Lao dong nir di cu 6" Viet Nam nhung nam gan day BiiiThiHong'*' Lai Thi Thanh Binh'"> Tom tat: Lao dgng di cu Id hien tugng tdtyeu qud trinh hgi nhap vdphdt triin kinh te - xd hgi cua ddt nude Ciing voi tdc tdng truong kinh ti vd da dgng hoa cdc hoat dgng kinh te, suphdt trien khong dong deu giira cdc virng miin, chenh lech muc sdng, dd tgo Idn sdng di cu lao dgng ngdy cang manh me a Viet Nam nhung ndm gdn day Trong do, ddng chu y la xu hudng lao dgng nir di cu tir ndng thdn cdc dd thi lo^ tim kiim ca hgi viec Idm ngdy mgt gia tdng Tren ca sd tdng quan cdc kit qud nghiin cuu vi di cu tgi Vi^t Nam 10 ndm tro lai day bdi viet de cap den thuc trgng lao dgng nir di cir tit nong thdn thdnh thi g Viet Nam vd cuoc song cua hg Tir kh6a: Di cu, Lao dgng nii di cu, Nong thon - thi Chat lugng cugc song, Vigt Nam Abstract: Labor migration is an inevitable phenomenon in the process of national integration and socio-economic development Along with economic growth and diversification of economic activities, uneven regional development, gaps in living standards, etc., have created an increasingly strong wave of labor migration in Vietnam in recent years In particular, it is worth noting that there's an increase in female migrant workers from rural areas to large cities to seek employment opportunities Based on a literature review in Vietnam the past 10 years, the paper addresses the current situation of these workers and their life Keywords: Migration, Female Migrant Workers, Rural - Urban, Life Quality, Vietnam Dat van de O Viet Nam, nhung nam gan day, sy chuyen doi co cau kinh te cung vdi qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa ciing nhu sue ep ve dan sd, viec lam, dat dai f'ThS., Vi?n Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hoi, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xS hgi Vi^t Nam; Email: buihongxhh@gmail.com |"'ThS-, Vi^n Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hpi, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xS hpi Viet Nam; Email: lailhanhbinhissi@gmail.com nghe nghiep, lam cho qua trinh di cu co ehieu hudng gia tang, dac biet la d gidi nii Kit qud Tpng Diiu tra Ddn sd vd Nhd d thai diem gid ngdy thdng ndm 2019 (Ban Chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so va nha d Trung uong, 2019: 108) eho thSy, t6ng dan so di cu, nu gidi ehiem 55,5%, cao hon so vdi muc 50,1% cua dan so khong di eu Xet theo timg loai hinh di cu, ty le nil gidi ciing vugt troi hon ban so vdi nam gidi Luong di cu lao dgng la nO; gidi hi?n phan Idn la tir nong thon thi 30 lam nghe ty va lam cong nhan tai cac khu cdng nghiep khu chi xuit Theo ket qua Dieu tra biin dgng ddn sd vd ki hoach hoa gia dinh thoi diim 01/4 201S (Tdng cue Th6ng ke 2019a: 80), lu6ng di cu tir nong thon thj n& gidi ehiem 57,3%, eao hon so vdi nam gidi (42.7%) Nhieu phy nii nong thon quyet dinh den tim kiem nhirng cong \ iec gian don nham co them thu nh^p de trang trai cugc song gia dinh va lo cho cai hgc hanh d que nha Tuy \'a\ cugc song ciia hg tai thi ciing vi the ma doi mat vai nhieu nii ro cam do, thieu