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TAC DONG CUA THUY DIEN SONG TRANH DEN SINH KE CUA NGlTcn CA DONG TAI DINH CU^ d THON 3, XA TRA DOC, HUYEN B A C T R A MY, TINH QUANG NAM Bui Thi Kim Huong D6 Thi Thiiy Hiing Torn tdt: Tir cdch tiip can phdt trien bin vOng, bdi viet phdn tich tdc dgng cua Thuy diin Song Tranh din sinh ki cua nguai Cd Dong tdi dinh cu d Thon 3, xd Trd Doc, huyen Bdc Trd My, tinh Qudng Nam Bdi viit Id kit qud phdn tich tir nguon tdi lieu thuc dia bang cdc phuang phdp phong vdn sdu, thdo ludn nhom vd diiu tra phiiu ho gia dinh qua khdo sdt tgi Thon (thdng ndm 2019), tir gop phdn tim hieu tdc dgng vd nhihig vdn di dgt cua tdi dinh cu thuy dien doi v&i cdc nhom ddn tgc thieu so chiu dnh hu&ng cita cdc du dn thuy dien Tir khoa; Sinh ki; ngu&i Cd Dong; thuy diin Song Tranh 2; Qudng Nam, tdi dinh cu Dat vSn a& Ban den tac ddng cua thiiy dien tdi sinh ke d Viet Nam, cd the diem qua mdt sd nghien ctiu ve cdng tac tai dinh cu (TDC) thity dien cua cac tac gia nhu Tdng Van Chung (2005), Dang Nguyen Anb (2006), Do Dire Viem (2005), dd, de cap den TDC dudi cac goc nhin khac nhu ve quan ly, xa hdi hpc, kien trite Ngoai ra, nghien ciiu tieu bieu ve smh ke ciia ngudi dan TDC anb hudng ciia cac cdng trinh thiiy dien cd the ke den la eua Trin Van Ha (2011, 2012, 2013) Cac nghien ciiu da cho thay sy tbay ddi sinh ke cita ngudi dan TDC dy an thiiy dien va nhung van de lien quan den tac ddng ciia dap thuy dien ddi vdi sinh ke; ddng thdi de cap den nhirng bat cap cita cac chinh sach bdi thudng ' Bai Viet phan anh mpt phan ket qua thirc hien de tai khoa hpc "Mgt so vdn de ccr bdn vd cdp bdch cgng ddng cdc ddn tdc thieu so tai cho khu vuc tdy duyen hdi miin Trung" PGS.TS Biii Van Dao lam chii nhiem, Vien Dan tpc hoc, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam thirc hien hd teg cho nhiing cdng ddng bi anh hudng ve sinh ki viec xay dyng dap thuy dien Ve van de TDC cita cac dan tdc thieu sd xay dyng thiiy dien, da cd nghien ciiu cua Trin Dinh HSng (2015), Biii Van Dao (2011), Pham Quang Linh (2013), Nguyen Van Song va Dau Thi Bich Hoai (2012), va Nguyen Thj Dao (2018) Cac bao cao nghien cim, lam rd ve nhieu van de TDC, sinh ke, bao tdn va phat trien van hda cac dan tdc thieu sd viing di dan xay dyng thiiy dien Tuy nhien can nhieu nghien ctiu sau ban ve tac ddng den sinh ke ciia TDC teong dy an thuy dien den nhdm ngudi dan tdc thieu sd cu the, bdi nhdm cd nhiing dac diem sinh ke rieng Chinh vi vay, bai viet tim bieu ve tac ddng cua thuy dien Sdng Tranh den sinh ke cua ngudi Ca Dong TDC d Thdn 3, xa Tra Ddc, huyen Bac Tra My, tinh Quang Nam Sdng Tranh la mdt teong sd nhieu cdng trinh thiiy dien ciia mien Trung nhu A Vuang, Dac My 2, Die My 4, Sdng Bung 2, Nha may tbiiy dien dugc xay dyng teen sdng Tranh, mdt nhanh PHATTRIEN BSN VU'NG VUNG QUY^N 9, SC (6/2019) 95 NGHieN CO'U THyC NGHlEM - KINH NGHIgM cua song Tbu Bon, thudc huyen Bac Tra My, tinh Quang Nam, cd cdng suit 190 MW, khdi cdng nam 2006, phat dien thang 12 nam 2010 Sd dan di ddi TDC teen 1.000 hd, tren 5.000 nhan khau, chit yeu la ngudi Ca Dong d 10 lang, teong dd, cd Thdn 3, xa Tra Ddc, huyen Bac Tra My mang so thii ty A Rap diin phd bien d Trudng Son Tay Nguyen tir sau 1975 da va dang gay ban khoan teong ngudi dan va ngudi nghien ciiu Dia danh la mot mdt phan cua van hda, la pban anh cita van hda, sd hda ten lang la gdp phin lam mat di ban sac van boa cita hp (Bui Van Dao, 2010) Ciing nbu nhirng cdng trinh thuy dien khac, ngoai cac tac ddng tich cyc cho vimg nhu gdp phan cung cap dien nang va dieu tiet nudc khu vuc