NGHIEN CUV - TRA OBOI TANG Cl/dNG HIEU QUA AP DUNG BEN PHAP GIAO DUC TAIXA, PHl/ONG, THI TRAN DOI V6l NGUOl C H U A THANH NIEN VIPHAM PHAP LUAT DAO THI THUAN * T6m tat: Bi^n phap giao dye igi xS, phuang, thj trdn ddi vai nguoi chua niin la bi4n phdp xu It hanh chinh nham gido dye, sua doi hanh vi khac phiic cdc tiguyen nhdn vd diiu kien vi phgm phdp lugt, ma khong tdch khoi moi truang cgng dSng Vi?c dp djflig cdc Men phdp gido due dSi vai nguoi chua nien tgi cgng dong la xu thi cua nhiiu qudc gia hi?n tinh nhdn dgo hi$u qua phdng ngua va tiet ki^m chi phi Tuy nhien vi^c dp dyng bi^n phdp tgi Vi^t Nam chua dgt hi^u qua cao, daphdn mang tinh hinh thuc Bdi viitphdn tich vai trd cua cua bi$nphdp gido dye tgi xa, phuong, thi trdn doi vai nguoi chua nien phgm tgi; chi nhOng hgn ehS cua vi^c dp dyng bi$n phap vd de xudt mgt so bi$n phdp ndng cao hi?u qua gido due tgi xa, phicang, thj trdn doi vai ngirai ehua nien a Vi^t Nam hi?n Tukhod: Cgng dong; gido dye; ngirai chua nien; tang cucmg hi^u qua; vi phgm phap lugt Nhgn bai: 21/6/2019 Hoan bien tgp: 28/8/2019 Duy^t dang: 10/9/2019 ENHANCING THE EFFECTINESS OF EDUCATION AT COMMUNES, WARDS, DISTRICT TOWNS APPLIED TO MINORS COMMITTING LAW VIOLATIONS Absiraet: Education at communes, wards, district towns applied to minors committing law violations means administrative handling measure which aims to educate them, to correct their behaviours and to overcome causes and conditions of commiiing law violations while they are not separate from the community environment The application of education to minors in the community has become a common trend in many countries due to its humanity, effectiveness in prevention of law violations and cost savings The application of this measure in Vietnam, however, does not gain high effectiveness and mainly is insubstantial The paper analyses the role of education at communes, wards, district towns applied to minors committing law violations It points out the limitations of applying this measure and offers some suggestions to enhance the effectiveness of education at at communes, wards, district towns applied to minors in Vietnam at present Keywords: Community; education; minor; enhancing the effectiveness; law violation Received: June 21" 2019; Editing completed: Aug 2^^ 2019; Accepted for publication: Sept l{f, 2019 \ Vai tro cua bi?n p h a p giao dye t?i x£„ Pham P^ap luat c6 cac bien phap va each phirfrng, thj tr^n a6i vol ngirM chira t h a n h nien v i p h a m p h a p lu^t thiic khac rihau Ap dung bien phap xii li »ao se c6 hieu qua, dam bao nguoi chua Viec xii li nguoi chua nien vi * C5n b9 phip lu§t, Chirang trinh ph^t trien Lign hop quoc (UNDP) tai Vijt Nam !! , J u ^ •• E-mail: andaothu@gmail.coiii nien vi pham phap luat thay d6i thai do, nhan thiic va hanh vi de tro cong dan tuan thu phap luat la noi dung cin duoc ,, quan tam nghien curu ^ •= TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAODdl Nguoi chua nien vi ph^m phap luat \^ vSn d£ cua mpi quoc gja, mpi thai dai, dugrc de cdp o cii ph^p luEit quoc t^ cung nhu quoc gia Mpi qu6c gia deu phai gidi quyet van de theo each thiic, miic khac nhau, thupc vao di^u kien, tap quan va h$ thong phdp luat ciia mSi nuac Tuy nhien, djj bit cii quoc gia ndo, vi$c xu li nguoi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat cung la vin de phiic tap vi ben canh yeu cau xu li, cdc em d6ng th6i cung la nan nhan cua sir thi£u cham soc, gido due cua gia dhih, nha tru6ng vd xd hgi C6ng u6c qu6c te ve quyen tre em yeu cau cdc quoc gia vi6n phdi quy dinh r5 sir khdc biet giiia biSn phdp xii li d6i v6i nguoi chua