To chuc ban cua mot so toe ngiroi 6* mien nui phia Bae Viet Nam Nguyen Nggc Thanh'** Tom t^t: Bdn Id hinh thirc Id chirc xa hpi quan trpng d cdc ddn tpc thiiu so thupc khu vuc mien nui phia Bdc Viet Nam Moi bdn deu cd miiu thd thdn, toa Igc d mot nai bin bdn hay khu rimg cdm, rimg thieng - nai td chuc nghi le cdu an cho cong ddng hang ndm Le hpi ciia bdn da vd dang lam thda mdn ddi sdng tdm linh, cung Id mdi trucmg bdo tdn vd phdt huy vdn hda tpc ngudi Bdi viet phdn tich cdc dgc trung "bdn " cua mdt so ddn tdc thieu sd d miin nui phia Bdc Viet Nam tie ten gpi, ranh gidi, hinh thirc qudn ly bdn truyen thdng vd hien nay, ddng thdi chi ro vai tro cua trudng bdn dieu hdnh sdn xudt, diiu phdi ddt dai bdo vi ngudn nude, bdo vi rimg cam vd giir gin trat lu, an ninh Tir khoa: Ban, Don vj hanh chinh, Ranh gidi, Quy udc Mien mil phia Bac, Le hdi, Viet Nam Abstract: Villages are a crucial form of social community in ethnic minorities in the mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam Each village has an Earth Shrine, located either inside the village or in a forbidden/ sacred forest, which is the venue for annual peace prayers for the community The village festival has been part of the spiritual life and the environmentfor preserving ethnic culture The paper analyzes the "village" characteristics of some ethnic minorities in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam, including place names, local borders, traditional and current management modes, identifying the role of village leaders in production management land distribution, water sources and forest protection, order and security maintenance Keywords: Villages, Administrative Unit, Local Borders, Convention, Northern Upland, Festival, Vietnam Mffdau Bdn d khu vyc mien mil phia Bkc Viet Nam dugc xem la tuang duong vdi lang hay ihdn cua ngudi Kinh, lung hay quel cua ngudi Mudng, buonlbon/plei ciia cac dan tde vimg Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen, phum, soc ciia ngudi Khmer d Nam bd (., Ban la nai tri, dam bao eudc sdng cua ' ' PGS.TS., Vien Dan toe hoc Vien Han lam Khoa • *=• hoc xa hoi Viet Nam; "S^^n dan, bao tdn va phat huy ban sac van Email: thanhvdth@gmaii.com hda tdc ngudi Tuy nhien, den sd luang lo cnuc Dan 37 nghien ciiu ve ban d cac dan tdc thieu sd khu vyc mien niii phia Bic cdn it di' Cd the ndi, mac dii cac nghien cuu da chi dugc mot sd dac diem cua ban nhu each dat ten, khdng gian xa hdi, thilt chi ty quan, cac quy udc quan ly cdng ddng dudi gdc nhin truyen thdng vdi nhirng mieu thuat dan tgc hgc cu the, chi tiet, nhung lai khdng chii y nhieu den qua trinh bien ddi cua lang/ban qua timg giai doan Itch sir Dac biet la cdn thieu vang nhiing cdng trinh chuyen sau ve vai tro, vj tri cua ban cdng cugc xay dyng ndng thdn mdi d viing mien mii, dan tdc thieu sd hien Bac diem, cau true cua ban Xan ) (Vi Van An, 2019; 178) (3 Cao Bang, ten ggi vdi tien td "na" cd sd lugng nhieu nhat: 159 ban/512 ban, chilm ty le 31,5%, sd ban lai cd ten bit dku bSng chii khudi (sudi), lung (thung lilng) (Trin Van Quynh, 2010; 33) Ngudi Mudng gpi ten ban