luu, tir xay dung nam 2009 den nay, thity dien Sdng Tranh cung cd tac ddng khac den ddi sdng cdng ddng TDC ngudi Ca Dong teen dia ban, thdng qua tac ddng den sinh ke ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep Muc tieu cua bai viet la lam ro nhung van de birc xiic va ndi com, nhiing tac ddng khdng mong mudn cua TDC neu teen; ddng thdi ggi y nhiing chinh sach hau TDC ddi vdi nhdm dan tpc thieu sd Van hda truyen thdng ciia ngudi Ca Dong Thdn mang ban sac Mdn Khome bac Tay Nguyen, vdi mdt sd dac tnmg tieu bieu Sinh ke gdm hoat dgng, teong ddtedngteptddng vaitedchu dao, tbii den la khai thac ngudn lgi tu nhien, chan nudi, nghe thit cdng vateaodoi hang hda Trong tedng trgt, tedng que thuong pham la hoat ddng lau ddi va noi tieng Trong thdi ky chdng My, ngudi Ca Dong Thdn da biit lam rudng nudc hpc hdi hj bp dpi Khoang tir dau the ky XXI den nay, nghe tedng que dan suy tan, ngudi dan chuyen sang canh tac nuang ray lucmg thyc va thyc pham Trir nam mat miia, thu nhap tir rudng nudc va nuang ray du dap iing nhu cau luong thyc va tien hanh cac li thirc van hda Cung vdi Ign, ga, vat nudi dac tnmg va ndi tieng la teau Myc dieh chan nudi nham ciing le hien sinh Trao ddi cdn so khai, theo phuang thiic vat doi vat Xa hdi cdn bao luu nhieu dau an cita xa hpi tien giai cap Lang la don vi xa hdi nhat Hdn nhan va gia dinh theo che dp song he Tinh cdng ddng, tinh than tuong than, tuong cao Phan phdi binh quan nguyen thity Tu cu the dam net cdn tu teiiu tugng md nhat Van hda Ca Dong la hgp phan cita van hda vung Trudng San Tay Nguyen ndi tieng, vdi cac gia tri dac tnmg nhu thiit che ter quan gia lang, dan ca, dan nhac, dan vii, le hdi, tin ngudng da than nguyen thuy Cac truyen thdng ndi teen cdn dugc luu giii dam net teong nbirng thap nien sau nam 1975 cho din di ddi TDC xay dung thiiy dien Sdng Tranh vao nam 2009 Khai quat ve ngiroi Ca Dong if Thdn trirdc tai dinh cir Ca Dong la mdt teong nhdm dia phuong cua dan tdc Xa dang (Xa teng, Mnam, Xodra, Ha lang va Ca Dong), dan sd khoang tren 32.000 ngudi Trong kbi cac nhdm phan bd tap tnmg d bac tinh Kon Tum thi nhdm Ca Dong lai phan bd chit yen d mien mii tinh Quang Nam, tai hai huyen Nam Tra My va Bac Tra My Da cd nhieu tai lieu ve dan tdc Xo dang, nhung tai lieu ve ngudi Ca Dong thi cdn it di Cho din nay, gidi khoa hpc biet ve ngudi Ca Dong chit yeu qua ba nghien ciiu, mpt ve nghe tedng qui (Ngd VTiih Binh, 1977), mdt vi xa hdi, hdn nhan gia dinh (Dang Nghiem Van va Ninh Van Hiep, 1978) va mdt vi tdng quan ngudi Ca Dong (Dang Nghiem Van va Ninh Van Hiep, 2005) Ngudi Ca Dong Thdn cu tni d xa Tra Ddc hi lau ddi Theo cac gia lang, xa xua lang cd ten dia phuang la Ddc Bau, bi sau 1975 mdi ddi ten Thdn Viec ddi ten lang tir dia danh tai chd dia danh 96 PHAT TRltN B&N V O N G V O N G Q U Y £ N 9, S6 (6/2019) Bui Thj Kim Hu-ffng - B6 Thj Thuy Hang Ngudi Ca Dong Thdn TDC teong xa, teudc va sau TDC lang vin thudc xa Tra Ddc Lang cii nam ven sdng Tranh, lang TDC nam xa lang cii km, gan trung tam xa, huyen ban Khi TDC nam 2009, lang cd 75 hd, 585 ngudi, binh quan tren ngudi/hd tap quan the he ted len ciing chung sdng cdn phd bien Do ket qua tach bp va sinh de, nam 2019, lang cd 156 hp, 758 ngudd So vdi trudc TDC, sd hd tang gan gap lan va sd nhan khau tang gan 1,4 lan Tdc dong ciia tai dinh cu* den sinh ke 2.1 Tdc dpng den sinh ke ndng nghiep Sinh ke ndng nghiep d ngudi Ca Dong Thdn gdm hai boat ddng la trdng trpt va chan nuoi, do, tedng tept ddng vai trd hoat ddng sinh ke chinh yeu va quyet dinh, chan nuoi la boat ddng sinh ke ndng nghiep phy bd teg Trdng trpt la