nien vd bi?n phdp xu li d6i v(5fi ngudi thdnh niSn Do chua trucmg va chua phat trien day du, nguoi chua thdnh niSn c6 nhung khdc biet ro r?t vg thI chdt, tam U v(H ngudi nien nen viec dp dung hinh phgt doi viji ngu6i chua thdnh ni6n can mang tinh chat giao due nhiSu hon Id trung ph^t Nguoi chua thdnh nien, vdi dac di^m n6i bgt la ehua phdt triln day du ve tri ndo, giai doan truong thdnh thu6ng trai qua nhihig bien doi Idn ve hooc mon vd edm xiic, din den nhiing hdnh vi b6t phdt va lidu linh, de vi ph?m phdp luat, nhit Id hoan cdnh thieu chdm soc, gido dye Nghien curu da chi rdng, s\r phdt triSn chua hoan thien cua ndo bg gidi thich cho viec giaj doan truoc 25 tuoi, nguoi chua thdnh nien qua trinh hpc cdch dira quy6t dinh dung ddn, hpc edch ddnh gid hau qua hanh dong cua bdn thdn, hpc cdch kiem ch£ sir b6ng bpt bpt phdt'** Cung dang qui trinh phdt triln vd hinh thdnh nhdn cdch, khd ndng thay d6i va phyc hfii ciia nguoi chua thdnh nien tot hon ngudi tru6ng thdnh, khd nang ciia cdc bien phdp gido due va ho tn? t^o dnh huong, tdc dOng tich cue dSn ngudi chua thdnh nien Ion hon nhi^u so vdi tdc dong den ngudi trudng thdnh Cdc bien phdp gido due vd phuc h^i, thay y\ chi mang tinh trimg ph^t, chii trpng dgn giai quyet nguyen nhan cua hanh vi vi pham, c6 th^ c6 tdc dung khiSn nguoi chua thdnh nifin kh5ng ti^p tuc vi pham phdp li4t, tro thdnh ngudi c6ng dan tudn thu phdp luat vd CO ich cho xa hdi Nghien cmi quoc tl' * da chi rdng, viSc nghiSm khac vcri ngudi chua thdnh nien thudng 1dm cho ho sg, triimg phat vi hdnh vi khdng dung thudng khong deit hieu qud nhu mong muon Nhftng bidn phdp trtog phat khong giai quyet du^c nguyen nhan tr^c tilp (l) Pagan J, "Adolescents, Maturity and the Law: Why Science and Development Matter in Juvenile Justice", The American Prospect, vol 19, no (September 2005); Furby L & Beyth-Marom, R "Risk Taking in Adolescence: A Decision-Making Perspective", Developmental Review, vol 12, no 1, (March 1992), pp - 44; Cauffman, E & Steinberg, L "(Im)maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Why Adolescence May Be Less Culpable Than Adults", Behavioral Sciences and the Law, vol 18, no 6, (December 2000), pp 745,747 - 749 (2) Lipsey 1992 in Gladstone, B, Kessler, I, Stevens, A., (2006) Review of Good Practices in Preventing Juvenile Crime in the European Union, European Crime Prevention Network; McLaren, K., (2000) "Tough is not Enough: Getting Smart about Youlii Crime A review of research on what works to reduce offending by young people," New Zealand Ministry of Youth Affairs; Margo, J & Stevens, A., (2008) "Make me a Criminal: Preventing Youth Crime" London: Institute for Public Policy Research TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 6/2019 NGHIEN CUV- TRAODOI cung nhu nguyen nhdn tiStn tdng cua hdnh vi vi pham nhtr nguyen nhan tfir gia dinh, nhd trudng, t i moi trudng sdng cixa ngudi chua thdnh nien dang c6 anh hudng den hdnh vi eua ho Bien phdp trung phat c6 y nghia phdng ngira d6i vdi ngudi tr^rdng thdnh vi pham song lai kh6ng eo y nghia nhieu doi vdi ngudi chua nien vi hp chua c6 dii nang lire v£ mat tri nao d£ nhan thue hau qua nhung hdnh dong ciia minh gay D^c biSt, cdc bien phap cdch li ngudi chua thdnh nien khoi cong dong nhu dua vdo trudng giao dudng, c6 the tang khd nang tai phsun Viec han che quyen tu cua ngudi chua nien, tdch ho khoi moi trudng gia dinh, cong dong c6 anh hudng Ion den viec phue hoi nhan each, sua chua sai lam cua ngudi chua thdnh nien Ngudi chua thdnh nien can moi trudng gia dinh, xa hoi de hodn thien, phuc hoi nhan cdch vd ling xu vi hdnh vi cua ngudi chua thdnh nien