theo tinh chat dat dai, noi cu tni cd cac ban Bung (rimg ram), Dool (day ddi), Thung nganh (thung liing) Bay (lay thut); mang ten cay cd cac ban: Ldo (niia), Ach (cay tre), Mit (cay mit), Pai (cd gianh), Tham (rau ram), Ki (cay si), Miin (ten mdt loai Ilia nep), Chgo (gidng liia chao) Xuat xii cua nhiing ten ban dugc ngudi Mudng giai thich: udc lap ban day la nhiing noi rimg ram, rugng lay thut, nhieu tre, niia, cd a) Tin gpi vd ranh gidi Viec dat ten ban d eac dan tgc theo gianh (Xem: Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2003: nhiing dac diem ty nhien cua timg viing nhu 24) Ten ban mang ten ngudi ciing xuat sdng, sudi, mii, dat, cd cay la hien tirgng hien d nhieu viing ngudi Hmdng nhu Ly phd bien, vi du nhu: mil Lat cd ten ban Lat, Lao Chdi, Gidng Chu Phin, MdCha, Gidng sudi Sim cd ten ban Sim Ngoai ra, hien Cha, Thdo Dinh Chdi, Lou Cha Tdng, Td tugng dat ten ban vdi tien td "na" (rugng) Gidng Phinh, Vdng Lu (Xem: Nguyen xudt hien nhieu d ngudi Tay, Thai viing Tay Nggc Thanh, 2000: 30) Day la binh thirc Bac, Ddng Bac Viet Nam nhu; Nd Tdm, Nd ghi nhd cdng lao ciia nhung ngudi dau tien Mg, Nd Ca, Nd Gian CJ mien Tay Nghe An,cd cdng kliai pha lap ban chii dau tien cua ten ban ngudi Thai thudng dugc ggi theo vj tri mdi trudng tao lap ciia nd nhu sdng, sudi, ben nude, gd ddi Nhung ban d canh sudi nhd, ten thudng cd chii hudi d dau nhu Hudi Not, a gan sudi Idn hay sdng cd tir nam (Nam Xuong, Nam ' DiSm lai co mot s6 bai vi^t va cong trinh sau: Lang bdn cua ngudi Toy (1988); Lang bdn cua cdc ddn toe thieu so miin ndi mien Bac Viet Nam (1993); Lang Dao d Ba Bi Cao Bdng (1993); Thon lang ngudi Dao & nuoc ta hien nhimg bien dot vd vdn di dat (2016), Lang bdn co truyen ciia ddn toe Tdy d huyen Vo Nhai Thdi Nguyen (2010); Lang bdn cua ngudi Toy a huyen Triing Khdnh tinh Cao Bdng (2010); Lang ciia nguoi Hmdng Viet Nam (2000); Thiil chi bdn cua nguai Dao (2014); Lang ngudi Tdy bdi cdnh cong ngtiiep hoa liien dgi hoavd hpi nhgpi2Q\5), Dii ggi theo hinh thirc nao thi ten ban dIu chiia dimg dd nhiing y nghTa nhat djnh Ddi vdi ben ngoai, dd la tin hieu hang dIu dl phan biet giua ngudi ban vdi ngudi ban Cdn yong ndi bg cdng ddng, ten ban nhu mdt chat xiic tac gan ket mgi vien lai cimg chung sue ganh vac cac cdng viec chung Ban cd ranh gidi rieng, dugc ghi chep rd rang van ty hoac truyen mieng qua nhilu thi he Ranli gidi thudng dya vao sudi, hdn da, gdc cay to hoac vach da Khu vyc dit dai thien nhien chung cua ban dugc xac lap mot each ben viing Dat d, dat san xuat, nui rimg dugc cac vien ciia ban biet ro va cung dugc cac vien ciia ban khac tdn trgng Rugng dat cua Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hgi so 4.2020 ban nao thude sd hiiu ciia ban Ngudi dan cua ban khdng the san xuat tren dat dai cung nhu thu hai lam thd san tren rimg ciia ban khac Ngudi di cu di noi khac khdng cdn cd quyen Igi ve dat dai d ban cii Xua hiem thay hien tirgng xam chiem dat dai giira eac ban ke (Xem; Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2000; 37) Nhiing ban nam sat bien gidi thudng dugc bd tri theo kieu phdng thu vdi he thdng