sinh ke chiu nhieu tac ddng nhat ciia TDC thiiy dien, dien tren mdt sd khia canh nhu hinh tbiic trdng trpt, dien tich, ky thuat va nang suattedngtrpt Ve hinh thirc tedng tept, ket qua dieu tra cho thay, trudc TDC, ngudi Ca Dong Thdn canh tac nuang ray, rupng nudc va lam vudn, deu nham tu cap tu tiic Khi TDC, toan bp tai san, hoa mau va cac loai dat san xuat duoc den bii bang tien mat Hd dugc nhieu nhat tren 100 trieu ddng, hp it nhat 60-70 trieu ddng, ddng nghia d noi dat mdi cac hd dan tu khai pha hoac diing tien den bii mua dat san xuat ciia dan sd tai Tai noi dat mdi, lang khdng cd mdng nudc, sinh ke vudn kem phat trien Ngudi dan chi cd dat ray trdng keo Keo la cay nguyen lieu lam giay, xuat di nudc ngoai qua cang Da Nang, dang la cay dai chit lyc va phd bien d mien mii phia tay cac tinh Quang Tri, Thira Thien Hue, Quang Nam Tudi thu hoach ciia keo la 5-7 nam Keo cin cham sdc, lam cd hai nam dau, nam thir ba ted di chi phat day leo va dgi thu hoach Dat Tac dong ciia thuy flign tedng keo mdi dugc dpn dot cd ma khdng dao gdc keo cii Ngudi ta dao hd vatedngkeo uam teong bau nganh ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn cung cap Gia keo thi trudng binh quan nam 2018 tai huyen Bac Tra My khoang 60 trieu/ha cay diing, dat gan dudng cd the cao ban, dat xa dudng cd the thap ban Neu chat keo va bdc vd ban theo trpng lugng thi cho thu hoach cao hon, binh quan khoang 75 teieu/ha da trir cbi phi Mgt dat trdng keo diing ky thuat nam 2018 cho tbu hoach khoang 12 teieu ddng/nam, la miic thu nhap cao ban so vdi nuang ray tedng luong thuc nhung lai thap nhat so vdi cac loai cay trdng dai Theo can bd nganh ndng ngbiep tinh Quang Nam, tedng keo cbi la giai phap tinh the, khdng ben virng cay keo cd dac tinh pha dat Sau trdng keo mdt hai chuc nam phai bd hda, dat se can cdi, khd phuc hdi ldp thyc bi, dan den hoang hda lau dai Cay keo dugc dua vao lang TDC Thdn khoang nam 2011, thay the ray luong thuc vi dem lai thu nhap cao ban Liic dau ngudi dan trdng keo Cham, hien phd bien tedng keo Lai tugng Mdt sd hd trdng keo Uc, nhung hieu qua chua ro Neu hd cd vai ba dam dat trdng keo thi mdi dam co tudi keo khac de bao dam cd viec lam deu giiia cac nam Nhu the, ve loai dat san xuat, tir chd cd dat ray, dat rudng nudc va dat vudn, d noi TDC, ngudi Ca Dong cbi cdn dat ray da chuyen sang trdng keo Ve dien tich dat san xuat, chuyen tdi lang TDC, mdt sd hd di khai hoang d xa vdi dien tich nhd hep Da sd hp dan dimg tien den bii mua lai dat trdng keo cua dan sd tai Nha nhiiu mua dugc 2,5 ha, nha it mua dugc 0,5 ha, nhieu hd mdi tach khdng cd dat san xuat Hien tai (2019), binh quan mdi hp Ca Dong Thdn cd tren 1,5 ba dat trdng keo, it ban nhieu so vdi binh quan tren 3,0 ba/hd d lang cu, cung it ban nhieu so vdi binh quan PHAT TRltN B £ N V Q N G VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 (6/2019) 97 NGHIEN Clj-U THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM keo/hp cua nguai Ca Dong cac lang so tai san xuat the hien qua bang khao sat tnicmg Thuc trang thay d6i dit san xuSt tir lang cu hgp ho gia dinh Thon (Bang 1) sang lang TDC va dung tien den bu mua dat Bang: THUC TRANG THAY DOI D A T SAN XUAT TLT LANG CU SANG LANG TAI DINH CLf vA sir DUNG TIEN DEN BU MUA DAT SAN XUAT QUA KHAO SAT TRUdNG HOP HO GIA DINH THON STT Dien tich dat siin xuat 6" lang cii (ha) Dien tich dat san xuat d lang TDC (ha) DSt ray lua Dat ruong nudc Dat rly keo Sir dung tien den bit mua dat (trieu dong) Ho ten chu ho Dat ruong nuorc Ti4n duo-c den bii Ti^n mua dit Ty le tien mua dat so voi tien duo*c den bii ' (%) Ho