• Ngliien citu - Trao doi TIEP CAN KHOA HOC CHINH SACH XA H Q I QUA LANG KINH XA HOI HOC - MOT VAI LUAN BAN TS TRAN VAN HUAN, ThS NGUYEN HUU HOANG'' Tom tSt: Xd hdi hgc, khoa hgc chinh sdch xd hpi Id mpt nhirng ngdnh khoa hgc cdn non tre nhung lgi day trien vgng phdt trien a Viet Nam Bdi viit ludn bdn ve mdi quan hi cdn^ bdn, tu thdn vd chat che giira khoa hgc chinh sdch xa hpi vd xd hdi hgc thdng qua mpt sd phucmg dien bieu hiin thuc tien van hdnh, phdt trien cua nd; mang den nhirng nhdn thiec mdi me, ddng thai gidn tiep bdc bd nhirng quan niem xem nhe, hoac phu nhdn ve mdi quan he giita hai ngdnh khoa hgc ndy a Viet Nam Tir khoa: khoa hgc chinh sdch xd hgi; xd hdi hgc; Viet Nam I Sat vln de So vdi cac nganh khoa hpc xa hdi • khac, nhu sii hgc, van hpc, triet hpe, tdn giao hpc, chinh tri h p c thi xa hpi hpc va khoa hpc chmh sach xa hdi la nhiing nganh khoa hpc cd tuoi ddi kha yg C) Viet Nam, lich sir phat trien cua hai nganh khoa hpe cdn kha khiem ton Tinh tir xa hdi hoc dupc '"''^'"JHpc vien Chinh tri khu vyc II, Hpc vien Chinh tri quic gia Hb Chi Minh KhoaJ^gc Chinh tn - So 9+10/2019 chinh thiic cdng nhan la nganh khoa hpc thuc thy trdn pham vi toan the gidi (gin Iidn vdi ten tuoi ciia Auguste Comte - dng to eiia nganh xa hdi hpc vao nam 1838) ddn da dupc 181 nam'" Viet Nam, lich sir hinh va phat trien cua nganh xa bdi hpc mupn ban so vdi thd gidi khoang mot the ki'^' Chinh sach xa hdi - mdt dang cua chinh sach cdng, cbi mdi duge nghidn ciiu d tam khoa hpe trdn tha gidi bi nira cudi tha ki XX, sau Chien tranh thg gidi thii bai, dac biet dupc danh dau vao thdi digm hpc gia Harold D Lasswell cdng ' Nghien cau - Trao doi bd tac pham "The Policy Orientation, The Policy Science: Recent Development in Scope and Method"^^^ xuat ban nam 1951 Rieng d Vidt Nam, thuat ngir chinh sach xa hdi xuat hien vao cudi thap nien 70, diu thap nidn 80 tha ki XX va d dang thdng tin khoa bpc xa hdi, dupc chinh thirc dua vao Van kien Dai hgi lan thii VI (thang 12/1986) cua Dang tieu dg ciia mdt phan ridng biet Tuy cd lich sii tuang ddi ngan, song tir ddi den nay, xa hpi hpc va khoa bpc chinh sach xa hpi d Viet Nam da cd budc phat trien nhanh chdng, khdng chi thuan niy la khoa hpc Ii luan, ma cdn la nganh khoa hpc irng ung, ddng gdp tich eye vao sy nghiep ddi mdi va phat trien dat nudc, trd cdng eu dieu hanh quan li phat tridn xa bdi hiiu hieu, quan trpng Khdng cbi cd nliidu diam tuang ddng vd lich sir binh thanh, phat trian, ddi tugng nghien cuu, phuang phap tiep can hay vdi vai trd va vi tri la cdng cu quan trpng bac nhat, ndn tang, cd tinh dinh hudng, dan dat cho cac cdng eu khac lanh dao, quan H xa bdi ma thuc tidn van ddng va phat tridn cua xa hdi hpc va klioa hpc chinh sach xa bdi d Viet Nam sau ban 30 nam ddi mdi dat nudc cho thiy, day la hai nganh khoa hpc cd mdi quan he chat che, tuang hd lan mpt each mat thiet; vira la ddi tupng, vira la muc tidu, ddng Iuc nghidn ciiu dg hoan thien lan Anthony Giddens, giao su xa hdi hpc ndi tieng tai Dai hpc Cambridge (Vuang quoe Anh) timg khing dinh: "Cd mgt su tham gia sau sac ciia xa hdi hpc vao viec hinh nhiing chinh sach xa bdi hoac cai each thuc tien"'-'' Nha xa hdi bpc ngudi Nga, V.Z.Rdgdvin va lu.E.Vdncdp tbi cho ring: "Vdi tinh each la mdt mdn khoa hpc, chinh sach xa hdi la mdt ITnh vuc tri thiic xa hdi bpc, nghign cim he thdng ve cac qua Mnh xa hpi quyet dinh boat ddng sdng ciia ngudi