tudng da, rao tre, cua Id cot ggi la "khuyen" da xung quanh ban, chi danh mdt cdng vao ban, mdi ban xua thudng cd mot ddi dan binh trudng ban diing dau, nham chdng lai nan trdm cudp (Vi Van An, 1988: 130-135) b) Thanh phdn ddn cu, quy mo ddn sd Trudc day, cac tdc ngudi d mien niii phia Bae du d viing thung lung chan mii hay viing reo giiia, reo cao hgp ban thudng la nhung gia dinh thude nhieu ddng hg ciing cu tni, ban it cd tir den ddng hg, ban ddng tdi den ddng hg, tham chi cd ban tdi 12 ddng hg Trong pham vi ban, cac gia dinh cd quan he bg hang thudng cu tni gan Dii Idn hay nhd d ban nao ciing cd hoac ddng ho chiem uu the, co uy tin va anh hudng den cac quan he xa hdi ban Nhirng ddng hg Idn ban thudng la nhiing hg cd cdng khai pha dat dai, lap ban va chiem hihi nhiing manh rugng tdt nhat de canh tac (Dan theo; Nguyen Van Huy, 1992; 156-157) C) mdt sd viing ngudi Hmdng nhu Ky Son (Nghe An), Thuan Chau (Son La), Ddng Van, Meo Vac (Ha Giang), mot sd ban chi cd ddng hg (ciing bp, ciing ma) cu tni Day la diem khac biet so vdi cac tgc ngudi khac Hien nay, cu trii dan xen, khac dan tdc cimg mdt ban da trd nen phd biln, nhat la d vimg thung liing chan mii - noi cu tni ciia cac tdc ngudi Thai, Mudng, Tay, Niing Theo nghien ciiu eiia Dam Thi Tam (2020; 65), phhn Idn cac ban cua ngudi Nung deu cd tu din dan tgc cimg chung sdng Hien tugng tir den dan tdc cu tni mdt ban ciing thay d mot sd tgc ngudi khac vung reo cao va reo giua Tiiy theo dieu kien dat dai canh tac ciing nhu hoan canh lich sir, xa hdi d timg giai doan, moi ban c6 quy md dan sd Idn nhd khac Ban ciia ngudi Hmdng, Ha Nhi, Ld Ld d viing cao thudng cd quy md nhd tir 30 den 40 ndc nha, ban cua ngudi Thai, Tay, Mudng, Niing d vung thap cd quy md tir 70 den 80 ndc nha, tham chi hang tram ndc nha Mdi ban cd nhieu gia dinh nhd thude cac ddng hg khac cimg sinh sdng, cd gia dinh cd mdt hoac hai the he, cd gia dinh Idn vdi vai ba the he Cac thiet che va quan he cong ddng a) Hinh thirc qudn ly bdn Trong xa hdi truyen thdng, ban la to chirc xa hdi ty quan thdng qua mdt bd may dieu hanh dan ban lua chgn nhung cung cd la the tap Chiic nang ciia td chiic ty quan la dieu hanh cdng viec chung cua ban, giii gin le nghi, phong tuc vimg ngudi Thai xua kia, ban dugc phan dp rd rang: cd ban ciia nhung gia dinh chiic djch va quy tdc, ban ciia dan ty (pay dinh), dan niia ty (pdy cu) va ban ciia nhiing tdc ngirdi khac tdc, le thude (cudng nhdc) (Vi VanAn, 2019: 171) Ngudi diing d k cao nhat va phu trach chung mgi cdng viec ciia ban ggi la quan bdn (neu la ngudi thude cac hg binh dan) hoac tgo bdn (neu la ngudi thude cac hg quy tdc, Urc dong doi chiia dSt dja phuang - tgo mudng) (Dang Nghiem Van, 2007: 561) V l danh nghTa, chiic vu dan ban b4u tren CO sd lya chgn nhung ngudi dan dng eo uy tin va gia dinh kha gia, sau dd bao cao tgo bdn xem xet va quyit dinh Tuy khdng Td chiic ban dugc cha truyen ndi, nhung tren thyc te, chirc vu ngudi ddng hg tgo bdn nam giii Hg cd trach nhiem diiu hanh cdng viec cua ban theo tap quan va tinh than cdng ddng, ddng thdi ddn ddc dan ban thyc hien nghTa vu doi vdi mudng Dudi