Dac dilm ciia khoa hoc chinh sach xa hoi Le Nggc Hiing Tom t3t: Tren thl gidi, khoa hgc chinh sach xa hgi ia mgt chuyen nganh ciia cac khoa hpc chinh sach; co dac tnmg rieng vl d l i tugng, nhi?m vy, ly thuyet, khai ni^m, phuang phap va cac phat hi^n khoa hoc Vi^c tim hieu khoa hoc chinh sach xa hpi tren the gidi gop phan nang cao kien Ihirc khoa hpc can ihilt; thuc diy nghien ciru, dao tao, xdy dgng va thgc thi chinh sach xa hpi trSn CO scr bdng chimg khoa hpc; nang cao phuc Ipi xa hpi, bao trg xa hpi, phat trien ngucri va phat trien ben vimg Tii kh6a: Khoa hpc; chinh sach xa hgi; Vi?t Nam Abstract: In the world, the social policy science is a branch of pohcy sciences that has its own characteristics in terms of the subject, tasks, theory, concepts, methodology and scienlific discoveries The study of the science as it is worldwide conlribules to enriching the needed scientific knowledge; fostering research and training, development and implementation of social policies based on scientific evidence, enhancing social welfare, social protection, human development and sustainable development Keywords: Science, social policy; Vietnam DSt van de ciia Richard T i t m u s s , M i c h a e l Harrington, Tren Ihe gioi, chinh sach xa hgi voi tinh A m a r t y a Sen, each la mpi chOyen nganh cua cac khoa Robert Chambers [1], Joseph Stiglitz va n h i k tac gia khac tir hpc chinh sach chinh thiic doi vao giiia giira lh6 ky X X d a n the ky XX, mSc dii nguon goe ly luan ciia chinh sach x a hgi la m g t b g p h a n cua chinh no CO the lim ihay irong lu t u o n g ciia cac sach cong voi t r g n g t a m la chinh sach an Vi?t Nam, nha Ihong thai thai c6 dai n h u Socrates Plalon, Aristole va nhieu n g u a i khac Cac ^^^ c h u a n g trinh d a o tao dai hoc va sau sinh xa hgi v a la m g t h g c phSn quan trgng nghien cmi Ihugc loai kinh di&n vg chinh '^^^ hgc nganh, c h u y e n n g a n h chinh sach sach xa hpi co ih^ tim thdy irong cac tac cong, quan ly x a hgi, k h o a hgc q u ^ ly pham ciia Auguste C o m l e , C.Mac, Max Tuy nhien, a Vi?t N a m chinh sach xS hgi Weber, Emile Durkheim va nhi§u tac gia khac a cuoi the ky XIX diiu thg ky X X Voi nghien cuu ciia Harold Lasswell va cac dong su, cac khoa hgc chinh sach (Policy sciences) irong co chinh sach xa KA pi,,-,,h ,L„„ • ,„ hg chinh Ihuc d o nam I M Cac ngh.en cuu hien dai noi bat nhai v6 chinh sdch xa hpi cSn duoc kg toi la nehien nVn ligiHcii (.uu 36 Gi^o SIT, tien sT, Vi?n Xa hpi hgc, Hgc vi^n Chlnh trj quoc gia Ho Chi Minh DT: 0904110197 Email: hungxhh@gmail.com Nghien ciju nSy dirge Hi tr? boi Chumig trinh Khoa hgc v^ cong ngh$ phyc vy ''^>''^y^g nong thon mdi giai do?n 2011-2015 ^^^n ^h6 Dk m ^'Nghien aiu Lh gid th^c irm ^^.'^'^ '"f"' ^'^' P'^^P "'^"S cao hi4u qud thuc hiin ^^'."^ ^".'^''^" ^'"1^^^ I'P''rong xdy dung ndng ihon „oi (S6 63/2015/HD-VPCT) Le Ngpc Hunfi chli yeu ilirgc djnh nghfa tir cac each tijp sach xa hgi mtJi duge hmh thanh, phdl trian can chinh trj hge va khoa hoe quan iy, tu goe dp lanh dao, quan ly va chinh s'ach tit Viet Nam Hien nay, mgi co mpt s6 cong raa ehua phai tir goe dp mol chuyen truong dai hpc, mpt s6 vien nghien ciiu nganh khoa hpc chinh sach Do vay, bai thyc hien chucmg trinh dao lao dai hpc va viet gioi thieu ehinh sach xa hpi vtji sau dai hgc chuyen nganh xa hpi hge, tinh each la mpt ehuyen nganh khoa hpc chuyen nganh cong lac xa hpi, chuyen ctia he thong eac khoa hgc chinh