chiu dnh hudng Ion tir moi trudng xung quarih; cdc bien phdp chi dat hieu qua cao nhat c6 su tham gia cua ca gia dinh chit khong chi rieng ngudi chua nien Hon niJa, moi trudng chi c6 ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phap luat, ngudi chua thdnh nien khdng c6 co hoi de hoc hoi vd hodn thien nhan cdch theo hudng tich cue nhu moi trudng cong ddng Nhu vay, c6 the hieu bien phap gido due tai cgng dong la bien phdp xu li thong qua su tdc dong cua cdc cd nhan, to chiie d cong d6ng dia phuong tdi ngudi ehua nien vdi muc dich khong each li ho khoi gia dmh vd xa hpi, thong qua cdc boat dong TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 6/2019 qudn li, ho tro, gido due d^ ngudi vi pham thay doi thai dp, nhan thiie vd hdnh vi cua minh, trd thdnh cong dan tuan fliii phdp luat, CO ich cho xa hoi Giao due tai epng dong doi vai ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phap luat Id mpt cdc bien phdp duge cdc nude tren thS gidi uu tien dp dung nhung iru diSm sau: Thu nhat, bien phdp giao due tai cgng dong dam bdo cdc quyen ea ban cua tre em da dugc ghi nhan Cong udc qu6c ti \h quyen tre em vd phii hgp vdi cdc chuan muc quoc te ve xu li doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phap lx4t Viec quySt dinh dp dung bien phdp gido due tai cgng d6ng bdo dam nguyen tdc vi Igi ich tot nhdt va quy^n khong b( each li cha me trai vdi y muon cua ciia tre em (Dieu 3, Q'lhu Cong ifdc qudc xk quyen tre em) Bien phdp ndy cung ddm bdo ngudi ehua thdnh nien khong bi han che cac quyen co ban eua ngudi nhu quyen hgc tap, quyen dugc kham ehua benh, quyen dugc nghi ngoi, dugc tu tham gia sinh boat vdn hod vd nghe thuat Thu hai, bien phdp giao dye d cgng dong hodn toan phu hgp vdi ddc diem tam sinh li, su phdt trien cua ngudi chua thdnh nien Ngudi chua thdnh nien chua phdt trien day dii \h th6 chdt va tinh thdn, la mot nhiJng nhom doi tugng de bi ton thuong nhdt xa hpi, can dugc quan tam, cham soc vd bdo ve moi liic, mgi noi Khong nhu ngudi trudng thdnh, ngudi chua thdnh nien chua dii khd nang de nhan thuc mot edch day du \h phap luat eiing nhu viec bao ve Igi ich ciia minh Do dang giai doan phat trien NGHIEN CUV- TRAODOI ngudi chua thdnh nien co khd nang "tu bo" bdo ddm an todn eho cgng ddng vd chinh hg mot s6 hdnh vi, eho nen di^u quan la Tuy nhien, bien phdp ndy t6n k^m vd it hieu can bdo ddm cac em kh6ng bi ki thi hay qud hon gidi phap gido dye tai cOng dong vd mang danh tgi pham nho tuoi Viec chi nen dp dung b i | n phap giao due t^i bi mang danh la "t6i pham" se lam ton hai cgng dong khdng mang lai hi?u qua Bien den kha nang phat triln, tham chi the eo tdc phap han che quyen tu dfii vdi nguoi dong bat Igi cho ca cugc ddi cua cac em sau chua nien la bien phap eu6i eiing bdi Bien phap gido d\ic tai cong dong tao vi bi?n phdp ndy se dnh hudng den quyen dieu kien cho cac em thay doi nhan thuc, ciia ngudi chua nien, dnh hudng dSn khong CO tam li so bi ki thi, phan biet doi xu su phdt triSn binh thudng ciia tre Xu hudng va giiip ngudi chua nien vi pham phdp ciia nhiSu qudc gia tren the gidi la dp dung luat thay doi nhan thuc, phdt trien binh cac bien phdp xu li thay the hay eon ggi Id thudng hon cac bien phap che tai han che xd li chuyin hudng nhu yeu edu su quan li quygn tu cua ngudi chua thdnh nien tir gia dinh, ngudi giam sat hay c^ng dong Thu ba bien phdp giao due tai cgng theo DiSu 18 Cac quy tac Bae Kinh Mgt dong la bien phap co the buy dong dugc sir nghien cuu cua UNICEF da chi rang: Hau tham gia eua cgng dong dia phuong, cdc het cdc nude Dong A va Thai Binh Duong nguon lire san co d dia phuong viec quy dinh xu li chuyen hudng d giai doan xet giao due, giiip ngudi chua nien vi xu bdi tod an (8 quoc gia Dong A vd 13 dao pham phdp ludt Cdc quy tac tieu chuan toi Thai Binh Duong); d khu vuc Dong A, 04 thieu cua Lien hgp quoc ve hoat dong tu quoc gia dp dung xu li chuyen hudng d ba phap doi vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nien (Cac cap cua qua trinh tu phap vj thaiih nien.