ben \ imu Thyc trang lao dgng nir di cu a Mi't Nam hi$n Th6ng Mn Khoa hgc xa hdi sO 6-20II 2017, \'iet Nam cd tren I trieu Ti^^'"^ *!' cu dd 816 nghin ngudi la lai' d^'"^ eu Lao dgng na di eu nhieu hon lao *• nam di cu gong ca giai doan tir nSm ' d^n quy 11/2017 (Bang 1) Mac dii ly t^9 B dantu lao dgng nii di eu co xu hudng gian^ nam 20]2 d^n quy 11/2017 (57.65^ xuong 52.88%) nhung nhi^u chuyen gia nh^n di day v ^ la xu hudng kha cao giai doan hien (ILSSA ILO 2018: 28) Lao dgng ni^ di cu thudng lya chgn eac eong vi?c nhu lam cong nhan tai cac khu cong nghiep khu ch^ xuk, hoac lao dgng ly nhu giiip viee gia dinh, ban hang rong, phue \u muc 6n dinh thap, bap benh Theo Nguyen Thu Hoai, Truong Thi Cung vdi qua ginh cong nghiep hoa, Ly (2016: 16-17), k§t qua dieu tra 1.600 lao hi?n dgi hoa dat nude, hi?n irang di cu d dgng nii di cu cho thiy, ed 27,8% so ngudi Viet Nam Uong nhihig nam gan da> dien tra Idi cho bi^t tinh trang cong viec hien v6 ciing m^nh me va la van de dugc nhieu eiia hg la khong on djnh, dac bigt d hgc gia quan tam, nghien ciru co nhom nii lao dgng tu ty le la 41,3% K8t qua cac cugc dieu tra ve di cu gan ehieu c^nh gidi va di cu Hau bet cac nghien cuu ddu cho thiy xu hudng nir hoa di cu tir day deu eho thay, nhieu lao dgng nii di cu nong ihon thi ehiem sd lugng Idn d tuoi kha tre khoang thdi gian iij Sd lugng lao dgng nir di cu va dgc tuong doi dai Nhan dinh triing vdi diem nhan khdu hoc cua hg Kit qud Tdng Dieu tra Ddn sd vd Nhd g Can cii theo ket qua ciia cac cugc dieu thai diim gid ngdy thdng ndm 2019 tra dieu khoang lOnamUdlai day s6 (Ban Chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so va nha lugng lao dgng nu di cu gia tang theo timg d Trung uong, 2019), eu the: tuoi trung vi nam Tinh loan tir dieu tra ve lao dgng viec ciia nii di cu thap hon so vdi nam di eu, cua lam Vien Khoa hgc lao dgng va xa hgi nhung ngudi di cu ngoai tinh thap hem so 01 SS.\) - Bg Lao dgng Thuong binh va vdi nhimg ngudi di eu ngi tinh (deu tuong \ a hgi vaT6 chiic Lao dgng qu6e t§ (ILO) ling la 27 tuoi so vdi 29 tu6i), nii gioi c6 cho thay ty le lao dgng nii di eu d Viet Nam xu hudng di cu sdm hon va d tuoi cang deu cao hem nhieu so vdi nam gidi Quy tre ngudi di cu eang cd xu hudng di xa dh thay doi moi trucmg song cQng Bang I: Cng nu len la 788,9 nghin ngudi, 57,0% la phy nii va phan Idn la di chuyen den khu vye thi (61,1%) Tuong ty nhu vay, k£t qua di8u tra ve "Thyc trang va giai phap nang eao chat lugng cugc song cua lao dgng nir di cu" Hgc vien Phu nii khao sat nam 2016 cho thay, ty le lao dgng nil di cu kha cao tuoi tu 1559 tuoi Trong dd, 59,5% lao dgng nii di cu lam viee cac khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat va 40,5% lam nghe tu Ve dac diem nhan khau hgc, lao dgng nii di cu xuat than ehu yeu tir khu vye nong thon (86,5%) va tir khap cac viing mien, tuoi trung binh xap xi 33, da so deu co trinh hgc van thap, tinh trang sire khoe d mire trung binh trd len Hon niia, d tat ca cac viing tren ca nude, ty trgng nii di cu tap trung dong nhat tai viing Dong Nam bg va Dong bang song Hong, the