sach nhu nganh chinh saeh eong va rapt s6 chuyen tia duge hinh Ihanh, phal Iriln tren thi nganh khae, Irong chinh sach xa hpi la gitii mgt hpc phan, mpt mon hpc quan Irgng Mpt so dinh nghia vi chinh sach Bong thcri, CO khong it ehuong Irinh, ii tai nghien ciiu khoa hgc vi chinh sach xa xa h^l hpi da dugc thyc hien va dugc cong b6 Chinh sach xa hoi dugc hiSu theo nhiSu Ihanh siSch, bai viel tren cac tap chl khoa nghia khae nhau, co thi torn lai Ihanh ba hoc [5, lr.31] each dinh nghia co ban nhat nhu sau: Thti nhat, ohinh sach xi hgi la mgt linh vuc Theo nghia thti hai, ehinh sach xa hpi la nghien cihi khoa hgc va dao tao vS chlnh cac mang luiJi an loan, cac djeh vy phue Igi sach xa h^i Vi du, Amanda Coffey djnh xa hpi (vi du: giao dye, y te, nutjc sach ngMa [13]: chinh saeh xa hpi la ITnh vuc nha nutje va he lh6ng phiie Igi eung cjp) nghien cihi vi nha nuoc phuc Igi va cac nham dam bag phtic Igi xa hgi, phtit lri6n djch vy xa hgi co ban nhu y ti, giao due, nguoi, bao trg xa hpi va phtit Irijn xa nhi a, an sinh xa hpi, cac dich vu xa hgi hgi Tren th6 gitJi, chinh sach xa hpi theo danh cho ca nhan Thii hai, chinh sach xa nghia da phat U-ien lit diu the ky XVII li?i la th6ng cac djeh vu xa hpi dam bao vtJi luat ngheo o Anh d Viet Nam, chinh phtic lgi xa hgi, bao trg xa h^i, phtit IriSn xa sach xa hgi theo nghia dugc phal lri6n ligi, phat triJn nguiri Vi dy, Amanda sau rpng Irong thgi ky d6i mtii ddt nutjc tir Coffey djnh nghfa: chinh saeh xa hpi la t?p nam 1986 din BSng chimg ro nhil eua hgp eac chinh saeh va cac thuc hanh lien chinh sach xa hgi theo nghia la vi?c quan den vipe nang eao phtic lgi xa hgi, Viet Nara tren thyc 16 da ban hanh, thyc thi hanh phuc nguoi Thti ba, chi'nh sach hang Mm vin ban ehinh sach xa hoi tii nSm xa hpi la qua trinh xa hpi Irpng chinh 1947 dSn nam 2016 Trong s6 do, cin kS ttJi sach dugc xay dung va thuc thi nhJm dat eac luat nhu Luat Bao ve, cham soc va giao dugc cae myc lieu xac djnh la nang eao dye ire em (2004), Luat Phong, ch6ng tham phiie Igi x ! hgi, bao trg xa hpi, phal IriSn nhOng (2005), Lual Binh ding GitJi (2006) ngufti va phal trito xa hpi b6n vung Lull Nha (j (2006), Luat Phong, chijng nhiem virul gay hpi chimg suy giam Theo nghia thii nhat, chinh sach xB hpi la mien dich mjc phai tj ngugi (HIV/AIDS) mgt nganh khoa hpe, mgt nganh dao lao ve (2006), Luat Bao hiSm xa hpi (2007), Lual ehinh sach xa hpi Thep nghia nay, chinh Bao hi6m y li (2008), Lual Nguoi cao lui^i 37 Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 (2009) va nhigu van ban phap luat khac Dac biet, Viet Nam tri£n khai cong cac chucmg trinh, du an, xoa doi, giam ngheo, nha vay da giam ti 1? ngheo chung tir gan 60% nam 1993 xu6ng duai 10% nam 2015 Theo nghia thu ba, chinh sach xa hgi la qua trinh quySt dinh xay dung chinh sach va thgc thi quygt dinh thuc hien chinh sach Qua trinh chinh sach xa hgi anh huang, tac dpng trgc tiep den dcri song xa hgi ciia cac ca nhan, nhom xa hgi va cgng dong xa hgi theo nhieu each khac Dinh nghia bao gom ca vi^c coi chinh sach xa hgi la mgt bg phan cau ciia sinh ke va phat trien Theo nghTa nay, chinh sach xa hgi lien tyc van dgng, bien d6i va dugc doi moi, cii cich nhSm dap ung nhu cau, yeu cau x3 hpi Vi dg, chinh sach xa hgi da thay doi de thu htit su tham gia sau rpng ciia ngucri thg huong chinh sach va cac ben Hen quan qui trinh xay dung, thuc hien chinh sach Dong thai, qua trinh xay dung, thgc thi chinh sach