quan bdn cd mot chirc giiip viec ggi la cha bdn Theo nghTa tieng Thai thi "cha" cd nghTa la "ndi" Cd the hieu cha bdn la ngudi phd bien, tuyen truyen mgi tin tire, cdng viec cua ban, mudng (cam Trgng, 2005: 174) Cac ban ciia ngudi Tay, Niing tirng tryc thude vao cac don vi hanh chinh cap xa, tdng, chau, tinh tryc tiep nha nude phong kien hay thye dan nira phong kien chi phdi Dirng dau cac cap hanh chinh la tang Idp thd ty (quang) ngudi dja phuong hay cac luu quan dugc cu tir trieu dinh C) mdi ban, dirng dau la chau bdn, tdu bdn, nhirng ngudi gan nhu dugc dan ban suy tdn, phan nhieu la ngudi dai dien ddng hg gdc ddng hg Idn nhat cua ban, cung cd the dd la ddng hg thd ty (Hoang Nam, 1992: 187) Trong xa hgi truyen thdng cac dan tdc thieu sd phia Bac ndi chung, trudng ban bd may ty quan la dan cir theo nhiing tieu chuSn cua tap quan phap quy djnh Hg la nhiing ngudi cd uy tin, dugc quan chiing suy tdn bdi nhung chuan myc nhu: biet td chiic lam kinh tl gia dinh; hieu biet quy udc, luat tyc, phong tuc, tap quan va Ijch su ciia ban; cd kha nang irng xir va giao tilp; ludn cham lo, bao ve cugc sdng binh an cua dan ban Trong sd nhiing vien ban, ngudi nao cd kha nang vugt trdi ve cac chuin myc dd se dugc quan chiing suy tdn Do vay, trudng ban xa hdi truyin thdng thudng dugc quan chiing kinh nl, tin yeu va nghe theo Trong cdng viec, hg thudng can cii vao nhung quy udc, 39 luat tuc, le nghi ciia ban de giai quyet, hda giai nhung vi pham khdng thude pham vi ciia ddng hg; cham lo den Igi ich chung cua cdng ddng (Nguyen Nggc Ha, 2006; 20) Trong thdi ky hgp tac hda ndng nghiep, vai trd cua trirdng ban bi thay the bdi chii nhiem hgp tac xa, va td chiic ban - tren danh nghTa - chuyen dpi san xuat, hay bao gdm vai ba ddi san xuat Thdi gian nay, hgp tac xa hay ddi san xuat chi phdi mgi boat ddng chii yeu ciia cdng ddng dan cu Vai trd truyen thdng ciia ban dan md nhat, vai trd dieu tiet, quan ly kinh te va xa hgi ciia hgp tac xa xuat hien va tang len (Nguyen Van Huy, 1992; 156) Tir sau Ddi mdi (nam 1986), chirc danh trudng ban, trudng thdn dugc khdi phuc thay the vai trd ciia chii nhiem hgp tac xa, ddi trirdng san xuat, chiic nang ty quan ciia ban lai dugc phat huy phan nao Trirdng ban hoat ddng dudi sy lanh dao true tiep ciia cap xa Nhiing ban da dugc ggi la thdn thi trudng ban ciing cd the ggi la trudng thdn Nhiem vu cua trudng ban hien la quan xuyen toan bp eac cdng viec lien quan din kinh te, xa hpi, van boa, an ninh hat ty ciia ban; tiep nhan chu truang, dudng Idi ciia Dang va Nha nude cung nhu Nghj quyet ciia Dang uy, chinh quyen xa, ddng thdi phd bien day dii ndi dung cua eac van ban din ngudi dan, kjp thdi phan anh tam hr, nguyen vgng cua dan ban len cap tren Trudng ban chiu trach nhiem hudng d5n dan ban tien hanh san xuat, dieu phdi dk dai, nliic nhd moi ngudi khdng xam pham den khu vyc canh lac ciia Trong viec bao ve ngudn nude, bao ve rirng cdm, trudng ban chju trach nhiem cao nhat va cd quyin xir phat tryc tiep nhiing chat pha bira bai rimg dau ngudn, lam d nhiem ngudn nude Trudng ban cdn la ngudi hieu 40 biet rd ve ngudn gdc cua timg ddng