xa hdi, xet theo kha nang tac ddng quan Ii dgn cac qua trinh do"'^', la "mdt nhiing khia canh ciia xa bdi hpc Mac - Lenin"'^', Tuy vay, phai thang than nhin nhan, mac du budc dau dugc thira nhan cd sy ddng gdp dang ka ca d tim Ii luan, hgc fhuyef va thyc tien quan tri quoc gia, nhung viec nhan thiic ve moi quan he ho trg mpt each bien chiing, sy gin bd dudi gdc nhin khoa bpc, thuc tidn khach quan giua xa hdi hpc va khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi van cdn nhigu y kieii chua thdng nhit, tham chi yai chidu, vay cin cd su bo khuyet nhanh chdng Tham chi cd y kidn cho ring, day la hai ITnh vuc dpc lap, khd cd thd "dimg chung mam", hoac ed quan didm nhan dinh cyc doan la khoa hpc ehinh sach xa hdi la de, "anh em rupt" vdi kinh te hgc, la cua quan li hpc, lanh dao bgc Didu mdt phan la nhidu tai lieu, giao trinh vd xa hdi hpc va khoa bpc chinh sach chua hoac edn md nhat de cap ddn mdi quan he giira chimg, hoac higm de cap tigp can nganh khoa hpc d giac dp ciia nganh khoa hpc va ngupc lai'^' Vi vay, tii mdi quan he ty than cua xa hpi hpc va khoa hpc chinh saeh xa bdi dupc phan tieh trdn mgt sd phuang dien ca ban, bai vigf gdp phan dem lai each nhin nhan day du, sau sac hon vg sy kdt ndi mang tmh nguyan tic, tat yeu va can thiat giiia hai nganh khoa hpc mdi me Tir khing dinh, day la ngn tang dg xay dyng he thdng cdng cu - chmh sach xa hpi dap ling ki vpng, la cdng eu vT md quan frpng hang dau, bien dai, thyc chimg, vira cd tinh khoa hpc lln thuc tidn, vira cd tinh dinh hudng cho cae cdng cy quan H phat tridn xa hpi khac d Viet Nam Khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi tir each tiep can xa hoi hpc thdng qua mot so phirong dien ca ban - Tiip can budc ddu vi xa hpi hgc vd khoa hgc chinh sdch xa hgi De luan ban sau sic hon va khoa hoc chinh sach xa hpi dudi gdc nhin xa hdi hoc, cin thigt phai nhan thiic thdng nhit vg ndi ham ciia cac thuat ngii VS xa hgi hgc: Trong hanh trmh phat trign cua nganh khoa hpc nay, vice nhan thiic mot each hoan bi thd nao la xa hg, hoc d thd gidi va Viet Nam chua ban la v.ec da "xong xuoi", nhung den nay, eac hpc gia tam thdng nhit va J < h o a hpc chinh tri-So-9+10/2019 • Nghien cdu - Trao ddi ddng tinh vdi quan niem nhu sau: dd la kboa hgc nghien ciru quy luat sinh, bien ddi, phdt trign ve moi quan he giira ngudi vdi ngudi, giua ngudi vai xa hdi tren cac mat cua ddi sdng xa hpi nhu kinh td, van hda, chinh hi, tu tudng'^' Nhu vay, doi tupng nghidn ciiu cua xa hpi hpc gan lien vdi su van ddng va phat tridn cua ddi sdng xa hgi - ma d do, cac quy luat van hanh quan he ciia xa hpi la ddi tupng dugc nganh khoa hpc quan tam nghien cuu Ve khoa hgc chinh sdch xd hpi: O Viet Nam, chinh sach xa hpi dya trdn kinh nghiem da cd tu lau, song khoa hpe chinh sach xa hdi van la nganh khoa hpc cdn mdi me Xet d giac dp chinh sach xa hdi dua trgn kinh nghiem, day la mpt bp phiin cua chinh sach cdng, vdi trpng tam la dua cac giai phap, phuang phap tong thd nham giai quyat cac van dd ciia xa hdi, hudng den xay dung xa hpi thinh vupng, phat trien giac dp la khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi, bai viat nay, thdng qua phuong phap tdng tich hpp ve cac tri thiic chinh sach xa hdi, khoa hpc chinh sach va muc tidu nghign ciru, tac gia de xuat dinh nghla thuat ngu khoa hge chinh sdch xd hpi: dd chinh la nganh khoa hpc cua chinh sach cd ddi hrpng nghien eiiu la each thiic