dugc nghien cuu va d6i moi nham dam bao cong khai, minh bach, trach nhi?m giai trinh CJ Vi?l Nam, rit ph6 bien quan ni?m ve chinh sach xS hpi theo each dinh nghia thii ba voi diem nhan tir goe dp chinh sach cong va chinh irj hpc Theo quan ni?m nay, chinh sach xS hpi dugc hieu la mgl bg phan chinh sach ciia nha nuoc de quan ly xa hpi, la long the cac quan diem, chii truang, giai phap, cong cy ma nha nuac tac dgng len cac quan h? x3 hpi, hoat dpng xa hgi nhSm giai quyel vin dg xS hpi, thgc hien cac myc lieu nhai dinh [5, tr.3l] Djnh Dghia tong tich hop ve chioli sach xa h§i Mgt loat cac cau hoi dugc dat [15]: chinh sach xa hgi la gi? Can hieu chlnh sach xa hgi nhu nhu the nao de bao quat dugc ca ba each dinh nghTa vira neu? Co each dinh nghia tong tich hgp nao khac de thau torn dugc ngi dung ca ban tat ca cac dinh nghTa khac vh chinh sach xa hgi? Can dinh nghia t6ng tich hgp ca ba each dinh nghia a tren nhu th6 nao de tra loi day dii cau hoi: chinh sach xa hgi la gi? Qua trinh bien doi chinh sach xS hpi dugc danh dau bang su ki?n dai thnSt ngtJ "cac khoa hgc chinh sach" vao nSm 1951 Tir cuoi the ky XX den nay, chinh sach xa hgi co I£ da chuyen sang giai dop phat trign tdng - tich hgp each tiep can Iheo ly thuyet h^ thong tong quat [9, tr.18] Do vay, can long tich hgp cac dinh nghia khac va dua mgt dinh nghia khil quat, dinh nghia thir tu dam bao "3 1" nhu sau: Chinh sach xa hgi la Hnh v\rc nghien ciiu khoa hgc, xay dung va th\rc thi chinh sach nham dam bao phuc lgi xS hgi, bao trg xa hpi, phat tri6n xa hOi v4 phat trien nguai Djnh nghia nhan manh rang chinh sach xS hpi la ITnh vuc hanh dpng co myc dich xa hgi ma ca hanh dpng va myc dicb d£u c6 tinh "t6ng - tich hgp", deu la h? thong xa hpi Vcri iinh each la cong cy chinh tn, chinh sach x§ hgi c6 the phan phoi lai cac nguon lgc tir nhom ngu£ri niy cho nhom ngucri khac da nham dat dugc muc tigu chinh tri nhat djnh Khi nhu Richard Titmuss (1974) da viSt: cai gl li phuc lgi cho nhtmg nhom nguai c6 the Le Ngpc Hiing la tai hpa cho nhtog nhom nguoi khtie, chinh sach xa hoi co thi khong giam btjt ma lam tang bit bmh ding xa hoi hpi) doi V(ji til ca cac biau hien dung din hoae sai lira, phiic Igri va tai hpa ciia chinh saeh xa hpi Dinh nghra t6ng Hch hop vira neu nhin manh vj tri hang dau eila "ITnh vuc nghien eira khoa hoe" co ehile nang, nhiem vu lim tri thiie khoa hoe ve chinh sach xa hpi, cung cip Iri thtie khoa hpc cho viec xay dyng va Ihyc thi ehinh sach xa hpi Khai niem "Khoa hpc chlnh sach xa hoi" Khoa hoc chinh sach xa hoi la gi? Thual ngu "Chinh sach xB hpi" vira dupc djnh nghra mol each t6ng tieh hpp "3 1" nhin manh ehinh sach xa hpi truije het la khoa hpc ve chinh sach xa hpi Tuy nhien, ie nhto manh npi dung va y nghTa etj Iha cin phai sti dung Ihuat ngir "khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi" (Social policy science) Do la ITnh vye nghian eiru khoa hpc ve chinh sach xa hpi vtji doi lupng, nhiem vy, ly ihuyet, phuang phap va cac phat hian khpa hpc Binh nghia doi htii phai eo su phan hoa tuong dSi giira linh virc nghien eiru khoa hpc vtji linh vyc thye hanh xay dung chinh sach, nhim dap ung nhu eiu phuc loi va phal triSn eua ca nhan va xa hpi ciia chinh sach xB hpi D6ng then, xu hutjng n6i bat hien la viec xay dyng va thye thi ehinh sach xa hpi eang dya tren eac bing chimg khoa hpc nghien eira khoa Cto Ihiy ring, chinh sach xa hpi tro hpc chinh sach xa hpi cung cip thtoh mpt