hp, ve cac mdi quan he hdn nhan, nam chac cac phong hie, tap quan, chiu trach nhiem chinh cac vu xir phat ngudi vi pham quy udc cua cdng ddng (Nguyen Ngpc Thanh, 2001:28) b) Quy udc cua bdn Quy udc ciia mdi ban la nhfmg dieu khoan dugc truyen mieng tir ddi qua ddi khac, mac dii khdng cd van ban nhirng dugc hau het ngudi dan ghi nhd va dugc mpi ngirdi cdng ddng tir giac thyc hien Ndi dung ciia cac quy udc gan bd thiet thyc vdi cac Igi ich ciia ngudi dan ban va dugc mpi ngudi bao ve dieu hda dugc cac Igi ich (rung, dat dai, ngudn nude, xa hdi ) Quy udc thudng dugc gia ban, trudng ban nhac nhd vao djp dau nam Trong xa hdi truyen thdng, nhimg vi pham quy udc deu phai chju hinh phat, cd the bang tien, hien vat, danh dap bang roi, gay, tham chi dudi khdi ban Hien nay, ben canh quy udc cd tinh truyen thdng thi Nha nude da va dang ap dung he thdng phap luat cang sau rgng mgi ITnh vuc ciia ddi sdng Hai he thdng quan ly xa hdi tdn tai bd trg cho va dang phat huy hieu qua cdng ddng Thyc te cho thay, quy udc d cac dan tdc thieu sd cd mdt sd diem tien bd can tiep tuc dugc phat huy, khai thac va van dung hieu qua han niia ddi sdng xa hdi tdc ngudi ndi chung va cac ITnh vyc cii the ndi rieng Song, quy udc hien khdng the dan gian hda mot cdng thirc chung cho mgi noi, ma phai xuat phat tu thyc tien cu the ciia timg dia phuong vdi sy tham gia ciia chinh chit thi cdng ddng Cd the ndi, quy udc nhu la mdt cirong ITnh tinh than ddi vdi mgi td chirc xa hdi khac ban va cd tac ddng den Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi sd 4.2020 mgi vien cua ban, dii ngudi dd la can bd hay dan thudng, la ngudi ciia ddng hg hay ddng hg kia, khong dam khdng chap hanh Do vay, quy udc trd sgi day vd hinh nhung ben chat cd ket mgi vien cdng ddng (Nguyen Nggc Thanh, 2002; 3-9) c) Quan hi cong ddng bdn Tinh than cong ddng dugc the hien rd net san xuat va ddi sdng hang ngay, la yeu td quan trgng de ciing cd sy doan ket va phat trien cua ban Trong trdng trgt, de kjp thdi vu cd hinh thirc lam ddi cdng, ngudi Ca Lao ggi la phdng cdng, ngudi Dao Dd ggi \kpui cdng, ngudi Tay ggi la vdn nd, Theo dd, nhieu gia dinh ban cd the tao mot nhdm lam ddi cdng, den lam giiip cho mdt nha nao dd (gia chu chi can chuan bj mdt biia com tbet dai sau hoan cdng viec) va khac chuyen sang lam cho nha khac nhdm Cd the thay, day la truyen thdng tdt dep, cd y nghTa tich eye, la mot bien phap giai quyet siic lao ddng nham giiip mdi gia dinh cd du nhan lyc de hoan cdng viec Trong ddi sdng hang ngay, mdi sy kien vui, budn ciia mdi gia dinh ban ciing la ndi vui, budn chung ciia ca cdng ddng ban Mot dira tre ddi, het thdi gian d cii, theo tap quan, cac gia dinh ban den hdi tham va chia vui Viec dyng va ga chdng ciing la sy kien dugc dan ban quan tam chii y, mgi ngudi ban chii ddng den gia dinh nao cd hdn le ma khdng cSn phai mdi mgc Dam tang ciing vay, vao nhiing gia dinh td chirc tang le, dan ban tam dirng viec lao ddng san xuat dl cimg chia se sy mat mat vdi tang gia CJ cac ban ngudi Tay, Nimg cdn cd phudng dam ma ggi la Phe, cd nai ggi la Hdng phudng, day la mdt td chirc ty nguyen tap hgp