Viin Lien 4,0 0,3 1,5 85 30 35 Dinh Viin Trung 3,5 0,25 2,0 65 40 61 Nguyen Van Tuan 4,0 0,3 1,5 80 25 31 Dinh Van Minh 3,5 0,2 2,0 90 30 33 Ho Viin Giap 4,0 0,25 1,5 103 25 24 Ho Viin Lai 3,2 0,2 1,0 75 20 26 H6 Van Thi 4,0 0,4 2,0 95 40 42 Ho Van Sieng 4,5 0,25 1,5 104 35 34 30,7 2,15 14,0 627 245 Cpng Nguon: Tdi lieu thuc dia (2019) Xir ly sd heu Bang tren cho ket qua, trudc TDC, binh quan dfit rly/hd la 3,8 ha, dat rudng/hd la 0,215 ha, sau TDC, dat rudng khdng cdn, dat ray giam nhieu, binh quan dat riy/hd 1,6 (giam 58%), cbi cd 35% tien den bit dugc ditng mua dat san xuat, edn lai dung mua sam tai san phi san xuat Dieu cho tbay den bii dat san xu4t bang tien TDC khdng phai la phuong an phit hgp va ben virng d cu dan cd nhiing dac thii xa hdi, van hda rieng nhu ngudi Ca Dong Theo tinh toan, neu chi sdng bang trdng keo, mdi hd Ca Dong Thdn hien ckn khoang 3,0 dat san xuat Hien cd khoang 123 tren tdng sd 156 hd, tuong duong 78% hd ngudi Ca Dong Thdn thieu dat hoac khdng cd dSt san xuat Mdt sd hg sang xa Tra Bui each lang ban 10 km pha rirng chui trdng liia rly Nam 2014 huyen Bac Tra My c4p dSt san xu4t cho 20 hp Ca Dong Thdn 3, mdi bd l.OOOm^ din 1.500m^, nhung chi dap irng phan nhd nhu chx Rimg da het, quy ddt khdng cdn, cac hp PHAT TR|£N B£N VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 (6/2019) Tac dgng cua thuy dien Biii Thj Kim Hinmg - Do Thi Thiiy Hang mdi tiep tiic dugc tach Nam 2010, sau TDC, cd 42 hd da bd vl nai cG lam nha tam, san xuat tren ray cu d lang mdi thieu dat san xuat, mai den nam 2012 mdi quay ve lang TDC ddng dk Hien cd hd lang TDC Thdn quay ve lang cu dung nha tam lam ray d-dng keo Thieu dat san xuat va dat san xuat xau dang la van de buc xuc hang dau d lang TDC Thdn hien So vdi ngudi Kinh, quy trinh va ky thuat trdng keo cua ngudi Ca Dong Thdn cd nhung khac biet Ray keo da thu hoach dugc phat ddt cudi miaa khd, den dau miia mua, cay keo mdi mpc len tir hat keo rung xudng tir nam trudc, gidng nhu cay liia mpc ta nhien tu hat Ilia rung tren rudng nudc sau vii thu hoach Mpt sd hd gia dinh ngai mat cdng va tdn kem nen khdng mua gidng keo ciia nganh ndng nghiep ma lgi dung ludn cay keo mpc tu nhien tir vu trudc de cham sdc va thu hoach Keo dugc tia bdt d nhiing chd mpc day nhung khong dugc dam mdi d nhirng chd thua Sir dung keo mgc tu nhien tir hat keo ning vu frudc khdng thay cd d ngudi Kinh Trudng hgp ciing trdng gidng keo bau nganh phat trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn cung cap, ngudi Kinh cd y thuc dam lai nhimg cay bi chet hay can cdi, ngudi Ca Dong khong quan tam cdng doan Do ddi sdng kho khan, mpt sd hd ngudi Ca Dong da ban non vudn keo cho tu thuang, gia chi bang 2/3 den 4/5 so vdi gia thi trudng Ngudi Kinh keo dung mat dp quy dinh, ngudi Ca Dong it quan tam ban den mat dp giiJa cac cay keo, cd the trdng day hon hoac thua hon Ngudi Kinh thudng thue nhan cdng chat keo va bdc vd rdi ban tinh theo trpng lugng nen gia ca va thu nhap cao hon, ngudi Ca Dong thudng ban cay dirng nen gia ca va thu nhap thdp ban Ngudi Kinh khdng xen canh, ngudi Ca Dong thudng xen canh cay luong thuc liia, ngd, dau, lac nam dau va nam thir hai Ngudi Kinh thu hoach keo diing tudi 5-7 nam nen nang suat cao hon nhieu hd ngudi Ca Dong thu hoach keo tudi nam nen nang suat thap hem Nhiing khac biet ndi tren cd nguyen nhan anh hudng tap quan, tam ly va ky thuat canh tac nuang ray ciia ngudi Ca Dong Thdn Dd la tam ly dugc chang hay chd, le thudc hj nhien, vao bau, thdi tiet, xua thi vay, ngai thay doi thdi quen va ky thuat Thieu dat san xuat, thieu ky thuat dan den