khoa hpe viJi ten gpi la "Khoa Nhu vay, tir giua Iha ky XX dan nay, hpc chinh sach xa hpi" co vi tri va vai tro chinh sach noi chung co chinh nhai djnh he IhSng cac khoa hpc saeh xa hpi da Uij ihanh linh vye nghien chinh sach tu giua Iha ky XX dto Sy ctiu khoa hpc Do vay, hifn tren Iha doi va phal ttito ctia khoa hpc chinh sach gitii, noi dan chinh saeh xa hgi la noi djn xa hpi gan lito vcji ljch sir dtri va phat mpt ehuyen nganh ciia cac khoa hpc chinh trien eac khoa hpc chinh sach [12] sai;h Diju doi hoi phai nghien cira va Cac khoa hoc chinh sich la gi? Thual trian khai khoa hpc chinh saeh xa hpi mSi nga "Cac khoa hpc chinh sach" dupc bto dan cac npi dung, eac thtoh phin, Harold Lasswell chinh thtic sti dyng lan diu cac qua Irinh cua no Lian quan dan tinh vao nam 1951 de noi ve ITnh vyc nghien chinh trj va h? cac gia trj, khoa hpe chinh Cliu qua trinh ltoi ehinh sach, thyc thi chinh sich xa hpi CO sti menh phto tich khach sach va cung eip cae dtr lieu, eac dien giai quan, chinh xae, trung Ihyc va co linh pha mang linh khoa hpc ve nhirng vin da ehinh phan (Jurgen Habermas nha trial hpc, nha saeh, each giai quyet vin da thtri xS hpi hpe nguoi Dire eho ring khoa hpc xa ky nhat dinh hpi eu the la xa hpi hpc eo chirc ntog phe Thuat ngir "Cac khoa hpc chinh sach" phto kep la vira pha phto xa hpi vira ly phe phfa, tiic la phe phto chinh khoa hpc xa xuat hien lin dau lien Uong chuong sach bto vi "Dinh hutJng chinh sach" ciia 39 Khoa hgc xa hpJ Vigt Nam, so 10 (107) - 2016 Harold Lasswell va ten cuon sach Lasswell dong chu bien vcri Daniel Lemer xuat ban nSm 1951 Hai muai nam sau, Lasswell van su dung thuat ngil "cac khoa hpc chinh sach" cho cuon sach ciia ong ban ve sg phat trign ciia khoa hgc Theo Harold Lasswell, dinh huong chinh sach la Hnh vuc nghien cuu khoa hgc cd nhiem vu kep la phat trign khoa hgc ve qua trinh chinh sach va tSng cuang thong tin khoa hpc cho nhihig nguoi hoach dinh chinh sach N5m I95I, "djnh huong chi'nh sdch" thuat ngiJ "cac khoa hpc chinh sach" dugc Lasswell dimg de chi lap hgp cac phuong phap nghien cuu qua trinh chinh sach, cac ket qua nghien cuu chinh sach va cac phat hi?n dap ung nhu cau tri tue cua cdc nha hoach dinh chinh sach va ciia xa hgi nhihig thai ky nhai dinh Nam 1971, Harold Lasswell cho rang, cdc khoa hgc chinh sach lien quan den tri thlic Irong va ve qua trinh quygl djnh Noi each khac: cac khoa hgc chinh sach la cac khoa hgc ve chinh sach va cac khoa hgc irong chinh sach V ^ dung quan digm ciia Lasswell co ihg ndi chinh sach xa hpi la khoa hpc vl va chinh sach xa hpi de khong ngimg cai tign tri thuc khoa hpc va cdi ti6n viec xay dung, ihgc thi chinh sach x3hpi Nhu v^y, ap dung cdch liep can cac khoa hpc chinh sach cua Lasswell co thg higu rang Ihuat ngii "khoa hpc chinh sdch xa hpi" dugc dimg dg chi mpt ITnh vuc khoa hpc ve chinh sdch xa hoi va khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi Khoa hpc chinh sach xa hgi la mpt cac khoa hgc chinh sach chuyen nghien ciru qua trinh xay dyng v4 thirc thi chinh sach xa hgi, dong thcri cung cap tri thuc khoa hgc cho cac nha lam chinh sach xa hpi va nhiJng quan tam toi chinh sdch xa hgi Theo Alcock (1996), chinh sach xa hpi la mgt bp mon khoa hgc han lam dugc thia nhan va thuc thi boi cac thiet che khoa hpc Chang han, cr Vuong quoc Anh co cac truong dai hgc vai cac khoa chinh sach xS hgi, cac chuong trinh dao tao dai hpc va sau dai hpc ve chinh sach xa hgi, c6 