hien ro xu hudng "nii hoa" di cu (Dan theo: Nguyen Hoang Anh, Truong Thiiy Hang, 2018; Tong cue Thong ke, 2019b; Ban Chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so va nha d Trung uong, 2019) Khong chi cac nghien ciiu quy mo Idn cho thay ty le lao dgng nii di cu cang gia tang va di cu d tuoi kha tre ma ca mgt so euge dieu tra quy mo nho ciing chi dieu Urcmg ty nhu vay Nghien cuu ciia Vii Thi Hoang Lan, Phan Thi Huong, phong van 215 nii di cu lao dgng tu dang tam tni tai phudng Phiic Xa, quan Ba Dinh, Ha Ngi nam 2011, cho thay nii di cu lao dgng ty dang c6 xu hudng tang nhanh Do tuoi trung binh ciia hg la 35,2 Phan Idn (88%) so phu nii dang CO chong, 12% chua ket hon, hoac da ly hon, ly than, gda chong Trinh hgc van cua hg kha thap, da so ed trinh hgc vin dudi bac trung hgc co sd, 35% co trinh hgc van dudi bac ti^u hgc (Xem: Vu Thi Hoang Lan, Phan Thi Huong, 2012: 38- 39) Ket qua dieu tra 215 hg gia dinh tai xa cua huyen Que V6 va Yen Phong, tinh Bac Ninh (noi eo tong s6 353 lao dgng di cu) ehi rang, da so ngudi di cu la nhiing ngudi tre tuoi Lao dgng di cu tu 16-30 tu6i ehiem 53,8% va giam dan d nhiing dg tu6i Idn hon Nir gidi co xu hudng di cu sdm hon va nhieu ngudi tre hon so vdi nam gidi vdi 59,4% nu gidi di cu nhom tuoi dudi 30 va chi co 48,3% nam gidi di cu tuoi (Nguyen Thj Dien va eong su, 2018: 74) K^t qua khao sat 150 hg gia dinh co ngudi di cu tai xa Hoa Phii, huyen Tuy Hda, tinh Phu Yen nam 2018 eiing cho thay ty le lao dgng nii di cu tharih lam an kha cao (40,5%) Hau het hg CO trinh hgc van thap (Xem: TrAn Thi Thanh Phuong, 2018:44) Phy nir co xu hudng di eu ciing vdi ngudi than gia dinh, nam gidi thudng di cu mgt minh hoac di eu cimg ban be, ngudi quen Cd 64,7% nam gidi di cu mgt minh, 27,7% di cu ciing ngudi than gia dinh nhu vg/ehong, eon cai, cha me, V.V va 7,1% di cu eiing ban be, dong huong, ngudi quen biet Ty le d nir gidi lan lugt la 59,3%, 34,4% va 5,6% Mat khac, so nii gidi di cu lam cong viec ngi trg (giiip viec gia dmh) (10,4%) (Xem: Tong cue Th6ng ke, UNFPA, 2016a: 14, 64) Mgt xu hudng nhat quan dugc thay qua ca hai cugc Tong Dieu tra Dan so va Nha d va cugc Dieu tra Dan so giiia ky 2014 la nii gidi thudng di cu pham vi dia gidi hanh chinh nho hon (Xem: Tong euc Th6ng ke, UNFPA, 2016a: 45, 64) b) Ly lag dgng nii di cu Nhiiu nghien ciiu eho thay, nguyen nhan chii yeu dan den hien tugng lao dgng nir di cu d Viet Nam hien la de tim viec va doan tu vdi ngudi than Ket qua Diiu tra biin dgng ddn s6 va ''" *"">'•*' 32 hda gia dinh thdi diim 014 201 s cho tha\ ly "bat dau cdng viec mdi" ehiem ty trgng Idn nhat frong s6 cac ly di eu (28.3%) tifip d^n la "tim \iec"" (22,3%) va "theo gia dinh/nghi huu" chi^m 18.6% (Tdng cue Thdng ke 2019a: 81) Kit qud Tdng Dieu tra Dan sd vd Nhd a thai diim gid ngdy thdng ndm 2019 (Ban Chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so va nha d Trung uong, 2019) eiing cho thay dieu tuong ty nhu tren, phan Idn ngudi di cu quyet dinh chuyen tdi noi mdi vi ly lim viec hat dau cong vi?c mdi (36.8%) Th6ng Hn Khoa hgc xA hOl sO 6-20phu nO di cu chu