nang suat va san lugng keo thap Nhiing tinh toan dinb lupng tai thuc dia cho ket qua, cimg don vi dien tich nhu nhau, san lugng gd keo d hd gia dinb ngudi Ca Dong chi bang 2/3 hd gia dinh ngudi Kinh Tucmg tir, ngudi Kinh frong viing thu hoach 13-15 trieu ddng/ha keo/nam thi ngudi Ca Dong Thdn chi thu hoach 8-10 trieu ddng/ha keo/nam Smh ke lam vudn d ngudi Ca Dong Thdn va Thdn chiu tac ddng true tiep va to ldn ciia TDC Tai lang mdi, mdi hp dugc cap dat d va dat vudn dien tich 1.000 m^, nhd hon nhieu so vdi dien tich khudn vien d lang cii (khoang 2.000-3.000 m^/hd) DSt vudn d lang TDC la dat san iii, nen dat tra sdi da, bac mau, lai thieu nudc, bau kbd ndng, nen cay trdng vudn can cdi Trong vudn d manh vudn lang cu, nam thap ven sdng suoi, dat dai am udt va mau md, ngudi Ca Dong hang chuc loai cay khac nhau, bao gdm cay an qua nhu chudi, ba, mit, budi, xoai; cay thuc pham nhu bau, bi, ca, dt, banb, xa, rau xanh; cay dugc lieu nbu sam thi d hai thdn TDC, vudn chi mpc cd tu nhien va vai cay chanh, chudi, mudp khdng trai Nhin chung lai, so vdi vudn d lang cii, sinh ke vudn ciia ngudi Ca Dong TDC Thdn nhd be hon nhieu ve dien tich va dem lai hieu qua thap kem hon nhilu so vdi vudn d lang cii Chan nudi ciing mat di dieu kien va mdi trudng tdn tai vdn cd Trudc TDC, chan nudi PHAT T R [ £ N B E N VLPNG VUNG QUYtN 9, SO (6/2019) 99 NGHIEN CLfU THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHlEM gia siic, gia cam d hai thdn cdn tuong ddi phat trien ca ve chiing loai lan sd lugng Theo y kien thao luan nhdm ciia can bd va dai dien ngudi dan, d lang cii, mdi bd gia dinb deu cd dan gia siic trau, bd, Ign, de vai con; gia cam bang chuc Ldp thirc vat va thuc bi phong phii, xanh tdt quanh lang la ngudn thiic an ddi dao cho chan nudi Lang TDC chuyen tir vitng thap len viing cao, khdng gian khd ndng, chat hep nen vat nudi cham ldn va hay chet dich Nam 2019, Thdn chi cd dan trau bd 12 con, qua nira sd hd khdng nudi Ign, ga Trong cac hd nuoi Ign ga, sd lugng ciing chi 12 Ign/hp, 1-3 ga/bp Chua xuat hien va khd xuat hien chan nudi hang hda Cung nbu trdng trpt, chan nudi d lang TDC suy giam manh, it dem lai thu nhap va hieu qua kinh te 2.2 Tdc dpng den cdc sinh ke phi nong nghiep Cac sinh ke phi ndng nghiep hien tai d lang TDC Thdn gdm dich vu, nghe tbii cdng, khai thac ngudn lgi tu nhien va lam thue Do giao thdng thuan lgi ban, gan trung tam xa, huyen ban va tac dpng ciia kinh te thi trudng, djch vu trao ddi d lang TDC Thdn ciing phat trien ban so vdi d lang cii Trudc TDC, ngudi dan chi mua ve mpt sd mat hang thiet yeu nhu dd sat, chi then, mudi, quan ao, bdt giat, nudc cham, nudc giai khat va rugu trang Sau TDC, san pham mua vao cang phong phii ban, ngoai cac loai tap boa nhu tren, cac loai hang cdng nghe pham hien dai, dat tien nhu tivi, xe may, xe dap va khdng the thieu la liia gao d noi TDC khdng cd rudng nudc Trudc TDC, ngudi dan ban nhieu san pham khac nhau, vdi sd lugng khdng nhieu nhu gia siic, ndng san, lam dac san chim thii, dugc lieu Sau TDC, gia siic va gia cam dugc ban it dan, ndng san luang thuc va thuc pham khdng cdn, san pham ban chu luc va mang tinh hang hda la gd keo nguyen lieu Chua cd chg lang va chg xa 100 Trong lang cd hd ngudi Ca Dong md cua hang ban tap hda, chii yeu la thudc la, nudc ngpt, keo banh, ca khd, bdt giat va bia rugu Ngudi dan mua thuc pham rau, thit, ca ciia tu thuong ngudi Kinh chd xe may den lang va mua hang cdng nghe pham cd gia tri d chg huyen each lang 11 km Cac nghe thit cdng truyen thdng vdn suy thoai tir trudc TDC tiep hic mai mpt Do rirng da liti xa, khdng cdn