cac tap chi khoa hgc han lam cong bo cac nghien cuu ve chinh sach xa hgi va co hi?p hgi chuyen nghigp vh chinh sach xa hgi [12] Khoa hpc chinh sach xa hgi la mgt cac khoa hgc chinh sach, chir khong phai 1^ mpt chuygn nganh ciia xa hgi hpc, tam ly hpc, khoa hgc quan ly, chinh tri hgc hay mgt khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van nao khac, Digu tao cho khoa hgc chinh sdch xS hpi lgi thg cua su dpc lap tuong doi vi?c hpc hoi, kg thira cac tuu ciia cdc khoa hgc chirdi sdch va cac khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van khac Vai vi$c gin ket nhi$m vy nghien cuu khoa hgc vai nhi?m vu la cung cdp thong lin cho nguoi lam chinh sach nhu vay, nen chinh sdch xa hgi co kha ndng gop phka thay doi thgc tg doi s6ng xa hgi cua ngucri Noi theo C.Mac, khoa hgc chinh sach xa hgi khong chi giai thich the gidi ma thay doi thh gioi thong qua vi?c cung cap tri thirc khoa hgc cho dgi ngu nhung nguoi xay dung va thuc thi chinh sach DJly chinh Id dSc trung cua cac khoa hgc chlnh sach ma cdc khoa hgc xa hpi va nhan vSn Le Ngpc Hiing nhu chinh ttj hpc, xa hpi hpc, kmh ta hpc phai n6 luc rat nhiau mtji co the dat dupc D6i tu-prng cua khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi Van de ca ban va cau hoi nghien cihl ctia khoa hoc chinh sach xa hpi Moi mpt khoa hpc dto co mpt hoic hon mpt vto de CO bto ma np theo dudi ehp dto Theo quan niem eua Lasswell, dai tupng cimg Vto de ccr bto ciia khoa hpc chinh nghian Cliu ctia khoa hpe chinh sach xa hpi saeh xa hpi la m6i quan he giua ehinh sach la qua trinh ehinh sach xa hpi va cac vin ii xa hoi vtji ngutri va vtii xa hpi v i n d6 chinh sach xa hpi dat Hmg giai CO bto co tha diSn dat ditoh cto hoi tloan lich su xa hpi cu iha Tir do, khoa hoc kep nhu sau: ehinh sach xa hpi co toh chinh sach xa hpi cung cip iri thtic khoa huong nhu the nao doi vtri nguoi va xa hpi? Con nguoi va xa hpi co lac dpng nhu hpc eto thiat cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh the nao dto ehinh sach xa hpi? sach, Ihyc thi chinh sach Van dung each Vto da eo bto dupc ttien khai thong tiep can "cae khoa hpc chinh sach" cua Lasswell, co tha djnh nghTa khai quat va qua nhito eau hoi nghien ciiu khoa hoc khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi nhu sau: ehinh chinh^saeh xi hpi Do la eac cau hoi iin sach xa hpi la ITnh vyc nghien cira khoa hpc van ttanh luan, vi dy: chinh sach xa Iicn ngtoh va chinh sach m6i quan he hoi la gi? chinh sach xa hpi doi, van voi phiie Ipi xa hpi, bao trp xa hpi, phat liong, bian doi nhu tha nao? ngucri lam chinh sach xa hpi nhu the nao? ngucri Irien nguoi va phat triin xi hpi trai nghiem chinh sach xa hpi sao? chinh Kat hop each tiap cto cua Lasswell voi sach xa hpi toh huong nhu tha nap dto ciu each tiap cto xa hpi hpc [6, tr.94-102], co tnic xa hpi? tai nhom xa hpi Iai the nau mpt djnh nghra mang linh t6ng - dttpc thy huong chinh sach xa hpi? ehinh tich hpp nhu sau: khoa hpc chinh sach xa sach dd nhim vao raye lieu gi va duoc thuc hpi la mpt cac khoa hpc chinh sach hien sao? Nha nutje, Ihj ttucmg, ca nhto, nghien eim cac quy lual hinh thtoh, van gia dinh va cac 16 chtic xa hpi co vj in, vai' tipng va bien d6i m6i quan h? ciia ehinh tro nhu the nao Irong quan he voi ehinh sach xa hpi? va nhito eto hoi khac Co the saeh xa hpi viJi nguoi va vdi xa hpi torn lit Ciic cau hoi dai Ioai nhu vay bing Djnh nghia nhin manh chinh sach xa mpt cau hoi nghien cuu 16ng