chinh sach xa hdi van hanh, giai quydt cac van de xa hpi dudi tac dgng ciia chinh sach ay, ddng thdi cung cap tri thirc khoa hpc cd tinh he thdng cho cac nha lam ehinh sach xa hdi, nhiing quan tam den chinh saeh xa hpi gdp phan phat triin ngudi va phat bign xa hpi'^' Rd rang, cac phat bidu trgn la suy ngam, due kgf cua ca nhan ttgn eo sd tim toi, kg thira hat nhan hop Ii eiia cac hpe gia di trudc, song ciing gdp phan tao ndn su phong phii, da dang va mudn vg qua trinh huang ddn viec nhan thiic tan cung ban chat thyc su ciia khoa hoc chinh sach xa hdi va xa hpi hpc, ciing nhu cac van da uan quan giiia hai ITnh vyc nay, vdn hiem hoi brong giai nghidn ciiu d Viet Nam - Nghien cvru khoa hgc chinh sdch xd hpi qua lang kinh xa hpi hgc & cdc phuffng dien bieu hifn ca ban Khoa.^aG£liinh_tri - So 9+10/2019 69 Mdt Id, thdng qua ddi tugng nghiin cu-u Dupc cdng nhan la nganh khoa hpc lien nganh, xa hdi bpc va khoa hpc chinh sach cdng cd ddi tupng nghien cim kha gan gui va hiiu CO vdi Xa bdi hpc tap trung nghidn ciiu, tim kigm eac quy luat phd quat nhat, khai quat cac li thuygf xa bdi bpc ve cac vln dd sinh mdi quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi, giiia ngudi vdi xa hdi trdn cac phuang dien ciia ddi sdng xa hdi thdng qua he thdng phuong phap thuc nghiem Trong dd, khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi cd sy quan tam dac biet ddn cac quy luat, Ii thuyet xa hdi da dugc nghien ciru va khai quat Bdi, vdi nganh khoa hgc nay, ddi tupng nghidn cim cua xa hgi bgc da trd "van de chinh sach xa hdi" ma khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi can dao sau nghien ciiu va thye tien chinh sach xa hdi phai quan tam, can nhac va ed phuong thiic giai quyet d tam chinh sach Vi dy, kdt qua nghidn ctiu ciia xa hpi hpc ve "cau tnic xa hdi", "phan tang xa hdi" ludn la eae van dd tmng tam khdng chi ciia chinh sach xa hdi (xet d muc kinh nghiem), ma cdn d chinh sach xa hdi kboa hpc de hinh each thiic, hoan thien tri thiic khoa hpc ve nganh khoa hpc nay; soi rpi, din chiau va giiip cac nha lanh dao, quan Ii giai quyat thyc tian ma xa bdi hpc dat cho kboa hpc chinh sach xa hdi nghien ciiu Nhu vay, spi day gin kat giiia chiing ehinh la ket qua nghian cuu ciia xa bdi hpc, la dii lieu dau vao can thidt cho viec khdi ddng qua trinh chinh sach xa hdi, la su bd khuydt qua trinh nghian ciiai ciia khoa bpc chinh sach cdng; ddng thdi, nghien ciru chinh sach xa hdi dugc xem la mdt nhiem vu cua xa hdi bpc, la mot chuyen nganh cua xa hdi hpc ling dung*'°' Tuy vay, khdng cd nghia la phu dinh tinh nang dgng, sang tao nam bat van dd chinh sach xa hdi cua khoa hpc chmh sach xa hpi Bdi, khoa hoc chinh sach xa hdi la khoa hpe chinh sach Iidn nganh vdi nhieu nganh khoa hgc khac, nhu chinh trj hgc, quan Ii hpc, tam H hpc song vdi xa hpi hpe, giiia hai nganh khoa hpc cd sy gin gui dac biet Trong chimg 70 myc nhat dinh, ket qua nghien eiru frong gidi khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi va thyc tidn diic kgf dupc tii qua trinh van ddng cua chinh sach xa hpi cung tao nhirng ca sd xa hdi mdi cho su phat tridn ciia xa bdi hpc Xa hdi hpc khdng tha chiing td dupc chiic nang xa hdi cua minh ndu nd khdng dupc tidp ndi bang cac nghidn ciiu ciia khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi Ndi each khac, nghidn cihi chinh sach xa hgi trd muc tidu va yau cau quan trpng nhat cua cac cdng trinh nghian