mdt To chiic ban sd vien ban hoac ngoai ban d l ngu eua nhieu than linh, ma quy, khdng lo viec tang le cho cac gia dinh cd ngudi dam den chat pha cay, san ban thii, qua ddi Phe cd ngudi triim trudng diiu vay thudng cd nhiing cay cd thu, nhdt la khien mgi boat ddng tir dao huyet, phat cay da Ben canh do, khdng biln dudng, sira nha, com nude , gia dinh ciia nhu d thdn/lang ciia ngirdi Kinh, nhung d ngirdi qua cd dii cd thilu tiln, gao cac ban cua ngudi Tay, Niing ciing cd ngdi nhung tang le cung se cd Phe lo cho dinh thd Thanh hoang, thd than sdng, thSn tat ca, nao gia dinh tang chii cd diiu mii, than ndng va cd thd ca Phat So kien ve kinh t l se tra lai cho Phe (Dam Thj vdi mieu thi dinh it phd biln hon, hie la lim, 2020; 92) Dd quan ly va thuc dly neu ban nao cd mieu thi dinh khdng nhat hoat ddng, Phe xay dyng cac ndi quy va thiet cd Ngoai vice ciing le hang nam theo neu vi pham, mire nhe bi phat tien, mire le [let, dinh ciing vdi mieu ciing la noi dlln nang bi dudi khdi Phe Cd nhiing quy djnh eac le hgi hang nam va sinh boat van tudng khd thyc hien vdi ngudi ndng dan hda cdng ddng Mdt sd ban cdn cd chiia thd vdn quen tac phong "ddnh dang", nhu din Phat Ba Quan Am - mdt vi than ma nhan nhiem vu mupn phiit bi phat 50.000 tam thirc dan gian la rat thieng, dugc ngirdi ddng, mudn 30 phut bj phat 100.000 ddng, Tay, Niing tin thd (Hoang Be - Hoang song hau nhu hiem ngudi vi pham (Vuong Minli Loi, 1988; 94-103) Moi ban ngudi Xuan Tinh va cdng sir, 2015; 20) Theo Thdi xua thudng co mot thay ciing dam tap quan eua eac tgc ngirdi Thai, Mudng, nhan phan cimg chung cho ca ban Khi ban Tay, Hmdng Dao, Ha Nhi , ban gap khd khan, thay eiing ciia ban ddng vai neu gia dinh nao lam nha mdi, mgi nha tro chit te, ciing cau mong cho cdc gia dinh deu cir ngirdi den giiip , gia dinh nao gap ban vugt qua khd khan, gap dieu tdt khd khan cd the vay gao va tien ciia cac lanh Irong cugc sdng Hang nam, vao dip gia dinh khac, khdng phai tinh lai Ngirdi Tet, thay ciing thudng den ciing cau siic irong cimg hg thieu tldi den cay nhd dugc khde cho cac gia dinh ban, ddng thdi cho khdng Cling de dudi ma gay benh cho nhirng ngirdi Dan cu ban cd sy gan bd vdi dm ban Cung vao djp ngirdi tren co sd cimg tdn ihd nhirng bieu tugng Thai cdn c6 tap quan lam le ggi lidn (hiec tam linh vii sy che chd ciia than ban menli khoan) cho cac vien gia dinh chung Ban cua ngudi Tay, Niing cd mieu va dugc tien hanh tai ben nude chung ciia thd than, tga lac d ban, hoac bdn Sdng mdng Mdt, nhfmg ngudi phu nfr khu rimg cam, rirng thieng, va thudng se day that sdm, ben nude mue lay mdt nliung gia dinli sinh sdng lau nhat Irong dng nude sudi ggi la nude nam mdi (nam ban chju trdch nhiem trdng nom, thd ciing pi md), dem ve cho chau gia dinh Vi thd than dd d ca ngudi Tay va ngirdi rira mat (Vi VanAn, 2011) Cde tdc ngudi Niing deu ggi la Thd ti (thd dja), co nai Ha Nhi, Cdng, Si La deu td chirc nghi le ggi la Cdc bdn (gdc ban) Dd cd the la mdt Cling than ban, mdt n.im hai lan d mdt kim ngudi cu the, sau qua ddi linli irng va rirng cam, cau mong mot nam yen lanh, Ird thd than, cung cd the la nhan