hpp la: ehinh hpi la mpt khpa hpc ciia cac khoa hpe chinh sach ai^ ban htoh, da phuc vu ai, va phuc sach theo quan niem cua Lasswell D6ng vu nhu die nao? thiri, djnh nghia ham y ring khpa hoe Moi mpt nghian eiiu cu the dto eo chinh sach luon xem xet, nghien eiiu chinh sach xa hpi mdi quan he vtji nhirng can hoi nghian eiiu nhit dinh, Vi nguM va xa hpi cac pham vi tir vi mo dy, nghien eihi khoa hpc chinh sach xa dan vr mo, tir cip dp dja phuong, cong hpi cac nude Dong A nhim Ira Ioi cau hoi tighten euu la: eac chinh sach xa hoi Dong dong, quoc gia dto khu vuc qu6e te va cip A thupc lpai chinh sach xa hoi nao dp ipto cau vtJi cac dito kien Ijch sir eu IhS he thong chinh sach xa hpi iha gidi' cac Khoahpcxahpi VigtNam, so 10 (107)-2016 he gia tri van hoa Dong A co dnh huong tich cue va tieu cue nhu the nao doi vcri chinh sdch xa hgi Dong A? Nhi^m vu nghien cihi ciia khoa hgc chinh sach xa hoi - Nhiim vu nghien cicu ly ludn Cdc khoa hgc chinh sdch co nhiem vy nghien cuu Iy Iuan de xay dung ly thuyet, each tigp can ly thuyet, pham trii, khdi ni?m va phuang phdp luan nghien cuu La mgt bg mon khoa hpc han lam, khoa hgc chinh sach xa hpi can phai tang cuong thuc hi?n nhi?m vu nghign cim ly luan dg xay dung h? thong cdc ly thuyei, pham Irii, khai niem va phuang phap iuan nghien cuu ciia rigng no Nhi^m vu nghien cini thuc nghiem (empirical research) Khac voi nghien cuu thuc nghiem (experimental research) khoa hpc tg nhien, khoa hpc chinh sdch xa hpi nghien cuu thyc nghi?m duoi hinh thiic thir nghiam, Idm thir, thi diem (pilot study) de kiem chimg gid thuyet khoa hgc Tren thuc te, nghien cuu thuc nghiam khoa hpc chinh sdch xd hpi chil ygu dugc higu la nghign cihl thgc lg, digu Ira va khdo sdt xa hpi hpc, nghien ciiu trucmg hgp (case study), nghien cihi so sdnh va nghien ciiu ljch sir Nghien cuu t6ng ket thuc tien, nghign cuu ddnh gid lac dgng, danh gid hi?u qua va nghien ciiu danh gid chinh sach cCing dugc coi Id nghien ciiu thgc nghiem Digu co ban va quan trpng o day la nghien ciru thu thap, xir ly va phan tich cac du lieu, cdc bdng chiing thuc te de phdt hien vdn dg va dg xudt giai phdp giai quyet van de vg m6i quan he giiia ly thuyei va bdng chimg khoa hpc Nghien Cliu thuc nghiem khoa hgc chi'nh sach co ddc tnmg la xay dung va dp dung cdc khung ly thuygt, khung phan tich, khung danh gia ggi chung la khung nghien ciiu vao giai quyet van de nghign ciiu tren ca so cdc bdng chiing khoa hpc - Nhiem vu nghien cmt vd phdt trim (research and development) Truoc day nhiem vu ndy co tgn gpi la nghien ciiu img dung, nghign ciiu trign khai Hien nay, chinh sach xa hpi dugc hieu la nghien ciiu chinh sach va phdt trien chi'nh sdch de gidi quyet van de chinh sach nham myc ligu phat trign nguoi va phdt tri6n xa hgi ben vimg Thanh phan va cau true ciia khoa hgc chinh sdch x9 h^i La mgt khoa hpc, chinh sach x5 hpi c6 day du cdc phan va cau tnic ciia m^l khoa hgc tuong doi dgc lap h? thong cdc khoa hgc chinh sach noi rieng va h? thong cdc khoa hgc noi chung Tuy nhien, khoa hgc chinh sach xd hgi co the chiia dgng mgt so thdnh phan, mgt so d$c diem, tinh chdt nhat djnh Xuat phdt tir quan niem coi chinh sdch xd hpi la ITnh vuc nghien ciiu qud trinh ban hanh va thgc thi chinh sdch xa hgi, mpt so tdc gia cho rdng khoa hgc chinh sdch xa h$i bao gom ba bg phan cau thdnh nhu sau: doi tugng nghien ciiu la cac chinh sach, cdc chuang Irinh, dg an vd cac djch vy xd hgi cua chinh phti va