi Tri em lao dgng di cu & Vigt Nam td nSm 1986 din [18] Save the Children UK (2006) A Rapid Assessment of the Situation of Migrant Children in Viet Nam [19] Ten-e des homes Foundation (1992, 1994) A Study on Street Children in Ho Chi Minh City, National Political Publisher, Hanoi [20] Terre des homes Foundation (2004) Nghiin cuu vi Ire em dudng phd a thdnh phi Hd Chi Minh, Nha xuit bin Chinh tri quIc gia H i Noi, 2004 [21] UNICEF (2004) Lam dung tri em a Viit Nam: Bdo cdo torn tdt vi khdi niem, bdn chdt vdphgm vi cug lam dung Ire em a Viit Nam, UNICEF, H i Npi [22] United Nations Development Program, (2001/ Doi Moi and Human Development in Viemam" in National Human Development Report The Political Pubhshing House, Hanoi, Vietnam [23] Vien khoa hpc lao ddng v i x i hdi (2000) Nghiin ciru vi lao d^ng tri em a Viet Nam: 1992-1998, Nfai xult bin lao ddng v i x i h^i, Ha Noi [24] World Bank (February 2002) "Child labor in transition m Vietnam" in Polity research working papers, Worid Bank, Hanoi Website: http://elibrary.woridbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-94502774 C H I L D L A B O R M I G R A - n O N IN V I E T N A M SINCE 1986 Le Dang Bao Chau Department of Sociology, Hue University College of Sciences Email: I ABSTRACT The innovation policy in Vietnam since 1986 has brought up significant achievements to the country, particularly contributed to a rapidly economic growth However, parallel to the achievements, the country must cope with new arising social problems By analyzing the secondary data sources, this paper demonstrated the re-cqipearance and increase of the child labor migrants m the big cities, especially the group of children working for the private service agencies or manufacturing facililies The paper also showed that in order to have a panorama of child labor mig^'ants it is necessary to find them in the case studies on street children and labor children The "invisible" property of child labor migrants is one of the main limited factors, which caused a lot of difficulties for investigating as well as providing a comprehensive protection, care, and education to the target children Keywords: child labor migrants, street children, Vietnam ...Tre em lao dgng di cu & Vi^t Nam tit nam 1986 din Tre em lao dong di cu d Vi€t Nam D I hidu ro khai nidm Ue em lao ddng di cu, trudc hit cln lam ro hai khii nigm : lao dpng tre em vi di cu... bdi noi cu tni thudng xuyen Trong bai nay, Ue em lao dpng di eu do dupc hieu la nhimg lao ddng dudi 18 tuoi phai rdi khdi gia dinh, din smh sdng d mot noi khic vi lam vide d nliftng noi cd dieu... trd em Tuy nhidn, nhimg quy djnh Bd lugt lao dpng 2007 vl co bin Ii phu hpp vdi dieu udc quoc te ve lao ddng Ue em Dieu 119 ciia Bd luit niy quy djnh : Ngudi lao dpng chua nidn la ngudi lao ddng