\M DIINDAN XAY DliNG VAN HOA UfNG XU TREN MANG XA HOI • Dai ta, ThS NGUYEN VAN TY • Tdm tdt: Hien nay, mang xd hpi (MXH) dang trd thdnh cong cti truyen thong gidi tri bien dUdc nhieu ngiidi sii dting nhdt hien Bin canh nhiing tien ich viidt troi, MXH ndy sinh khdng it van de, chdng han nhiing hieu hien lech chudn, vlngx^ thieu vdn hda, hoac diing MXH de trtic ldi , gdy nhiing tdc dpng xdu tdi nen tdngvd nhiing gid tri dao diic, vdn hda cua ddn tpc, ddi hoi cdn cd gidi phdp chdn chinh • TH khda: mang xd hpi, vdn hoa iing xii Loi ich, nguy co va van hoa ung xu' tren mang xa hoi MXH la be thd'ng nhung mdi quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi tren nen tdng intemet vdi nhigu muc dieh khae nhau, khdng gidi ban bdi khdng gian vd thdi gian MXH cd nhung tinh nang nhu chat, E-raail, chia se file, hinh anh, nghe nhae, xem video, nhdn tin, trd chuyen nhdra, vigt blog, choi game, dign dan true tuygn, dung thudng truy cap nhigu nhdt Muc dich buy cap de ket ndi lien lac (26,8%), xem tin tiic (25,7%), giai tri (21,7%), hpe tap (13,4%), mua sdm onhne (9,6%), cac boat ddng kbdc (9,6%)'^' MXH mang lai nhigu gid tti tich cue, cho phep ngudi dung tim kiem thdng tin, the hien ban thdn va ttai nghiem cudc sdng; tuong tdc, gap go, giao luu, gdn ket cdng ddng, trao nhdn, chia se tinh cam, truygn tai cam eho nhau; tim Tren the gidi cd hdng tram MXH khac nhau, kiem viec lara, quang cao, kinh doanh va giai tri phd bien la: Facebook, Youtube, WhatApp, Skype, Su xudt hien cua MXH da tao nhiing gid tti Qzone, WeChat, Instagram, Tvwitter, Flickr, mdi, dem lai hieu qua cho ngn kinh te thuc day Google Plus, Go.vn, Baidu Tieba Viet Nam, ddi vdi gido due - dao tao va cac linh vuc kbdc ed 11 MXH dugc ua thich la Facebook, Zalo, cua ddi sdng xa hdi Youtube, Instagram, Messenger, Tik Tok, Mocha, Vdi pham vi tiep can rgng rai, toe dp lan Google+, Line, Fhckr, Pinterest Rieng Facebook truygn nhanh va kbd kiem soat, MXH nhu cd sd lugng ngudi su dung nhigu nhdt vdi dao hai ludi, cd the giiip lan tda i±iing dieu tdt khoang 55 trieu tdi khodn, chigra 57% dan sd'"' dep nhung cflng dg bi Igi dung gdy nhigu be Theo Bdo eao Nghien ctiu tbdi quen su dung luy Ngudi dung MXH cd thg bi xdm pham ddi MXH eua ngudi Viet Nara (2018), trung binh tu dang nhdp tai khodn E-mail, trd chuyen, ngdy, ngudi Viet Nam danh 2,12 gid de truy cap gin tiiu, anh hoac tai heu; cd nguy co bi Iiia dao MXH, rieng vol Facebook Id 3,55 gid Khoang ve kinh td, mdt an todn cho cd nhdn vd gia dinh; tiidi gian tir 18:00 den 22:00 Id didi diem ngudi dg bi ddi tugng lgi dung thuc hien hdnh vi pham LYLUAN CHlNHTR|-S68/2019 tdi nhu trdm edp, chidm doat tai san, bdt cdc tdng tign, tham tri nhieu ngudi thigu eanh gidc, qua tin vdo edc mdi quan he do, dan tdi an mang thuong tdm"' Qud tiinh sti dung MXH, neu ngudi dimg ehii quan sg bi mat dinh hudng, eo thg ddn tdi vd tinh hoac cdy tan phdt nhiing thdng tin xau, dgc, gdy hai cho cgng ddng, tham chi tiep tay cho cdc ddi tupng chdng pha Dang, Nhd nudc Viec tiiam gia MXH d miic cao, chiem qud nhigu thdi gian, cd the ddn den nguy ca giam sut siic khde, hieu qud hoc tap, cdng tde va giao tigp, thdm tri lam ran niit quan he ngodi ddi thue Tir thuc tign su dung mang xa hgi da hinh ngn van hda iing xii ttgn mang