nguyen lieu may, tre, song, va su xuat bien ciia cac phuong tien van chuyen mdi, nghe dan lat trudc day cdn dugc tri bdi ngudi gia, da mat ban Ciing nhu vay, nghe ren, nghe det vai vang bdng dd sat dao, riu, cudc, xeng va may mac bay ban ngoai chg vdi kieu man phong phii va gia re Nhin chung, tac ddng cita kinh te tbi trudng da lam mat co sd tdn tai va lam mai mdt nhanh chdng cac nghe thii cong truyen thdng ciia ngudi Ca Dong d lang TDC Khdng cdn rirng, so vdi trudc TDC, khai thac ngudn Igi tu nhien ciing suy giam nhieu ca ve san lugng lan chiing loai Theo ket qua thao luan nhdm vdi can bd va ngudi dan, neu trudc TDC nam 2009, rung quanh lang cdn nhieu, ngudi Ca Dong cd the san bat bang chuc loai chim, chudt, thii ldn, thii nho va trung; hai lugm hang tram loai rau, mang, cii, qua, thi hien nay, d lang Thdn 3, da sd nien da khdng cdn biet den san ban San ban tbii ldn da khdng cdn, san bat tbii nho va triing giam tu 15 loai xudng cdn loai; danh bat ca va tbiiy san giam tir 18 loai xudng 10 loai; hai lugm giam tir 36 loai cdn 14 loai De cd the san bat, hai lugm, ngudi dan phai den rimg d xa Tra Bui cting huyen each lang 16 km Trong hoan canh thieu dat san xuit va chan nudi, khai thac nguon Igi tu nhien cang suy thoai, img phd cua ngudi dan la di lam thue lang va vimg Day la sinh k6 mdi xuat bien va cd vai trd quan trpng Cdng PHAT TRIEN BtN VU'NG VUNG QUY^N 9, SO (6/2019) Tdc dgng ctia thuy dien Bui Thj Kim Htrffng - Bg Thj Thuy Hiing viec lam thue gdm phu xay, lam thd mdc, nhung cbii yeu la lam keo cho ngudi Kinh hoac ngudi ddng tdc Trong lam keo cd trdng, lam cd va thu hoach Thu hoach keo chia cac cdng viec cu the nhu chat, bdc vd va van chuyen keo tir ray xudng mat dudng Phuang thirc tra cdng thudng la theo ngay, biy theo ngudi lam thue la nii gidi hay nam gidi ma moi dugc tra 150-180 nghin ddng Rieng cdng viec van chuyen gd keo phim tir ray xudng mat dudng thudng dugc giao khoan, tinh theo trpng lugng, mdi cd thS dugc tra 250-300 nghin ddng Lam thue la sinh kl chii yeu ciia nhieu cap vg chdng tre mdi tach hd va khdng cd dat san xuat Tuy timg gia dinh ma lam thue dem lai 40% din 100% tdng thu nhap Theo ket qua thao luan nhdm vdi can bd va dai dien ngudi dan, hien nay, lam thue chiem khoang 1/2 tdng thu nhap hang nam cita ngudi Ca Dong Thdn Dieu dang luu y ve tac ddng cita TDC den sinh ke cua ngudi dan Thdn la tinb trang thieu viec lam Cay keo vdn dien tich nlid, lai khdng ddi hdi nhieu cdng chi can cham sdc hai nam dau Cdng viee lam thue khdng nhieu va khdng dn djnh Cac nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep chua dugc md hoac neu md ngudi dan cGng chua dti nang luc thao tac cdng tac dao tao nghe chua dugc chu y thda dang Dan sd va lao ddng khong ngimg tang len, dan den tach hd va doi hoi can dat san xuat mdi neu chua cd nganh nghe mdi Nhiing nguyen nhan tren dan den tinh trang thieu viec lam phd bien d ngudi Ca Dong Thdn hien Theo y kien ngudi dan, hang nam, lao dpng chi dit viec lam thang, dong nghia, 30% thdi gian nam ngudi dan thieu viec lam Danh gia va gpi y giai phap chinh sach TDC da tac ddng manh me den cac sinh ke ciia ngudi dan Ca Dong Thdn Trir trao ddi va lam thue, trdng trpt, chan nudi, nghe thu cdng va khai thac ngudn Igi ty nhien deu suy giam so vdi trudc TDC, dd, biic xiic va ndi com la thieu dat san xuat, thieu viec lam He qua la ddi sdng thap kem va ty le hd ngheo cao Xa Tra Ddc la xa vitng 111, ddi sdng thudc loai khd khan va ngheo ddi, nhung ddi sdng cua ngudi Ca Dong TDC Thdn cdn khd khan ngheo ddi ban nhieu Cac sd lieu thdng ke cho thay ty le hd ngheo d