ySu lam cac cdng ^''^^ chan tay thu nhap ihip nhi^u bap benh va thieu ben Ming ^ Cdng vigc ciia hg khong co mirc th gian CO dinh, da s6 hg phai iam \iec _ ^° ea kip vdi eudng lam viec eang th gNghien cuu v^ chat lugng cugc sdng cua lao dgng nii di cu nam 2016 cho thay, thdi gian lam viec trung binh ciia lao dgng nfl di cu ty nhieu hon so vdi nhdm lao dgng nu di cu lam viee tai cae khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat Cu the, thdi gian lam viec trung binh ciia mi cong nhan la tir 6-8 gid/ngay^ Uong do, nhdm lao dgng nii lam nghe ty CO thdi gian lam viec trung binh tir 9-12 gid/nga}' (3 ca hai nhom nay, thdi gian lam viec cao nhat ia tren 13 gio vdi ty le 26,1% d nhom lao dgng ty va 8,5% d nhom cong nhan Thu nhap trung binh ciia lao dgng nir di cu thudng d mdc trung binh thap, xSp xi 3,1 trieu dong/thang (Xem: Nguyen Hoang Anh, Truong Thiiy Hang, 2018: 43) Ngudi dan di cu \ a dae biet la lao dgng nO di cu lir nong thon thi cang nhieu ngoai muc dich kinh tc hg co ly gan ngudi than, doan ty vdi cai di hgc Mai khac su giam cau lao dgng cdc ho^t dong nong nghiep tai nong thon va gia tang cac co hgi viec lam eho phu nii tai eac va cac khu cong nghiep la nhihig ly chinh eiia hien tugng gia tang so lugng va ty le nO- gidi di eu (Tong cue Thdng ke UNFPA, 2016b: 24-25) Ket qua tren ciing kha tuong dong vdi J Cugc song cua lao dong nir di eu nghien cuu khao sat ve lao dgng nii di eu Cac nghien ciiu ve di cu gan day cho tai Ha Ngi (18-30 tu6i) dang lam viec cho thay, dai da sd lao dgng nii di cu phai doi cac doanh nghiep', cho thay hau het lao mat vdd nhieu kho khan, thach thue cugc dgng nil phai lam viec khoang thdi gian tuong ddi dai, ddng thdi phai lam theo song bap benh a) [ e moi tnrdng lam viec vd thu nhap ea kip nen kkx thiie lam viee thudng mugn hon so vdi thdi gian lam viec phd cita lao dgng nu di cir Ludng di cu chii yeu ciia lao dgng nir bien (tii gid den 17 gid hing ngay) Them theo hudng tir nong thon thi, noi eo vao do, nhan thue va trinh cua lao dgng nhieu co hgi viec lam vdi mue thu nhap nu cdn han ehe, da so deu khong co trinh hap dan hon Dai da so lao dgng nii di ehuyen mon k j thuat (Xem: Phiing Lg cu lam \iec Uong cac khu vye kinh xk, Khanh va cdng su, 2019) phi chinh thiic chua qua dao tao ky nang nghe Ky nang nghe nghiep ma hg cd dugc chii > eu thong qua qua trinh tich luy kinh nghiem thyc te Sy ban che ve trinh do, nhan thiic va khd khan viec tiep can cac nguon lyc da dan den mgt thyc te la ' Mpt nghien cuu thuoc khuon kh6 dy ^ "Empowering Female Migrant Youth to Succeed in the City and Workplace" - T?o co hpi cho nO ihani, nien di cir c6ng t?i thj vi noi lam viec, t& chuc Plan International Vi^t Nam cung nhitri t^ vSn dpc lap thvc hi?n nSm 2017 ^odOng nu Vdi moi truong lam viec eudng cao, lugng cugc sdng ciia lao dgng nir di cu" cua thdi gian lam viec keo dai va thu nhap binh Hgc vien Phu nii nam 2016 phan Idn quan hang thang d miic thap nhu vay, nhieu lao dgng nii di cu co cugc sdng kho khan, lao dgng nu di cu phai doi mat vdi nhieu hg phai song nhung can nha thue co khd khan cugc