Vdn hda ling xir tren MXH dugc higu la he thdng gia tri chi phdi nhdn thiic, thai do, hanh vi irng xti ciia ca nhan, cdng ddng eac mdi quan he vdi hi nhien, xa hdi vd vdi ehinh ban thdn thara gia MXH, phan dnh trinh dp phdt trign ciia ed nhdn vd cdng ddng Van hda iing xu tren MXH bao ham cd mdi quan he giiia ngudi va mdi trudng xung quanh, bieu hien dcho mdi ngudi bidt gdp phdn tuyen truyen tten MXH vg bao ve mdi trudng thien nhign, tiet kiem tai nguyen, sdng xanh, saeh, dep, an todn, lanh manh, thdn thien; bigt ygu thuong, eham sde, bao ve ede lodi ddng vat, Van hda irng xii trgn MXH cdn the hien mdi quan he vdi chi'nh ban than, vdi cde gia tri nhu su khiem tdn, thdt thd, dting cam, cd cbinh kien, lap trudng, quan digm rd rang; tinh than edu thi, hge hdi, khdng tu kieu, tu dai hoac tam ly tutt, thigu tm vdo ban thdn, Mdi quan he trgn MXH cd pham vi rgng Idn, da dang vd khd kigm sodt ban mdi quan he ttong ddi thuc Mdt eu dan mang cd the cd thiet ldp quan he ban be khdp the gidi, khdng bi gidi han bdi khdng gian, tiidi gian, khdng phan biet chiing tdc, tudi tdc, gidi tinh, tiinh hgc van, nghe nghiep, Mgt ca nhdn cd thg tham gia nhigu MXH kbdc vdi danh tinh dugc cdng khai, cung cd the an danh, thdm tri mao danh ngudi khac Cd trudng hgp mdt ngudi tham gia rapt MXH vdi nhieu tdi khodn kbdc Do tinh tuong tac true tiep, tinh tiic tiidi ttong giao tiep nen viec danh gid cam xuc, dial dd, hanh vi khd chinb xde, ke ca nhirng giao tiep qua hinh anh nhu ggi dien bdng Mesenger, Skype, Zalo, Cac cam xue that ed the bi che ddu, khdng bpe Id hoac bgc Id khdng ddy dii, thdm tri bgc Id ttdi ngupc Sugiao tiep bang anh mat, nhung dieu bg, cir chi than thien, tinh cara chdn thdt khd cd the bieu hien vd tdc ddng nhu ngoai ddi thue Ngdn ngir sii dung giao tiep, iing xit trgn mang xa hdi chu yeu la ngdn ngu vigt va ky hieu Chdng ban, nhan xet, binh ludn bang chii viet, hoae td thai dp bdng nhu ky hieu va hinh anh nhu: like (thieh), love (yeu thieh), cudi (haha), ngac nhign, budn, phdn no tren trang Facebook; nhan tin, td thdi dO bang ldi hoac ky hieu hinh dnh trgn Zalo, Mgt sd nghien eiiu ehi rdng, quan he tren MXH, cd nhan tbudng chung to rd rdng chi'nh kien thai dd ciia minh, mudn bao ve quan diera ciia minh vdi ngudi khac, dan den sir tu trgng gia tang su tu chii lai gidm Hanh ddng tren MXH ed die khdng trung khdp vdi bdnh dgng ngodi ddi thue Con ngudi thich gay an tugng hem It quan tdm den suy nghi cua ngudi khac ban, dg dai ttong suy nghi hoac cd nhiing suy nghi, quan diem qua da Mot so bi§u hien tieu cue tren mang xa hoi it nirdc ta hien Mdt thuc te Id mdi tnrdng MXH dang bi van due bdi ede hanh vi giao tigp, ung xif chua van bda, each sir dung MXH chua van minh hoac lgi dung cac didn ddn cdng khai de da kich, ndi xau LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 8/2019 IQ DIEN DAN bdi nho Idn Hien ed rdt nhieu ngudi, dao cam xiic trudc nhting ^ dang tten MXH Rat dac biet Id gidi tte cho rdng MXH la thg gidi do, nhieu nhiing biic anh, doan clip quay cdnh nam cd thg an danh, vi the hp khdng chi dg dai ttong smh, nu' sinh ddnh nhau, eae tai nan giao thdng edeb iing xii vdi nhau, ma cdn coi MXH nhu mdt thuong tdm, ttudc dnh mdt td md, day higu ki cdng eu de tim higu cudc sdng eiia ngudi kbac