ciiu xa hdi hpc"'\ Hai Id, phuang dien muc tiiu vd gidi quyit vdn di cd tinh triet hgc nghien cuu ciia hai ngdnh khoa hgc Xa hdi hgc va khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi ddu la khoa hpc "vi nhan sinh", tiic la khoa hpc cd tinh ling dung cao vi ngudi va xa hdi Xa hpi vira la khach the nghien ciiu, vira la myc tieu, dpng lye dg thuc day cac nganh khoa bpc phat trign, quan tam nghign cuu dd giai quyat cac van da ciia ngudi - xa bdi dang img phd Dd la phat hien nhu cau xa hdi, didu kien sdng, thyc trang quan he xa hpi ciia cae giai cap, tang ldp, nhdm xa hdi qua dd dd cac bien phap tac ddng dgn thyc te Tir dd cd thg khing dinh, xa bdi hpc nudc ta thdi ki suy cho eiing la "gdp phin giai quyet cac van da xa hdi sinh tren bing chang dudng cdng nghiep hda Men dai hda, trgn timg bude di ciia thdi ki qua dp ldn chii nghTa xa hdi""=' Trong kbi do, kboa hpc ehinh sach xa hpi xem xet sy tac ddng ciia chinh sach xa hpi thg nao den ngudi va xa hpi duang dai, ddng thai ngudi va xa bdi ly tac ddng ngupc chinh sach xa hdi sao*'^' dudi lang kinh khoa bpc Thyc chat, van dd co ban cd tinh tridt hpc khoa hpc chinh sach cdng la phuc vu giai quygf van de thudc ve xa hdi va ngudi xa hdi ay Nhu vay, tir ban chat, muc tigu, hai nganh khoa hpc cd quan he bien chiing rat chat che Ba Id thdng qua cdng cu vd phuang phdp nghien cuu Khdng thg phu nhan mdi nganh ddu cd phuong phap nghien ciiu dac thii Ddi vdi xa • Nghien cdu - Trao ddi hdi hpc la phuong phap nghidn ciiu xa hdi thuc sanh, didu tra nghiim thdng qua quan sat xa hdi hpc, phdng vln, phan tich lich su, '"" Trong dd, khoa hpc chinh sach xa hdi chil y sii dung phuang phap nghidn ciiu midng hop, phan tich chinh sach, nghign ciiu lich sir cdng dong va mdt phin phuang phap nghign cim dinh luong Tuy nhien, frong bdi canh ap dyng cae phuong phap nghien cuu lien nganh va thyc tien cang cd nhidu cdng hinh khoa hpc ve chinh sach cdng, chinh sach xa hdi, gidi nghidn ciru ve kboa hpc chinh sach xa hdi ap dung mdt each thuan thuc, phd bidn va phat huy hieu qua phuang phap nghien ciru xa hdi bpc da tao ndn sy tuoi mdi, thyc chiing va ham lupng khoa bpc cao nghign cuu vg cac van dg xa hdi duang dai*'^' Nhu vay, xa hgi hgc da cung cap he thdng phuang phap nghidn ciiu giiip bd sung cho cae phucmg phap ciia khoa hpc ehinh saeh xa hgi nham thich iing ygu cau nghign ciiu va ddi hdi cua xa hdi Bdn Id, thdng qua hi thdng li thuyet xd hdi hgc Cd thg khang dinh, he thong Ii thuyet khdng Id, dd so ciia xa hpi hpe la san pham tri tue cua cac nha xa bdi hpe vT dai the ki XIX va nhung ngudi ke tyc sy nghiep ay He thdng Ii thuygf la sy nghien ngam, nghidn eiiu bdi "nhung ngudi khdng Io bigt phat hien vln dg va dua cau tra ldi cho nhiing cau hdi Ion cua thdi dai""f|' nhu Ph.Angghen timg nhan xet Dd la sy tu van va tim Idi giai dap cd tinh quy luat phd quat, trim tupng hda, khai quat hda tit cac bien tugng, su kien, vln de xa hdi, nhdm cdng ddng, quoc gia; ddng thdi, giup nhan loai nhan tbiic dugc ban chit, vln de cd tinh bigt hpc ciia xa hdi duang dai, dd la khong thg xa rdi mdi quan be giiia ngudi va xa hdi H? thdng cac Ii thuyet cd thg kg ddn, nhu Ii thuySt chuc nang ciia Talcort Parason va Robert Merton, Ii thuyat mau thuin ciia Wright Mills, Ralf Dahrendorf, li thuyet lya chon hop li cua Geogre Homans, Peter Biau, H thuydt vd phan ' ' " \Max T w ul"^ ^^"^ ' ' ^^^ ^^ '^ ^l^^c x3 hpi cua Webber, J