song sinh boat hang dien tieh chat hep, am thap, ve sinh chung Cd nhung ngudi khong chiu noi ap khong dam bao an toan, an ninh, tiem an lye cong viee nen thudng xuyen thay ddi nhieu riii ro, de dga su an toan ve the chat eong viec hoac quay trd ve que huong lam va su rieng tu cua hg (Dan theo: Nguyen Hoang Anh, Truong Thiiy Hang, 2018) nghe nong nhu trude day b) Ve diiu kien sdng cua lao dgng nH Dieu kien su dung dien, nude sinh di cu hoat, hep, eong trinh phu ciia lao dgng nir Kit qud Tong Dieu Ira Ddn sd vd Nhd di cu eiing la mgt van de nan giai doi vdi a thdi diem gid ngdy thdng ndm 2019hg Theo ket qua nghien ciru cua Nguyen cho thay, da so ngudi di eu song cac Hoang Anh va Truong Thuy Hang (2018) ngoi nha kien eo hoae ban kien co Dien ve ehat lugng song eua lao dgng nii di cu, tich nha d binh quan dau ngudi ciia ngudi nhom lao dgng nii di cu lam nghe ty di eu thap hon ngudi khong di cu tj' le va nhdm lao dgng nir di cu lam vigc tai ngudi di cu song ngoi nha, can hg cac khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat deu sii CO dien tich binh quan dau ngudi dudi 8m^ dung ca nude may va nude gieng khoan la 19% (Ban Chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so sinh boat hang Ty le dugc va nha d Tnmg uong, 2019: 112) Dieu sir dyng cdng trinh phu khep kin d nhdm chimg td so ngudi di eu song nhung nu lao dgng ty thap hon so vdi nhdm can nha co dien tich chat hep van kha nu cong nhan, tuong duong la 56,9% va nhieu, so dd cd ca lao dgng nii di cu 67,8%; nhieu lao ddng nii di cu khong cd Nam 2014, ILSSA cimg vdi Dy an Ho trg nha tam, ve sinh tai noi d Ve dien chinh sach Thuong mai va Dau tu ciia chau thap sang, hau het lao dgng nii di eu deu Au (EU-MUTRAP) khao sat v^ "thu nhap c6 den dien thap sang tai noi d, ty le va dieu kien sdng ciia lao dgng nu di cu ehiem den gan 100% d ca nhdm lao dgng cac doanh nghiep co von dau tu tryc nii di cu lam nghe ty va lao dgng nii tiep nude ngoai" ciing cho thay cugc song di cu lam cac khu eong nghiep, khu ciia lao dgng nii di cu gap kha nhieu che xuat Tuy nhien, cac thiet bi sinh hoat kho khan Nguon thu nhap chu yeu ciia lao tien ich hien dai nhu tu lanh, may giat, 16 dgng nii di cu la tir tien luong, lam them vi song, may tinh ket noi Internet, lai gid, phy cap, tien thudng, Vdi thu nhap la nhirng mon kha xa xi va hiem thay binh quan tren dudi trieu dong/thang can nha trg cua nhiing lao dgng nii di cac doanh nghiep co von dau tir nude cu (NguySn Hoang Anh, Truong Thiiy ngoai tai Bac Ninh, Dong Nai, Tp Ho Chi Hang, 2018:42) Minh, lao dgng nii di cu gap nhieu khd Nhin chung, chat lugng cugc song khan viee tiep can nha d va cac van de cua lao dgng nu di cu gap nhieu khd \e giao due cai, cham soc sue khoe, khan Do thu nhap thap nen da so hg phai (ILSSA, EU-MUTRAP, 2015) Thyc xi thue nha gia re, hoae thue chung, d ghep, kha tuong dong vdi dieu tra ve "chat chit lugng nha cho thue kem, ve sinh moi 34 trudng, dien, nude khong dam bao an loan Sdng uong dieu kien thieu thdn nhu viy, nhieu nir lao dgng khong ed co hgi dugc nghi ngoi thoai mai de tai tao sue lao doni: sau ca lam viec nang nhgc met mdi c) I e khd ndng tiep cgn cdc dich vu an sinh xd hgi vd dich vu cdng cua lao ddng nir di cu Mac dii ehiem sd lugng ddng dao nhung vdi eac d$c diem gidi dae thii lao dgng nO: di cu van la nhom chju nhieu bat binh dang viec tiep can eae dich vy an sinh x5 hgi va sy k\ thj ciia cgng dong tai noi den Lao dgng nii di cu tu nong thdn thi thudng thugc dien tam tni, khong cd hg khau tgi noi den, anh hudng Idn den kha nang tiep ean cac dich \u eong Nghien ciiu ciia Biii Thi Hoa (2019) cho tha\ cd it nhat ^3 sd lao dgng nhap cu ngheo rat khd khan tiep can, sir dyng dich \ u cdng Mat khae, ciing \an dc hg khau lao dgng nu di cu phai tra chi phi cho cac dich vu xa hgi co ban nhu y te, giao due, nha d dien, nude sinh boat cao hon ban so vdi dan cu dia phuong Chang han nhu nhieu em cua lao dgng nG di cu khong cd hg khau thudng tni nen \'i$c hgc hanh ciing gap nhieu khd khan ban Nghien cuu cua Nguyen Ton Thj Tudng Van (2012: 1-2) v^ vin d^ hgc lap eua em eong nhan d lua tuoi mam non tai cac khu cong nghiep phd H6 Chi Minh cho thay, vdi chi phi nuoi eon ehiim khoang 70% tdng eae chi phi thi ehi phi cho viec giii tre phai duge tinh loan k\ ludng Phan ddng eong nhan mudn duge giri hgc d trudng cong lap vi chi phi phii hgp vdi thu nhap ciia hg va an toan cao song da sd hg deu la lao dgng nhap cu khong cd hg khau thudng tni tai dia phuong nen \iec xin cho vao hgc d cac trudng khong de dang Th6ng Hn Khoa hgc xa Ml sO 6.2020 Phan Idn lao dgng nQ lam \ \f ^^"^ cac khu cdng nghi?p cd hgp ddng dgng (80%) day cung la di^u ki?n phaP ly quan trgng d^ nii lao dgng tiep can vOT bao hi^m y te bao hi^m that nghiep oao hi^m xa hgi va eac chC- Jo bao trg khac theo luat djnh, dd lao dgng mr di cu ty hau nhu khong cd bao hiem that nghiep bao hi^m y t6 ma n^u cd cung rat khd khan \iee ti^p can he thong kham ehtra benh bang bao hiim } te Ket qua diC-u tra d Ho Chi Minh cho ihay cd tdi 59.2% s6 lugng ngudi di cu d^n phd Hd Chi Minh khong co bao hi£m y te, dd ty le nii ehiem 52,6% tong s d n i i d i cu (Duong Chi Thien, 2013: 55) Ket qua eiing tirong ddng vdi ket qua nghien ciiu ve "quyen an sinh xa hgi eua lao dgng nir di cu d Viet Nam" Cue Bao trg xa hgi, Bg Lao dgng, Thuong binh va Xa hgi thyc hien nam 2018 cho thay nhiing khoang ve phap luat chinh sach doi vdi lao dgng nii di cu Cu the, lao dgng thudng gap khd khan ve viec lam, nii ro bi mat viee rat cao, lao dgng nu lam viec cae khu vye kinh te phi chinh thiie hau het khong cd bao hiem xa hgi, ehiem gan % (Dan theo: Ngan Anh, 2018) Kha nang tiep can eac dich vu an sinh xa hgi va dich vu eong cua lao dgng nii di cu rkx ban ehe, khien cugc sdng cua hg vdn khd khan lai cang trd nen bap benh hon Cd 90% lao dgng nii di cu khd xiip can tdi eae dich vu an sinh xa hgi va chinh sach cdng tai noi den (Nguyen Hoai Anh 2018) Ngoai ra, cac dich vy nhu gioj thieu vi?c lam, tu van phap luat, trg gj,^phap ly, sy can thiep, giup ciia cac doan the, co quan chinh quyen sd tai cung duge lao dgng nii di eu tiep can miie khiem ton iiaodOng nir Do vigc tidp c ^ vdi cae dich vu an sinh