vat dan bdn khde manh, miia mang tuoi tdt O huyen thoai Canh rirng cd mieu thd than ngudi Dao cdn cd le cap sac cho nam gidi, thudng dirge coi la rirng thieng, nai tni muc dich chinh la cdng nhan nam Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi so 4.2020 nien den tudi trudng thanh, thira nhan hg la vien chinh thiic ciia tgc ngudi Ddng bao cho rang, chi nhfmg ngudi da qua cap sac mdi dugc coi la ngudi Idn, ngudi dan dng nao chua dugc cap sac bi coi nhu tre (Be Viet Dang va cdng sy, 1971: 214) Nghi le khdng chi ddng khung pham vi gia dinh, ma la sinh hoat mang tinh cdng ddng Ddi vdi cac le hdi hang nam ban, ngoai nghi le ciing te, cac sinh boat van hda mang tinh thi ca, vui choi giai tri da thu but ddng dao ngudi dan ban, giua cac ban, cd ca mdt vimg rgng Idn Hgi Ldng tdng (xuong ddng) ciia ngudi Tay - Niing vimg Ddng Bac va Xen ban (cau an) ciia ngudi Thai viing Tay Bac la nhiing le hgi Idn, chiem vi tri quan trgng ddi sdng khdng chi cua hg ma cdn cua nhieu tdc ngirdi xung quanh Tiiy tirng noi ma nhiing le hdi cd sy khac biet, song eo ban deu dien vao miia xuan va sap xep thdi gian td chirc giira cac ban cho dan ban den gdp vui dugc vdi dan ban Le hdi vdi nhiing hinh thuc vui choi gidi tri tao nen khdng hd hdi, hirng khdi trudc cac sinh hoat van hda cd truyen, la noi gap gd giao luu tinh cam thdng qua ca hat ddi dap, la noi de the he tre nhap than vao boat ddng van hda chung, tiep nhan cac gia trj van hda tieu bieu tir the he trudc truyen lai Ket luan Ban la don vj cap ca sd, la chan ret ciia chinh quyen cap xa Ban cung Id mdi trudng dau tien phat huy quyen dan chu, thiic day sy tham gia ciia ca nhan, hd gia dinh vao cdng cupc xay dyng ndng thdn mdi Vai trd ndy cdng dugc khdng djnh bdi canh thyc hien quy che dan chit d cdng ddng Ban ciia cac tgc ngudi d mien niii phia Bae deu cd ten ggi rieng dat theo diiu kien tir nhien hoac ggi theo sy kien dac biet nao dd Ban cd khdng gian sinh ton rieng bao gdm rimg, niii, sdng, sudi, dat dai de canh tdc vdi noi cu tni cua cac ndc nha Mdi ban deu cd ranh gidi de phan biet, dii chi mang tinh udc le nhung ludn dugc mgi ngudi tdn trgng Ban la mdt cdng ddng ve van hda, the hien y thiic chung ve edi ngudn thdng qua cac nghi le, tin nguong , d sy ddng cam ve cac sinh boat van hda chung nhu le hdi truyen thdng, mang dam ban sac tgc ngudi, gdp phdn tao nen niem cdng menh, cdng cam cua cdc thdnh vien bdn a Tai lieu tham khao Vi Van An (1988), "Lang phdng thii, nha pbao ddi d viing bien gidi Viet Trung", trong: Tuyen tap Hpi nghj khoa hpc Xu Lang - Lgng San, Sd Van hda - Thdng tin tinh Lang Son Vi Van An (2011), Tri thuc ddn gian ciia ngirdi Thdi viec sic dung vd bdo ve tdi nguyin nude http://www vanhoanghean.com.vn/component/k2/ 34-cuoc-song-quanh-ta/2370-tri-thucdan-gian-eua-nguoi-thai-trong-viec-sudung-va-bao-ve-tai-nguyen-nuoc, tmy cap 25/3/2020 Vi Van An (2019), Ngudi Thdi a miin Tdy Nghi An, Nxb Thi gidi Ha Ndi Hoang Be, Hoang Minh Lgi (1988), "Lang ban cua ngirdi Tay", Tap chi Ddn tdc hpc, sd (60) Be Viet Ddng va cdng sy (1971), Ngudi Dao d Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Npi