* ' Quy tdc Bac Kinh),'^* phdn dien giai Dieu 19 De gop phan giam ti 1? ngudi chua CO chi r5 ede bien phdp han che quyen tu nien vi pham phap luat, moi quoc gia d6u (giam giii bat cii moi trudng nao) deu phdi chu trgng cong tdc phong ngira ngudi CO anh hudng tieu cue va de lai hau qua chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat thdng qua khong the khac phuc dugc thong qua chua tri, nhieu each thiic khac nhu gido dye, dac biet ngudi chua nien la doi tugng tuyen truy^n de nang cao nhdn thdc v^ mat de bi ton thuong bdi cac anh hudng tieu cue phap luat cho ngudi chua nien, dong ho khong chi bi mat tu ma vi bi thai xay dung he th6ng can thiep, h6 trg tach khoi moi trudng xa hoi binh thudng ngudi chua nien vi pham phap luat Doi vdi mot so it trudng hgp vi pham nghiem trgng, viec dua ngudi chua nien vdo trudng giao dudng la can thiet de (3) Dui?c thong qua theo Nghj quyet s6 40/33 29/11/1985 ciia D^i hpi dong Lien hgp qu6c (4) UNICEF, DIVERSION NOT DETENTION:A study on diversion and other alternative measures for children in conflict with the law In East Asia and the Pacific, EAPRO, 2017, Ir xvii, hltps://www.unicef org/pacificislands/UNlCEF_EAPRO_2017_Diversion _not_Detention.pdf, truy c5p 21/5/2019 TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 6/2019 NGHIEN CUV- TRAODdl Mot so han che cua vi^ dp dung bien phap giao dye tai xS, phirdng, thj tran doi vdi ngudi cbira Aanh nien vi p h ^ phap luat Viec xu li d6i vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham p h ^ luat bdng bien phdp gido due tai cgng dong Id each thijre cin thiet va hieu qud nhat md moi qudc gia nSn nghien cuu vd dp dung Viet Nam da co nhfing tien bg viec hoan thien he th6ng phdp luat lien quan den phdng ngua, xOr li vd tdi hda nhap cgng dong cho ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat Cdc nguyen tac Id co sd cho viec trien khai cac bi?n phdp gido due ngudi chira thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat tai cgng dong, dua vdo cgng dong da dugc quy dinh tai Luat xii li vi pham hdnh chinh nam 2012, Luat tre em nam 2016 Cy thi, Luat xii li vi pham hdnh chinh nam 2012 quy dinh cac nguySn tie dinh hudng, co bdn nhu: "Viec xu li nguai chua nien vi phgm hanh chinh chi dttac thuc hien truang hap can thiet nhdm gido due, giiip da ho sua chua sai lam, phdt trien lanh mgnh vd tra cong dan co ich cho xa hoi"; " Viec xu li nguai chua thdnh nien vi phgm cdn can cu vao khd nang nhgn thuc cua ngicai chua thdnh nien ve tinh chdt nguy hiem cho xd hoi cua hdnh vi vi phgm, nguyin nhdn vd hoan cdnh vi phgm de dp dung bien phdp xu li hdnh chinh phu hap"; "Bi$n phdp dua vdo truang gido duang chi duac dp dung xet thdy khong co bien phdp xii li khdc phu hap han" (Dieu 134) Luat tre em nam 2016 cung quy dinh: "l/u tien dp dung cdc bien phdp phdng ngira, hS trg, can thi^p hogc bien phdp gido due tgi xa, phudng, thi trdn, bi4n phdp thay the xir li vi phgm hdnh chinh TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019 doi vai tre em vi phgm phdp ludt; bien phdp cu&ng chi vd hgn chi tu chi dut?c dp dung sau cdc bien phdp ngdn chgn gido due khdc khong phu hap " (DiSu 70) Gido dye tai xd, phudng, thi trdn Id bi?n phap xii li hdnh chinh dp dung ddi vdi ngudi vi pham phdp ludt de gido dye, qudn li hg t^i noi cu tni trudng hop nhan thdy khong cdn thiet phai each li hg khoi cgng ddng.