lang TDC Thdn nhung nam qua ludn cao ban nhieu so vdi ty le hd ngheo chung ciia xa Tra Ddc, ciia huyen Bac Tra My va ciia tinh Quang Nam Cu the, theo chuan ngheo da chieu ap dung tir nam 2016, nam 2018, ty le hp ngheo ciia ngudi Ca Dong Thdn la 74%, ty le hd ngheo cita ngudi Ca Dong Thdn can cu la 36%, ciia Xa Tra Ddc la 42% (Uy ban nhan dan xa Tra Ddc, 2019) va ciia huyen Bac Tra My la 38% (Uy ban nhan dan huyen Bac Tra My, 2018) Ba chi bao dac biet thap ban nhieu so vdi cac thdn kliac xa, huyen la thu nhap, nudc sinh hoat va nha ve sinh Nguyen nhan dan den cac bat cap tren cd nhieu, dd ba nguyen nhan cbinb yeu la: i) Cdng tac lap phuang an TDC chua quan triet nguyen tac bao dam he sinh thai nhan van ben virng; ii) Xac dinh phuang an den bit dat san xuat chua phii hgp vdi dac diem tam ly, van hda va trinh dp phat trien tu than cua ngudi dan Thay vi den bii dat san xuat bang tien, phai theo phuang thuc dat san xuat den bii bang dat san xuat tuong duong hoac tdt ban ca ve chiing loai, dien tich lan chat lugng; iii) Cdng tac md rdng nganh nghe va dao tao nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep hau TDC chua dupe chii y, chua dugc coi nbu giai phap quan trpng, kha thi va dot pha nham hda giai va thay the dat san xuat Tac ddng khdng mong mudn ndi tren cho thiy, muc tieu Nha nudc va cac td cbiic thi gidi nhu Ngan bang Chau A, Ngan bang Tbi gidi quy dinh la dam bao san xuat va ddi sdng PHAT T R | £ N BEN VCfNG VUNG QUYtN 9, S6 (6/2019) 101 NGH|£N CU'U THl/C NGHlEM-KINH NGHIgM cita ngudi dan TDC bang hoac ban trudc TDC du an thuy dien Sdng Tranh chua dugc chii y thda dang va chua dugc hoan Thyc t l tac ddng cua TDC thity dien den ddi sdng ngudi dan nbu tren ddi hdi can tiep bac thuc hien d lang TDC Thdn va cac cdng ddng thilu sd TDC thity dien khac d mien Trung cac chinh sach hau TDC nham khac phuc tinh trang thieu dat san xuat va thieu viec lam Dua ky thuat san xuat mdi vao ddi sdng, thyc hien cdng tac khuyen ndng theo phuong cham cam tay chi viec nham nang cao trinh dp ap dung ky thuat san xuat ndng nghiep mdi; dao tao, md rdng cae nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep va giai quyet nudc sinh boat la nhung chinh sach dot pha, can cdt va tien quyet K^t lu3n Cdng trinh thiiy dien Sdng Tranh da tac dpng nhieu mat den sinh ke TDC cita ngudi Ca Dong d Thdn 3, xa Tra Ddc, huyen Bac Tra My, tinh Quang Nam, do, cd hai tac ddng khdng mong mudn biic xtic va ndi com nhat la thieu dat san xuat va thieu viec lam Day ciing la tinh trang chung d nhiSu thiiy di8n ldn thudc tinh Quang Nam, rdng la d mien Trung nhu A Vucmg, Dac My 2, Dac My 4, Sdng Bung 2, Thuc te ddi hdi can tilp tuc thuc hien cac chinh sach hau TDC cho ngudi dan TDC thity dien Sdng Tranh va nhieu dy an thiiy dien mien Trung khac de dat dugc muc tieu cd tinh nguyen tae ve tai dinh cu du an thiiy dien Ngan hang Chau A, Ngan hang The gidi va Nha nudc Viet Nam quy dinh Do dd, can cd cac phuong an kha thi nang cao hieu qua san xuat ndng nghiep, ddng thdi md nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep gan vdi dao tao nghe nham dn dinh va phat trien sinh ke cho ngudi dan TDC Tai lieu tham khao Biii Van Dao (2010) Gop ban ve each ghi va gpi ten cac dia danh viing dan tpc va mien niii dudi goc nhin ngon ngii hpc van boa Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hoi mien Trung, so Biii Van Dao (2011), Tac dpng ciia cac du an thiiy dien TSy Nguyen den sinh ke va van hoa cua nguoi dan tai dinh cu Tap chi Ddn toe hgc, so 2/2012, tr 11-19 Dang Nghiem Van va Ninh Van Hiep (1978) Nguoi Ca Dong d Tra My (quan