ciia ngudi di dudng md khdng giup dd, ttong vd thg hien cai tdi eua mmh, hoac ed dinh kien dd ed ngudi ghi hinh, thg nhung dang len vdi xa hdi mang lai nhdn dugc nhigu xdt xa, thuong cam Tren MXH, khdng thieu nhirng ldi ndi tue, Trong dd cd ehuih nhirng ngudi vd cam chung chtii tiig, nhiing phdt ngdn gay sde; nhiing hdnh kien d ddi thue nhung lai xdt xa, thuong cam d ddng tra thu ca nhdn bdng ndi xau, quay clip, ddi sdng nhiing Idi binh luan miet thi; xuat bien nhung Ngdn ngu su dung tten MXH hien rdt lai "thdnh ehiii", nhiing "anh ban phim" edng, da ldm mdt di su ttong sdng eua tieng Vigt Hien tugng a dua, "nera da' tap thg tten mang Viec dung tigng Viet kgt hgp vdi ngdn ngii Wiac ngdy cang tang Cd ngudi diing the hien cam (phd bign la tieng Anh) ed xu hudng tang len xuc, thdi nhu thich (like), yeu thieh (love), ddng bao ddng Tigng Viet dugc dung theo cdch chia se (share) mdt cdch vd thiic hay theo thdi rigng vdi su ket hgp "la hda" va khd hieu Hien quen ma khdng xera xet, cdn nhdc hdu qua, tugng dung tidng ldng, thgm, bdt, thay the ehu thdm tri khdng dgc, khdng xera cdi, viet chti hoa tien, vigt sai chinh ta rdt Kgt qud khdo sdt cua chuong trinh Nghign nhigu trgn MXH Cd nhieu trudng hpp lech Igc ciiu mternet va xa hgi (VPIS) (2018) cho thdy, cac ca tu tiJong va dao diie, vdn hda truyen thdng trudng hgp phat ngdn gay thu ghet eiia ngudi su Cdc bieu hien lech chuan vg dao diie, van hda dung MXH tai Viet Nam la: ndi xau, phi bang trgn MXH hien didn phd bign va da den (61,7%); vu khdng, bia dat thdng tin (46,6%); ky muc dang bao ddng Ndu khdng cd cdc thiet chg till dan tdc (37,01%); ky dii gidi tinh (29,03%); ky hoac che tai pbu hgp dg ngan ehan tiii rdt cd thg tiiikhuyettdt(21,76%);kytiii tdn giao (15,09%)'*' nhting hien tupng dd se tigp tuc lan rdngvd phdt Ldi sdng tten MXH kbd phd bien, dac biet trign thdnh nhiing hanh vi nguy higm cho xd hdi ttong gidi tte Hg ed nhirng suy nghl, y tudng dira vao nhung gi xa vdi ma MXH mang lai, mudn ttd Hotgirl facebook, hoae thich ddng nhiing hinh anh ggi cam thu hiit su ehii y dg edu like, comment ao Tat ca hoat dgng, cam xuc, dign bign tam trang dgu dugc phoi bay tten Facebook ca nhan, bat chap nhirng rdo can vg thudn phong ray tuc Nhigu ngudi xa rdi cude sdng thue, phi pham qud nhieu tbdi gian, tinh than vdo mang xa hdi online, thdm chl cd trudng hop mdc benh gidc, cd dan, tram cam, bat man Mdt nghich ly dang dign Id hien ldi sdng lanh limg, vd cam ngoai ddi thue, nhung lai dat LV LUAN CHINH TRj-So 8/2019 Nhimg giai phap xSy dung van hoa irng xir tren mang xahoi Mpf M, ning cao y thik:, ren luy$n hinh vi dao due, lam casd cho xic dinh thii do, hinh vi ung xu vin hoa tren MXH Ung xti tren MXH ludn can cd thai tdn ttgng ngudi kbdc, biet quan tam, ldng nghe, chia se, thdng cam Mpi Idi nhdn xet, bmh ludn phai khach quan vd te nhi, td thai dd, cam xue phii hpp, khdng ndi xdu, keo be cdnh nhdm thdp danh du, nhdn pham cua ngudi khac Bigt each chgn ban va quan ly danh saeh ban be, khdng nen q u i nhieu ban khien cho viec Idem sodt m didng tin khd khan Trudc ket ban vdi nhiing ngudi mdi, can tim hieu mdt each ky luong Suy nghl ky vg nhiing ^ ndi va dang tten mang, cd ttach nhigra vdi ldi ndi, hanh vi Tun hieu ky cac ngudn tiidng tin dg kigm chiing, khdng