cac t6 chiic khdc Phuong phdp nghien ciiu la phuong phdp mo td, phan tich vdn ban, phdn tich so sdnh lich su va cdc phuong phdp xa hpi hgc Phuong phap phan tich so sdnh Iich sii doi hoi phai xem xet, ddnh gia ddi tugng nghien citu Le Ngpc Htinfi ttong bdi ctoh, tinh hudng ljch sir - xa hpi cy tha Myc dich nghien cira la phto Ioai cae ehinh sach xa hpi, ehinh sach phiic Ipi xa hpi, chinh sach bao trp xa hdi, cac loai nha nude phtic lpi xa hpi, eac loai he thdng phiic lpi va cac npi dung khae da cai tito chinh sach xa hpi nhim gdp phin thuc diy dfa chu, tien bd, cdng bing va binh ding xa hpi (liic la nghien eira cac ihtoh phin va efa tnic, cac hinh Ihiie va mite dp, cac nguyen nhto va yto id anh huong, eo che va xu hucmg bito doi chinh sach xa hpi) chat ehe vdi cde bd mdn nhu xd hdi hpe, ttoi ly hpc, chinh Oi hpe, kinh le hpc, sir hpc, Iuat hpc, trial hpe, cdng tac xa hdi, qufa tti xa hdi, khoa hpc quto Iy, khoa hpc lanh dao va edc khoa hpc khac Tir day, xuat hijn nhidu vin da Iy luto va thyc tiln cap thiat ddi vdi sy phdl ttito ehinh sdch xa hdi vdi tinh edch Id mdl khoa hpc, mdt ngtoh dao tao va mpt loai hoat ddng chuydn mdn nghe nghiep d Viel Nam Irong bdi canh ddi mdi va xay dung kinh te thj ttirdng djnh hudng xa hdi chii nghia nhim myc lieu dto giau, nude manh, dto chit, cong bing, vfa minh Tir gdc dp dpi tupng nghien ctiu, khpa hpe chinh sach xa hpi cti ciu tnic gdm: chuyen nganh v6 phuc lpi xa hpi vdi cae Mpt so each tiep can xa hpi hpc thiet che phiic Ipi nhu nha nudc phiic loi, he khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi thdng phiic Ipi, ehe dp phiie lpi, chuyen - Ccic:;i liep can ly Ihuyil xa hoi hoc ngtoh ye bao trp xa hpi, chuyen nganh ve Xa hpi hpc eung cip nhieu each tidp can bap hiem xa hpi, chuyen ngtoh ve an sinh xa hpi, chuyen ngtoh vi phat trito epn Iy thuyat va phuong phap xa hpi hpc cho ngudi, chuyen ngtoh ve phat Irien xa hpi va khoa hpc chinh sdeh xa hdi Amanda Coffey Viet ca mpt euen sach ve chinh sach cae chuyen ngtoh khdc xa hpi lir gde dp cac cdch tiep cfa xa hdi Tir gdc dp phuong phap, mpt mat can hoc [13], dcj gidi thieu eac Iy thuyet nghien cira vfa dung lit ea he lhdng ly xa hdi hpc, eac phuong phdp xd hdi va mpt thuyet, pham ttil, khai niem, phuong phap sd chu da nhu ehinh sdeh xa hdi vdi thuyit va cac thtoh tyu cua cde khca hpe chinh nu quydn, chinh sdch xd hdi vdi binh ding sach de xay dyng khoa hpe chinh sach xa va khde biet, chinh sdch xa hpi vdi thdi gian hpi Mat khdc, cin nghien cira va phdl triln va khdng gian Dya vdo khung Iy ihuydt vd khoa hpe chinh sdch xa hdi vcji iinh each la phuong phap xd hpi hpc, Amanda Coffey mdl khoa hpe chinh sach chuyen ngdnh cd da de xuil viec djnh nghia Iai chinh sdeh xB ddi ttipng rieng, Iy thuyet rieng, phuang hpi theo hutJng nhin manh nghien etiu khoa phap riang trpng mdi quan he md vdi cac hpc ve chlnh saeh xa hpi khea hpc chinh sdch va cac khpa hpe khdc Ve ly thuyat, nghien eim khoa hoe Khoa hpc chinh saeh xa hpi la mdl chinh sdch xd hdi ed the Iya chon vd dp ehuyan ngfah khoa hpc chinh saeh vua dyng edc each tidp cto ly ihuyet xi hdi hoc mang tinh da nganh vira mang linh lidn tir kinh dien dto hien dai, duong dai [7] ngfah, vira thyc te va vua hfa Iam, vira phe Vi dy, cd the lim hito vd vfa dung each phan va ty phe phto, vua thyc dyng va vua tiep can mau thuan Iuan vdi Iy ihuyet kinh stog l?o Khpa hpc ehinh sdeh en quan he dito cda C.Mac va ly thuyet hijn