he xa hpi va hon nhan, gia dinh) Tgp chi Ddn toe hgc, so Dang Nghien Van va Nmh Van Hiep (2005) Ngu&i Cd Dong & Trd My Trong sach "Tim hilu ngudi mien niii Quang Nam" Nxb Quang Nam Dang Nguyen Anh (2006) Chinh sdeh di ddn qud trinh phdt triin kinh te - xd hgi & ede tinh mien nui Nxb The gidi Ha Npi Do Diic Viem (2005) Tai dinh cu cho khu vuc long ho thuy dien - Cong tac quy hoach va nhiing van de kinh te - xahoi Tgp chi Kien true VietNam, s6 9, tr 20-21, Ha Noi Ngo VTnh Binh (1977^ Nghi que cua ngudi Co, ngudi Ca Dong d NghTa Binh va Quang Nam Da Nang Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, so Nguy6n Thi Dao (2018) Thay doi sinh ke ciia ngudi dan tai dinh cu dir an thiiy dien Trung Son: Nghien cuu trucmg hpp ban Tit Ban, xa Trung Son, huyen Quan Hoa, tinh Thanh Hda Tgp chi Phdt trien ben vimg Vung, Quyen 8, so 3, tr 127-138 102 PHAT T R | £ N BEN VCfNG V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SQ (6/2019) Bui Thi Kim Hucmg - B Thi Thiiy HSng Tac dong cua thuy dien Nguyen Van Song va Dau Thi Bich Hoai (2012) Danh gia su thay doi nguon sinh ke ciia cac hp di dan tai dinh cu thupc du an thiiy dien Huoi Na: Trudng hpp nghien cuu tai xa Tien Phong, huyen Que Phong, tinh Nghe An Tap chi Nong nghiep vdphdt triin nong thon Hd Ngi, so 12/2012, tr 3-11 10 Pham Quang Linh (2013) Tim hieu ve sinh ke cua ngu&i That tdi dinh cu thuy dien San La, Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, s6 6/2013, tr 46-53 11 Tong Van Chung (2005) Van d l tai dinh cu ngudi dan vimg long ho thiiy dien nhin tir goc dp xa hpi hpc quan ly Tgp chi Qudn ly Nhd nude, so 55, tr 35-38 12 Tran Diiih Hang (chit nhiem, 2015) Bao ton va phat trien van boa cac dan tpc thieu so viing di dan tai dinh cu mien Tmng xay dung thiiy dien Bao cao de tai cap bp Vien Van hoa Nghe thuat Viet Nam 13 Tran Van Ha (2011) Nghien ciru tdi dinh cu thuy dien a Viet Nam th&i ky doi m&i Nxb Tir dien Bach Khoa 14 Tran Van Ha (2012) Tdc dgng cua dap thuy diin din phdt trien sinh ke bin vung cu ddn vitng hg luu Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi 15 Tran Van Ha (2013) Phat trien sinh ke ben viing tai cac cpng dong tai dinh cir thiiy dien Son La Tgp chi Phdt triin ben viing viing so 3(9), tr 39-54 16 UBND huyen Bac Tra My (2018) Bdo cdo kit qud phdt trien kinh te - xa hgi huyen Bdc Trd My ndm 2018 B5c Tra My 17 UBND xa Tra Doc (2018) Bdo cdo kit qud phdt trien kinh te -xdhgixd Trd Ddc ndm 2018, Tra Doc Thong tin tac gia: L Bill Thi Kim HuoTig, Th.S - Don vi cong tac: Vien Nghien cuu Phat trien bin vung Viing, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam - Dia chi email, huongsdin(5),gmail.com D6 Thi Thuy HSng, Th.S - Don vi cong tac: Trudng dao tao can bp Le H6ng Phong, Ha Npi Ngay nhan bai: 2/3/2019 Ngay nhan ban sira: 12/4/2019 j^g^y ^^ygj j^j^g 12/5/2019 P H A T T R I S N BEN V O N G VUNG QUYtN 9, S (6/2019) IQ3 ... 1,5 80 25 31 Dinh Van Minh 3,5 0 ,2 2,0 90 30 33 Ho Viin Giap 4,0 0 ,25 1,5 103 25 24 Ho Viin Lai 3 ,2 0 ,2 1,0 75 20 26 H6 Van Thi 4,0 0,4 2, 0 95 40 42 Ho Van Sieng 4,5 0 ,25 1,5 104 35 34 30,7 2, 15... huyen Bac Tra My, tinh Quang Nam, cd cdng suit 190 MW, khdi cdng nam 20 06, phat dien thang 12 nam 20 10 Sd dan di ddi TDC teen 1.000 hd, tren 5.000 nhan khau, chit yeu la ngudi Ca Dong d 10 lang,... Hd Ngi, so 12/ 20 12, tr 3-11 10 Pham Quang Linh (20 13) Tim hieu ve sinh ke cua ngu&i That tdi dinh cu thuy dien San La, Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, s6 6 /20 13, tr 46-53 11 Tong Van Chung (20 05) Van d
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