nen "tay nhanh hon nao" dua nhting nhan xgt, binh luan vol vang, khdng dung hoac dc y Dua hmh dnh phu hgp len mang, khdng dua nhiing hinh anh hd hang, mang tinh khieu dam hoac bao luc, anh selfie diln a nhting noi khdng phii hpp {ddm tang, tai nan giao thdng ) Dg phdng ke xau cd the sti dung nhiing biie anh cho nhiing muc dieh khdng tdt dep Trude dang tai nhiing biic anh va cdc cau chuyen cua ban be can cd ldi xm phgp va dugc su ddng y cua hg Cd y thiic giu ^ ban sde van hda iing xii ciia ddn tgc, giu gm su ttong sdng ciia tigng Viet giao tiep tten MXH Khdng nen dung tu ngu tuc tiu hoac til la khdng cd tu dien tieng Viet, khdng nen diing tieng ldng, tii vidt tdt hoac ngdn ngu pha tap Phan iing than ttpng trudc cac van de smh ttgn MXH pham nghiem ttgng danh dir, uy tin, nhan phdm cua ngudi khac; thdng tm bia dat, sai su that xdm pham danh du, uy tin, nhan phara hoac gay thiet hai den quygn va lgi Ich hgp phap eua ca quan, td ehiic, ea nbdn khac; hoat ddng raai dam, te nan xa hdi, mua bdn ngudi; ddng tai thdng tin ddm d, ddi truy, tdi ac; pha hoai thuan phong, ray tuc ciia ddn tdc, dao diic xa hdi, siie khde etia edngddng'^' Nhiing quy dinh ciia Ludt khdng xam pham den quyen ngudi, khdng can trd tu ngdn ludn, khdng can trd boat ddng binh thudng, dung ludt eiia cd nhdn, td chuc nhu nhflng thdng tin tten mang xa hdi, blog, web phan dgng tuygn truyen, xuyen tac Thuc hien dting Ludt nghia la bao ve chinh minh, ngudi thdn va gia dinh, ddng tbdi, gdp phan bao ve an ninh mang qudc gia Baia, Nha nudc sdm nghien cim ban hanh Bg quy tic ungxutren MXH, hudng tdi xay dung mdi trudng mang lanh manh, an toan Tai ky hgp thti 4, Qudc hgi khda XIV, Nghi quygt cua Qudc bdi da chi rd: "Xdy dung va trien Hai la, tuyen truyen, phd bien Luit An ninh khai bd quy tac ling xii trgn MXH cho cde rdid mang, giup mdi ngim hiiu rdy nghia, gii tri, ndi eung cap dich vu va ngudi sii dung mang xa hdi dung, quyin lai, nghia vu, trich nhiem va nhdng tai Viet Nam, hudng tdi xdy dung mdi trudng hanh vi bi cim hen quan den van hoa ung xu raang ldnh manh, an todn tai Viet Nam"'^' Mae dii viec dieu ebinh banh vi va xti ly nhiing tham gia MXH Luat An ninh mang nhdm bao ve ngudi dung vi phara cua td chirc, ca nhdn tten khdng gian hgp phdp tten khdng gian mang; phdng ngua, mang da duoe quy dmh cu dig ttong Ludt An nmh ddu ttanh, Idra that bai hoat dgng su dung khdng mang 2018 Tuy nhien, van cdn diigt ban hanh Bd gian mang xara phara an ninh qudc gia, chdng quy tdc ung xu trgn MXH, bdi quy tde iing xii Nhd nudc, tuyen truygn phd hoai tu tudng, pbd khdng dua che tdi xii ly nhu ludt, ehi dua hoai ndi bd, kich ddng bieu ttnh, pha rdi etia cac nhung chuan mue thai dd, hdnh vi iing xir, cd tdc dig luc phan ddng Phdng ngira, ngan ehan, img dung dinh hudng, digu chinh, khuyen khieh hoae phd, khac phue hdu qua ciia cac dgt tan edng khuygn cao, canh bao, nhdm phdt huy nhiing mang, khung bd mang va phdng, chdng nguy co mat tieh cue, ban chg tdc ddng tieu cue, ndng cao van hda ungxir eho ngudi dtmg MXH chidn ttanh mang Theo dd, bd quy tdc iing xii trgn MXH se dua Ludt An mnh mang quy dinh rd nhung hdnh vi bi cam lign quan den van hda iing xir nhir xuc cac quy tde ehung bao gdm: tdn ttgng, trdch LYLUAN CHfNHTRI-So 8/2019 El^ DIEN DAN