xa hgi ciia lao ddng nu di cu bi ban ch^ nen xay bidn cd chang ban nhu dieu kien kinh t6 khd khan, doanh nghiep pha san, nhieu lao dgng nii bi mat viec lam, khong dugc trg cap that nghiep va cac loai hinh bao trg xa hgi khac khien hg lam vao tinh eanh thieu thdn, cugc song cang trd nen khd khan hon Chinh \i vay, viec dam bao quyen an sinh xa hgi cho nhdm ddi tugng lao dgng nii di cu hien la mgt viec lam can thiet va dang quan tam Ket luan Nhin chung, xu hudng lao dgng nii tham gia vao qua trinh di cu tim kiem viec lam nhiing nam gan day cang ehiem ty le eao bleu di cu noi chung d Viet Nam Lao dgng nii di cu la mgt nhihig nhom yeu the cua xa hgi hien Xu hudng di cu cua lao ddng nO tir ndng thon thi va thyc trang ve ddi song, viec lam ciing nhu kha nang tiep can cac dieh vu an sinh xa hgi eua lao dgng nii di cu nhu hien cho thay hg cdn gap vd van khd khan Chinh vi vay, de bao ve, hd trg va thiie day hoa nhap xa hgi doi vdi lao dgng nii di cu rat can vai tro ndng cot cua cac doan the chinh tri - xa hgi, CO Hgi Lien hiep Phu nii Viet Nam vdi vai trd la td chiic dai dien cho phu nii, la eau ndi, tap hgp, van dgng lao dgng nii di cu va tang eudng phoi hgp vdi cac co quan quan ly nha nude, doanh nghiep va ca xa hgi Lao dgng nii di cu can duge hd trg de tham gia cac khda dao tao nghe, nang cao trinh do, chuyen ddi tay nghi, ky nang an toan, Ddng thdi, can tang eudng co hgi tiep can thdng tin ve cac chinh sach an sinh xa hgi cho lao dgng nii di cu de hg hieu diing va day du quyen an sinh xa hgi cua minh a 35 Tai lieu tham khao Nguyin Hoai Anh (2018), "Lao ddng nii di cu: 90% khd tiep can cac dieh vu an sinh xa hgi va ehinh sach cdng", Tap chi dien tu Bdo hiim xa hgi, http:// tapchibaohiemxahoi.gov.vn/tin-tuc/ lao-dong-di-cu-nu-90-kho-tiep-ean-cacdich-vu-an- s i nh-xa-hoi-va-chinh-sac hcong-20346, truy cap 26/11/2018 Nguyen Hoang Anh, Truong Thiiy Hang (2018), "'Ve chat lugng euge sdng cua lao dgng nii di cu d Viet Nam hien nay" Tap ehi Thdng tin Khog hgc xa hgi, so 4, U 39^4 Ngdn Anh (2018), "Quyen an sinh xa hgi cho lao ddng nii di cu: van cdn nhiing khoang trong", Trang tin di?n tii bao Nhdn ddn, https://www.nhandan com.vn/xahoi/item/38643502-quyenan-sinh-xa-hoi-cho-lao-dong-nu-di-euvan-con-nhung-khoang-trong.html, Unay cap 21/12/2018 Ban Chi dao Tong dieu tra dan so va nha d Tnmg uong (2019), Kit qud Tong Dieu tra Ddn so vd Nhd d thai diem gid ngdy thdng ndm 2019, Nxb Tdng cue Thdng ke Ha Ndi Nguyen Thi Dien, Ngd Trung Thanh, Nguyen Thi Minh Khue, Philippe Lehailly, Nguyen Due Chien (2018), "Di eu theo gidi va san xuat ndng nghiep d vung dong bang sdng Hong (phan 1)", Tap chi Nghien cuu An Do vd Chau A, s6 9, XT 70-77 Biii Thi Hoa (2019), "Phat tri^n he thdng dich vu bao ve, ho trg, thuc day hoa nhap xa hgi ddi vdi lao dgng nii di eu tir nong thon thi" Tap chi dien hi Cgngsdn, http://www.tapchieongsan org.vn/web/guest/van_hoa_xa_hoi//2018/815607/phat-yien-he-thong-dichvu-bao-ve%2C-ho-tro%2C-th'" dav- 36 hoa-nhap-xa-hoi-doi-voi-lao-dong-nudi-cu-m-nong-lhon-ra-do-thi.aspx tru> cap 01/lZaOI9 Nguyen Thu Hoai, Tnrong Thj Ly (2016) " \ u lao dgng di cu dudi gde nhin cdng tac xa hgi" Tap chi Lao ddng vdXahdi so 5.