*'' Theo quy dinh t^ DiSu 90 Lu|t xir li vi pham hanh chinh nam 2012, ngudi ehua thdnh nien vi pham phdp lulit thudc d6i tugng dp dung eua bien phap ndy gdm: - Ngudi tir dii 12 tu6i dSn dudi 14 tudi thuc hien hdnh vi cd ddu hieu ciia mot tgi pham rdt nghiem trgng c6 y quy dinh t^ Bg luat hinh su; - Ngudi tu du 14 tu6i din dudi 16 tudi thuc hien hdnh vi co ddu hieu cua rti^t tgi pham nghiem trgng e6 y quy dinh tai Bg luat hinh su; - Ngudi tu du 14 tuoi din dudi 18 tudi, thdi han 06 thdng da hai Idn bi xii phat vi pham hanh chinh ve mgt cae hanh vi trgm cap, lira ddo, ddnh bac, gay rdi trdt ty cong cgng md lai tiep tuc thue hi?n mgt eac hdnh vi vi pham neu tren din Idn thu ba nhung chua den miic truy eiiu trdch nhiem hinh su va da bi lap bien ban vi pham hdnh chinh t^i Ian vi pham ndy.'*' Trudng hgp nay, ngudi chua nien co the dugc dp dung bien phdp thay the xii li hanh chinh la quan li tai gia dinh (5) Dieu 89 Luat xir li vi pham hanh chinh n3m 2012 (6) Dieu 90 Lu$t xij li vi pham hSnh chinh nSm 2012 v^ Dieu Nghj dinh sfl 111/2013/ND-CP ng^y 30/9(7013 dirpc siia d6i tai Nghj dinh s6 56/2016/ND-CP ng^y 29/6/2016 NGHIEN CUV ' TRA O DPI Trudng hgp ngudi chua thdnh nien thuge doi tugng neu tren md khong e6 noi cu tni on dinh thi dugc giao cho co sd bdo trg xd hoi hoac eo sd trg giiip tre em de quan li, gido dye thdi han chap hanh bien phdp giao dye tai xa, phudng, thi trdn thay vi dua vao trudng gido dudng nhu Phdp lenh xu li vi pham hanh chmh trudc day quy dinh Thdi h ^ giao due tai xa, phudng, thi tran Id tii 03 den 06 thang, thuge vdo tinh chat, miic dg nghiem trgng vd hau qud eua vi pham hanh chinh, hodn cdnh bdn thdn cua ngudi chua thdnh nien, cdc tinh tiet tang nang vd giam nhe Bi$n phdp giao due t^i xd, phudng, thi trdn chu tich uy ban nhan dan xa quyet dinh tren co sd ho so co quan cong an thu thap, ed thong tin ve hdnh vi vi pham, nhan than ngudi chua nien, y kien ciia cha me, nhd trudng, to chuc noi ngudi chua thdnh nien lam viec, cdn bg phy trdch cong tdc tre em Khi quyet dinh dp dung bien phdp gido due t ^ xa, phudng, thi tran, chii tich uy ban nhan dan cap xa lua chgn va giao trdch nhiem giam sdt, giao dye cho eo quan, to ehiic phu hgp Tren thue te bi6n phdp gido due tai xa, phudng, thi tran dugc dp dyng doi vdi ngudi chua nien vi pham phap luat chua thuc su dat dugc hieu qud cao vi eac li sau: Thu nhdt, cac dich vu giao due, phyc hoi cho ngudi chua nien vi pham phap luat tai cgng dong thieu, chat lugng chua cao Nhu da phdn tich, ngudi chua nien la ngudi chua co su phdt trien toan dien v l thi chat, tinh than, do khd ndng nhdn thuc ciia ngudi chua nien eiing khac vdi ngudi truong Viec dp dyng cdc bien phap gido dye, can thiep, h6 trg ddi vdi ngudi chua nien cdn phai dugc bdo ddm phu ^dp vdi ddc dilm tam smh li ciia hg Do vay, cac nude tren thi gidi thudng eo quy dinh neng v l mo hinh ho b-g, can thiep ngudi ehua thdnh ni6n vi pham phdp ludt dua vao edng ding Can bg dugc phdn cong ho trg ngudi chua thdnh nien phai Id ngudi c6 kien thiic, am hilu tdm li ciia ngudi chua nien, thudng la nhdn vien cong tdc xa hgi chuydn nghiep Cdc bi$n phdp can thiep, h6 trg, ede chuong trinh gido due phai phu hgp vdi trinh do, khd nang nhan thiic, ddc dilm tdm sinh li ciia tdng ngudi chua thdnh nien D I bien phdp gido dye phdt huy hieu qua, cdn CO nhiing djeh vy giam sdt, phuc h6i da dang, eo chdt lugng tai cgng ding Tuy nhien, hi?n ede chucmg trinh vd dich vu h6 trg, phyc h i i , tai hod nhap cgng ding ddnh cho ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phap ludt eon han chS ed ve chat lugng va su da dang Chua co nhieu dich vy ho trg nham gidi quyet ede nguyen nhdn va dieu ki$n vi pham phap luat nhu tham van, giao due kl nang sing, day nghl Do dia phuong thieu cdc ngudn ngdn sach danh cho cdc chuong trinh dao tao, day nghe, hudng nghiSpnen cac chuong trinh gido due mdi chi tap trung vao viec giao cho gia dinh vd can bg true tilp thuc hien.