nhiem, lanh manh va an toan Cac quy tde rieng ddi vdi edc nha cung edp dicb vu va ngudi su dung phai tudn thil theo ede miic do: ngn/khdng nen, dugc/khdng duoc Chdng han, ngudi diing MXH la cdn bd • vidn cbtic - ngudi lao ddng ttong ea quan nhd nudc khdng duac iing xti ttai vdi cac chuan muc dao diie cdng vu vd dao diic nghg nghiep; hoac ngudi ddn sii dung MXH nen Ign tieng ting hd, chia se nhiing thdng tin tich cue; dimg MXH cd vdn hda; khdng sti dung tii ngu gdy thu ban, kich ddng bao luc Nam la, su dung cic giii phip vi cdng nghe hd tra cho xiy dung vin hda ungxirUen MXH Ngoai viec dp dung ludt, quy tde ung xii, chg tdi cu tiig, edn sii dung cdc giai pbap vg edng nghe, chdng ban nhu bdo mat thdng tin ea nhdn tten mang, giu bi mat mat khdu, dat chg dp cd nhdn hoae ehi ban be thdn duet va tin eay mdi cd die xem; nghien ciiu sii dung phdn mgm loc, ngan ehan thdng tin xau, ddc mdi dugc dang tai; nhd cac chuygn gia cdng nghe thdng tin tu van edeh sii dung MXH an todn Coquan chuygn Bdn la, phit huy vai trd neu guang cua cin ttdeh nghien ciiu thdnh lap bd phan chuygn tim bd, dangvien, thaycdgiao, cac bac phu huynh; kiem nhiing bai ddng sai su that, xiic pham phdi hgp chit che giua td chuc, ca quan, nha ngudi khac, nhung hinh anh phdn cam, giii tdi trudng va gia dinh xay dung vin hda ung nha cung cdp dich vu xuygn quoe gia, edc MXH md ngirdi dimg dang tai va yen cau gdbd xu tren MXH Cac CO sd gido due dua ndi dung giao due an ninh mang, an toan thdng tui vao chuong trinh day hgc phii bgp vdi nganh hgc, cdp hge Thue hien Dg dn "xay dung van hda ling xii tnrdng hge giai doan 2018 - 2025" dd dugc Thti tudng Chinh phu phe duyet Tang cudng gido due, xay dung van hda ung xir van ramh, lieh su, bdi dudng cac ky nang img phd vdi cac tinh budng tten MXH Sang tao nbiing phong trao tuong tu nhu phong ttao "Gid trdi dat", "Mua he xanh", Chi rd nhting ttdo luu tieu cue, phdn van hda tten MXH vd edc bien phdp phdng, ttdnh Can bd, dang vien, thdy cd gido, cde bdc phu huynh phai radu muc van hda ting xit ttgn MXH cho hgc sinh, sinh vien noi theo Cae bdc cha me cdn cd bien pbdp quan ly chat chg era tiiara gia MXH nhung khdng dnh hudng den quygn tu ca nhdn, cd nhiing Idi khuygn hiiu ich, yeu cau kg khai trung thuc nhiing tdi khoan, kgt ban vdi cai de cd the nhin thay dugc nhung bai viet, ldi binh ludn, thdi vd chia se ciia cai minh vdi ban be va cd nhting tdc dgng dieu chinh can thigt LYLUAN CHiNH TRj-So 8/2019 Nhu vay, MXH thuc su Id mdt bg phdn quan ttgng ttong "he sinh thai mdi", mang dgn cho ngudi nhiing lpi Ich khdng hg nhd Tuy nhien, viec sii dung MXH cting an chiia nhiing mat ttai tao ngn nhiing nguy ea bign ddi vSn hda ndi chung, van hda ling xu ttgn MXH ndi rieng md gidi nghien ciiu, ca quan hoach dinh chinh sach vd radi ngudi can quan tam • (1) "Viet Nam xay dung Bd quy tdc iing m tten mang xa hdi", congnghe.tuoitte.vn, 11-12-2018 (2) "Bao cdo Nghien cihi thdi quen su dung mang xa hdi ctia ngudi Vigt Nam 2018", vinaresearch.net, 27-4-2018 [3)"Hg luy khon ludng tirmdi quan hg tinh cam qua mangxa hgi", viemammoi.vn, 8-11-2017 (4) htrps://nld.com.vn; "Chuan hda iing xii tten mangxa hoi", 23-12-2018 (5) Luat An ninh mang 2018 (6) hrtps://viemamnet.vn: "Xay dung bp quy tdc lingxdtten mang xahoi", 24-11-2017