Nguyen Nggc Hd (chit nhiem, 2006), Phdt huy vai tro gid ldng, trudng ban ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd thuc hien quy che ddn chu tgi cdc tinh miin niii Tochiieban phia Bdc nude ta hien nay, D l tai khoa hgc cap Bp, Vien Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam Nguyen Van Huy (1992), "Cdng ddng ban", trong; Vien Dan tde hgc (1992), Cdc ddn toe Tdy Niing a Viet Nam, Xudng in Lien hiep Xi nghiep Khao sat, Ha Ndi Hoang Nam (1992), Ddn tdc Niing d Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda ddn tde, Ha Ndi Dam Thj Tdm (2020), Td chive bdn ciia ngudi Niing Phdn Slinh a huyen Ddng Hy, tinh Thdi Nguyen, Ludn an tien sT Nhan hgc, Hgc vien Khoa hgc xa hdi 10 Nguyen Nggc Thanh (2000), "Lang ciia ngudi Hmdng d Viet Nam", Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc, sd (105) 11 Nguyen Nggc Thanh (2001), "Lang ciia ngudi Hmdng d huyen Ky Son, tinh (tiep theo trang 51) H Phiic (2019), Ngudi Viet cd tdm dnh hudng vdi khdt vpng dua ndng nghiep thuc su trd thdnh the mgnh ciia Viet Nam, https://dantri.com.vn/kinh-doanh/ nguoi-viet-co-tam-anh-huong-voi-khatvong-dua-nong-nghiep-thuc-su-tro-thanh -the-manh-cua-viet-nam-2019032716 0046740.htm Nguyen Van Thanh (2020), Nude vd mua khd Tdy Nguyin, http://daidoanket.vn/ dan-toc/nuoc-va-mua-kho-tay-nguyen- 43 Nghe An", Tap chi Nghiin cuu Lich su, s d (316) 12 Nguyen Ngpc Thanh (2002), "Nhiing quy udc cua ngudi Hmdng", Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc, si) (120) 13 Nguyen Ngpc Thanh (2003), "Bd sung them hi lieu ve thiet che xa hdi cd truyin ciia ngudi Mudng d mudng Bi, huyen Tdn Lac, tinh Hda Binh", Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc, s d (125) 14 Vuong Xuan Tinh va cong sy (2015), "Lang ngudi Tay bdi canh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap" Tap chi Ddn tdc hpc, sd 4&5 15 Cam Trgng (2005), Nhung hiiu biit vi ngudi Thdi a Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh tri qude gia, Ha Ndi 16 Dang Nghiem Van (2007), Vdn hoa Viet Nam da tdc ngudi, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi tintuc460383 Tieu Thiiy (2020), Hgn man "biia vay", ngudi ddn ddng bang sdng Cuu Long "khdt" nude ngoi trin diin rdng, http;// kinhtedothi.vn/han-man-bua-vay-nguoidan-dong-bang-song-cuu-long-khat-nuoc -ngot-yen-dien-rong-376660.html bttp://iasvn.org/tin-tuc/Phat-trien-nong -ngbiep-cong-nghe-cao-cua-Hoa-Ky9795.html http://www.vaas.org.vn/phat-trien-nong -nghiep-cong-nghe-cao-cua-trung-quoc -al7184.html ... Idn hay sdng cd tir nam (Nam Xuong, Nam ' DiSm lai co mot s6 bai vi^t va cong trinh sau: Lang bdn cua ngudi Toy (1988); Lang bdn cua cdc ddn toe thieu so miin ndi mien Bac Viet Nam (1993); Lang... hgc xa hdi Viet Nam Nguyen Van Huy (1992), "Cdng ddng ban", trong; Vien Dan tde hgc (1992), Cdc ddn toe Tdy Niing a Viet Nam, Xudng in Lien hiep Xi nghiep Khao sat, Ha Ndi Hoang Nam (1992), Ddn... sdm, ben nude mue lay mdt nliung gia dinli sinh sdng lau nhat Irong dng nude sudi ggi la nude nam mdi (nam ban chju trdch nhiem trdng nom, thd ciing pi md), dem ve cho chau gia dinh Vi thd than