*^' Viec to chuc hgp vd kilm dilm dinh ki eiing chi mang tinh hinh thiic vi thuc chdt se 1dm cho ngudi ehua nien khong xod bo dugc mac edm v l hanh vi cua (7), Nguyin Thj Minh Hanh, Tai chinh cho gido due nghe nghiep a Viii Nam, https://www.giaoducquocte vn/chua-duoc-phan-loai-vi/3955/, truy cSp 21/5/2019 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019 NGHIENCVV- TRAODOI minh, mang tinh chdt giao dilu, kho tao su Bien phdp gido dye tai xd, phudng, thi thay ddi nhdn thiie Cd thi thay, hien d trdn hien dugc quy dinh dp dung chung Vie Nam chua cd chucmg trmh ho trg cy the eho cdc d i i tugng la ngudi nien va dii vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nien gido due ehua nien Trong do, d l giao due hg t^i gia dinh vd cgng ding, bien phap thue ngudi chua thdnh nien co hieu qud, ngudi hien thieu su da dang, hdp ddn cho liia tuoi dugc giao nhiem vu quan li giao due phdi Id thieu nien nen khd thu hiit dugc su ngudi CO kien thiic tdm 11, co kl ndng lam viec, quan tdm ciia cdc em giao tidp d i i vdi ngudi chua nien Tuy Thu hai, su tham gia cua gia dinh, cdc eo nhien, hien nude ta eon thilu doi ngu cdn quan vd to chiic qud trinh dp dung bien bg chuyen trdch lam viec d cdp xa, phudng phdp ndy van eon mang tinh hinh thiic Cgng lien quan den tre em eiing nhu ngudi ehua vdi viec thieu cdc chuong trinh vd dich vu neu thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat, toan quic mdi trSn, viec gidm sdt, gido due vd ho trg ngudi CO 590/11.162 (khodng 5%) cdp xa b l tri chua thdnh nien vi pham phap ludt dugc quan dugc nguon nhdn luc ndy.'^' Co thi thdy, viec li tai cgng dong nhin ehung chua dugc thuc dp dung bien phdp giao dye tai xa phudng, thi hien m6t cdch hidu qua vd co he thong trdn khdng dugc chuyen mon hod se anh Thu ba, thieu ngudn can bg va dieu kien hudng den hieu qud cua bien phdp dam bdo thuc hien bien phdp giao dye Mdc Thu tic, bien phap giao due d i i vdi ngudi du phdp luat da quy dinh cu the ve each thuc, chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp ludt chua thuc noi dung thye hien va giao eho mgt ca nhan su dat hieu qua viec thuc hien bi phu thuge thue hi|n bien phdp gido due, h6 trg true tilp vdo cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat.''"' Viec gido doi vdi ngudi vi pham phap luat song s i due tai xd, phudng, thi trdn cd thi dugc thuc lugng can bg tu phap hg tich d cap xa hien bang ede hinh thiie co ban sau day: 1) han che (eo xd chi eo ngudi), do viec Gdp go true tiep gia dinh, ngudi dugc gido kiem tra tinh phdp li cua ho so de nglu dp due; 2) Gidi thieu tham gia cae Idp hgc ve ki dung bien phdp gido dye cdn gap nhilu khd nang song, cdc lop hudng nghiep, day nghe, khdn.