^4, tr 16-17 Phimg Le Khanh Le Thi Hong Lien \a nhdm nghien ciiu (2019) "\icc lam ciia lao dgng nii di cu tai Ha Noi" Trang tin di?n tir Viin Khoa hgc Giao due nghe nghiep, https://nivei erg vii/nghien-cuu -khoa-hoc/hoat-dong-khoa-hoe/ilcm/ 998-vicc-lam-cua-lao-dong-nu-di-cu-tai -ha-noi tmy cap 28'62019 ThOng tin Khoa hoc xt hoi s i 2013 Tdng c\ic Thdng ke Qu\ IXin so ' i"-' Hgp Qudc (I'M-PA) (2016b) Dieu'r^' ddn sd vii nhd ogiua k}- 2014: Dj *•'"' dd thi hda a Viet Sam Nxh Thdng k^'Ha Ngi 14 Tdng cue Thdng ke (2019a), AV/ 9W« chir yiu Dieu tra biin ddng ddn so vd ki hogch hda gia dinh thdi diem^ 01,4'2018, Xudt ban bdi Vu Thdng ke Dan so \ a Lao dgng, Tdng cue Thdng ke Ha Ngi 15 Tdng cue Thong ke (2019b), Bdo cdo diiu Ira lao dgng vice lam ndm 2018, Nxb Thdng ke Ha Ngi 16 Nguyen Ton Thi Tudng Van (2012), "Thyc trang tiep can djeh vu giii tre cua cdng nhan khu ehd xudt, khu cdng nghiep d phd Hd Chi Minh hien nay", trong: Kyyiu hoi thdo "Chdt lugng cugc song cua ngudi ddn thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh bdi cdnh kinh te hien nay", Vien Nghien cuu Phat trien Tp Hd Chi Minh td chiic, 20/12/2012 Vii Thi Hoang Lan Phan Thi Huong (2012) "Thyc trang kien thtic va tiep cgn thdng tin \ e nluem khuan dudng sinh san phu nii di cu lao dgng ty tai phudng Phiic Xa Ba Dinh, Ha Ndi nam 2011", Tap chi Y hgc Viet \'am, so thang 12, tr 37-42 10 Tran Thi Thanh Phuong (2018) "Di cu lao dgng ndng thdn - dd thj tir gde 17 Vien Khoa hgc Lao ddng va Xa hgi ngudi d lai (Nghien cuu tai xa Phu Hda, (ILSSA), Du an ho trg chinh sach huyen Tay Hda, tinh Phu Yen)", Luan Thuong mai va Dau tu cua chau Au \an thac si Xa hgi hge Hgc vien Khoa (EU-MUTRAP) (2015), Bdo cdo kit hgc xa hgi qud khao sdt thu nhap vd dieu kien song ciia lao dgng nii di cu cdc doanh 11 Duong Chi Thien (2013), "An sinh xa nghiep cd vdn ddu tu true tiip nuac hgi ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng di eu tir ndng ngodi Ha Ndi thdn thi d \'ici Nam hien nay" Tap ehi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 18 Vien Khoa hgc Lao dgng va Xa hgi (66) tr 51-59 (ILSSA), Td chdc Lao ddng qudc te 12 Tdng cue Thdng ke Quy Dan sd Lien (ILO) (2018), Xu hudng lao ddng vd xa Hgp Qudc (I'NrPAl (2016a), Diiu tra hgi Viet Nam ndm 2012-2017, An pham di cu ndi dia qudc gia 2015: Cdc kit thugc ban quySn cua Td chuc Lao dgng qud chuyen, Nxb Thdng ke Ha Xgi qudc te Ha Ngi ... ngudi tre hon so vdi nam gidi vdi 59,4% nu gidi di cu nhom tuoi dudi 30 va chi co 48,3% nam gidi di cu tuoi (Nguyen Thj Dien va eong su, 2018: 74) K^t qua khao sat 150 hg gia dinh co ngudi di. .. gia dinh, nam gidi thudng di cu mgt minh hoac di eu cimg ban be, ngudi quen Cd 64,7% nam gidi di cu mgt minh, 27,7% di cu ciing ngudi than gia dinh nhu vg/ehong, eon cai, cha me, V.V va 7,1% di. .. eua lao dgng nii di cu, tich nha d binh quan dau ngudi ciia ngudi nhom lao dgng nii di cu lam nghe ty di eu thap hon ngudi khong di cu tj' le va nhdm lao dgng nir di cu lam vigc tai ngudi di cu