*^* Ben canh do, ki nang, kiln thiic, tim viec 1dm; 3) Thong bdo bang van ban ve kinh nghiem ciia cdn bg cilng nhu co sd vat gia dinh, ngudi dugc gido dye ve cdc bien chat de gido due ve kl nang song, hudng phap qudn li, gido due; 4) To chiic cugc hgp nghiep, d^y nghe cho ngudi dugc gido due g6p y tai dia ban dan cu d co sd Trudng hgp nhieu han ehe (8) "Thyc tien sau 02 nim thi hanh Nghj dinh s6 111/2013/ND-CP cua Chinh phu tren dia Mn tinh Quang Binh", https://stp.quangbinh.gov.vn/3cms/thuctien-sau-02-nam-thi-hanh-nghi-dinh-so-l 11-2013-ndcp-cua-chinh-phu-tren-dia-ban-tinh-quang.htm, truy cap 06/3/2019 TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019 (9) Due TuSn, De nghj cdc xa bo in nguoi lam cong tdc bdo v? tre em, http://thutuong.chinhphu.vn/ Home/De-nghi-cac-xa-bo-tri-ngay-nguoi-lam-congtac-bao-ve-tre-em/20188/28572.vgp, truy cap 20/4/2019 (10) Khoan Di^u 27 Nghj djnh s6 111/2013/ND-CP ng^y 30/9/2013 quy dinh che &p dung biSn ph^p xii If h^nh chinh giio due tai xa, phuong, thj trdn NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI ngudi dugc gido due id ngudi chua thdnh nidn thi kh6ng tl chiic eu0c hgp gdp y Cong an vien vd tl trudng dan phi Id ngudi true tiep dugc giao nhiem vy qudn li ddi tugng bi dp dung bien phdp gido dye Viec huy d6ng cdc to chiic dodn the nhu mat trdn tl quIc, doan nien, hOi phy nir tham gia quan li, giao dye dii tugng chua dat dugc kit qua vi ngudi dugc giao qudn li thudng c6 tdm li e ngai tilp xiie dii tugng, ngai va cham, sg bi trd thu hoae khdng co sy hgp tdc tu ddi tugng vd gia dinh Ap dung mgt si khuyln nghi nang cao hifu qud bien phap giao due tai xd, phudng, thj tr^n De bien phdp giao due tai xa, phudng, thi tran doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luEit dugc thuc hien cd hieu qua tren thue t6, can chii trgng mgt so ngi dung sau: Thir nhdt, cdn xdy dung md hinh gido dye ngudi chua nien dua vdo cgng dong cu the, phu hgp vdi dac diem tdm sinh li eiia ngudi ehua thdnh nien Mo hinh can cung cap ddy du cdc dich vy, chucmg trinh thiet yeu cho ngudi chua thdnh nien bao gom: chucmg trinh tri li?u tdm li-xd hgi; nhom h6 trg dong dang; cdc chuong trinh ho trg vd gidm sat; tu vdn cho gia dinh ngudi ehua nien vi pham phap luat; cdc chucmg trinh dao tao ve ki nang (giao tiep, quan li nong gian, bay to mong muon vd cam xiie); cac chuong trinh dao tao ki ndng sing; xu li tinh huong de trdnh tai vi pham; cdc chucmg trinh sinh boat ngoai khoa d cgng ding ddn cu.*"' De cd duge chucmg trinh ( I I ) Rublyn P Fabre, Hacelyn B Barrero and all gido dye thiet ylu cho ngudi chua men tai cOng ding edn phdi co sy cam kSt cua chinh quyen cdc cdp viec phdn bo nguin ngdn sach vd nhan luc cho hoat dong Hien nay, bien phdp gido due tai xa, phudng, thi trdn chua tuoz quan tdm, ddu tu diing miic Thuc tien thuc hien bien phap mdi chi la su phdi hgp giua ehfnh quySn cap xa, e6ng an xa vd gia dinh vi§c qudn li, gido dye Ngudi chua nien chua dugc tilp can vdi cdc dich vu h6 trg can thiSt de co thi tim hilu r6 nguyen nhdn, dong co vi pham phdp iudt, giiip cdc em hieu ro ve hdnh vi, thay d6i nhsin thiic va thdi cua minh Thu hai, edn phdt trien dgi ngu can bp 1dm cong tac xa hgi, edn bg tre em de qudn li ngudi chua nien vi pham phap luat (qudn li ca) Cdc cdn bg ndy phdi Id ngudi dugc ddo tao ve ki ndng giao tiep, tdm li ngudi chua thdnh nien bdi vi hg s6 la nhimg ngudi true tiep quan H ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp ludt, xdy dung chuong trinh can thiep cy the doi vdi timg em phu hgp vdi dieu kien, hoan cdnh gia dinh Vi du doi vdi nhiing ngudi chua nien bo hgc, CO hodn cdnh kinh tl kho khan, bo me li hon thi viec ngoai viec gido dye cdc em cung can co cdc chucmg trinh ddo t^o nghe, gidi thieu viec lam giiip cdc em eo the tim kiem duge viec Idm, khac phuc ddn nhung kho khan cugc song "Intervention program for children in conflict with the law: gearing towards sustainable development", American Journal of Social Sciences, Arts and Literature Vol 3, No 3, April 2016, pp.1-6, http://ajssal.com/ AJSSAL Vol.%203,%20No.%203,%20April%2020l6/lNTER~ VENTION.pdf, truy cap 20/4/2019 T A P C H i L U A T H Q C SO 6/2019 NGHIEN CUV ' TRA O D6I Thir ba, cdn thdng qua cdc to chiic dodn the d dia phuong nhu tl ddn phi, dodn nien, hgi phy nii dl xay dyng ede chuong trinh sinh ho^t d cgng ding dan cu eho ngudi chua nien, bao gim cd nhom ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp ludt vd nhdm ngudi chua thdnh nien eo nguy eo vi pham phdp ludt (ngudi ehua thdnh nien bo hgc, cha me vi pham phap ludt, eo hodn cdnh kinh te kho khdn, moi trudng sing phiic tap) Hien nay, chuong trinh sinh boat d cgng ddng ddn cu cho ngudi ehua thdnh nien cdn thieu, hdu nhu viec thu hiit ngudi chua nien tham gia cdc chucmg trinh mdi chi duge thuc hien cdc dip he vd nhom ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp ludt hoae co nguy eo vi pham phdp luat thudng khong cd khd nang tiep can, tham gia ede chuong trinh Viec tham gia cac chuong trinh sinh hoat cgng dong, th6ng qua d6 gido due y thiie phdp luat, kl nang song cho ngudi ehua thdnh nien se eo y nghia Idn cong tac phong ngua ngudi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat Thti tu, can xdy dyng bg tieu chi danh gid chuong trmh gido dye doi vdi ngudi chua nien vi pham phdp luat de eo quan nhd nude cd thdm quyen c6 the ddnh gid tinh khd thi eua bien phdp Thue tien hien cho thdy khong ed viec ddnh gid, thong ke ti le ngudi ehua thdnh nien duge dp dung bien phap da trd cong dan tit, ti le tai pham hode ti le dugc hgc nghe vd gidi thieu viec 1dm Viec quan li, danh gid cdc chucmg trinh gido dye tai cgng ding se CO y nghia viec dieu chinh, bl sung ede chuong trinh, ngi dung gido dye dam bdo tinh hieu qua vd khd thi./ TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 6/2019 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Fagan J, "Adolescents, Maturity and the Law: Why Science and Development Matter in Juvenile Justice", The American Prospect, vol 19, no (September 2005) Furby L & Beyth-Marom, R "Risk Taking in Adolescence: A DecisionMaking Perspective", Developmental Review, vol 12, no 1, (March 1992) Cauffman, E & Steinberg, L "(Im)maturity of Judgment in Adolescence: Why Adolescence May Be Less Culpable Than Adults", Behavioral Sciences and the Law, vol 18, no 6, (December 2000) Lipsey 1992 in Gladstone, B, Kessler, I, Stevens, A 2006 Review of Good Practices in Preventing Juvenile Crime in the European Union European Crime Prevention Network McLaren, K., (2000) 'Tough is not Enough: Getting Smart about Youth Crime A review of research on what works to reduce offending by young people" New Zealand Ministry of Youth Affairs Margo, J & Stevens, A (2008) "Make me a Criminal: Preventing Youth Crime," London: Institute for Public Policy Research Rublyn P Fabre, Hacelyn B Barrero and all, "Intervention program for children in conflict with the law: gearing towards sustainable development", American Journal of Social Sciences, Arts and Literature, Vol 3, No.3, April 2016, pp 1-6, http://ajssal.eom/AJSSAL_Vol.%203,%2 0No.%203,%20April%202016/INTERVE NT10N.pdf ... hoi"; " Viec xu li nguai chua thdnh nien vi phgm cdn can cu vao khd nang nhgn thuc cua ngicai chua thdnh nien ve tinh chdt nguy hiem cho xd hoi cua hdnh vi vi phgm, nguyin nhdn vd hoan cdnh vi phgm... mat tu ma vi bi thai xay dung he th6ng can thiep, h6 trg tach khoi moi trudng xa hoi binh thudng ngudi chua nien vi pham phap luat Doi vdi mot so it trudng hgp vi pham nghiem trgng, viec dua ngudi... phdp luat ciia mSi nuac Tuy nhien, djj bit cii quoc gia ndo, vi$ c xu li nguoi chua thdnh nien vi pham phdp luat cung la vin de phiic tap vi ben canh yeu cau xu li, cdc em d6ng th6i cung la nan nhan