dai ctia 5hniVietNam.s6lQ(107)-2Q16 Dahrendorf coi chinh sdch xa hgi la cong cy, phuang tien gidi quyet mdu thudn, xung dgt xd hgi giiia cac giai cdp, giai tang va cdc nhom xa hpi - Cdch liip can chiec ndng lugn Ly thuygt kinh dign cua Emile Durkheim va Iy thuyet hien dai ciia Talcott Parsons coi chinh sach xa hgi la mgt tigu he thong ciia he thong xa hpi; co chiic nang tdng cuang sg dodn ket xa hpi, hgi nhap xa hgi, dong thuan xS hgi - Cdch liep can tuang tdc ludn bieu trung Ly ihuyel kinh dien ciia Herbert Mead vd ly thuyet hi?n dai ciia Erving Goffman coi chinh sdch xa hpi la h? thong cdc bigu tugng, thong qua cdc cd nhan, cdc nhom xa hgi trai nghi?m, giao tiep, tuong lac, anh huong lan tao nen cgng dong xd hpi - Cdch tiep can phe phdn ludn Ly thuyet kinh dien ciia C.Mdc va ly thuyet hipn dai ciia Jurgen Habermas, Michel Foucault coi chinh sdch xd hpi la vii phe phdn cdc bat cong, bat binh ddng xd hpi, cdc bigu hien tha hoa nguoi vd tu phe phdn nhimg sai lam ly luan, phuang phdp l u ^ khoa hgc chinh sdch xd hgi dg doi m6i, cdi tien chinh sach xa hpi cho phii hgp vdi ygu cdu cdng cao ciia nguoi - Cdch tiep cdn binh ddng gidi Khoa hgc chinh sach xa hgi co thg dp dung mpi each phii hgp cac cdch ligp can: ly thuyet mdc xit kinh dign ve nu- quyen; ly thuygt mac xit hien dai ve nir quygn, ly thuyet binh ding giai (voi cdc phien ban phy nii phat trign, phu nii va phat trien, long ghep gioi, dong chii dao gioi); ly Ihuyet thigl che gioi - Cdch tiep can tic cdc bg mon khoa hoc khdc Khoa hgc chinh sach xa hgi c6 the ap dung cac each liep can khac tir cdc bp mon khoa hpc khac Trong so do, co the kg mpt s6 each tigp can nhu: chfnh tri hpc, kinh te hgc, luat hpc, tam ly hgc, nhan hpc, cong tdc xa hgi, quan tri xa hgi vd nhieu khoa hpc khdc niia, ke ca nhung khoa hpc chinh sdch nhu khoa hgc chinh sdch cong 10 Ket luan Cho dgn nay, khoa hgc chinh sdch xd hpi da phdt trign voi tfnh cdch la mpt chuyen nganh ciia cac khoa hgc chinh sach gom ck khdi ni?m, cac each tiep can Iy thuygt va cac phat hi?n khoa hgc co the dp dyng nghign ciiu, xdy dung, thgc thi chfnh sach xa hpi nhdm muc tieu phat trien bao triira vd ben vQng Tir nhieu cdch dinh nghia khdc nhau, c6 the di dgn tSng tich hgp mgt djnh nghia co tinh h? thong tong quat nhu sau: chinh sdch xd hgi Id linh vuc nghien cicu khoa hQc xay dung vd thuc thi chinh sdch ddm bdo phuc IQI xd hgi, bdo trg xa hoi, phdt trien xd hoi vdphdt trien ngu&i Vai dinh nghia tong tfch hgp nay, chinh sach an sinh xd hgi Id mpt bg phan cua khoa hgc chinh sach xd hgi co d6i tugng, van de, he thong cdc each tiep can ly thuygt vd mo hinh ciia no Vi$c hgc tap, tigp thu co tfnh phe phdn khoa hgc chinh sach xd hgi tren the giai la rdt quan trpng, cdn thiet, de cii the nghign cim vd phat trien khoa hpc chinh sdch xa hpi noi rieng va cac khoa hpc chinh sach noi chung digu ki?n xay dyng kinh te thi trucmg Viet Nam hien Le NgQC Hdng T^i lifu tham khao [I) hQi hoc, Nxb Dji hpc Qu6c gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi Robert Chambers (1983), Phdt triin ndng Ihon hSy bit Hdu li, nhmg nguii cirng khd, [«I Le Ngpc Htmg (2014), Ly Ihuyil xa hoi hoc hien lai, Nxb Dji hpc Quic gia Ha Npi, Hi Npi [9] Le Ngpc Himg (2015), He Ihong, cdu tnic & phdn hda xa hgi, Nxb Dji hpc Qu6c gia Hi Npi, HaNpi Nxb Dsi hgc vJ GiSo due chuySn nghiip Hi N9i PI Mai Ng(>c CuCmg (CM bien) (2006), Cliinh sdch xa hdi ndng Ihdn: kinh nghtem Cdng hda Liin bang Bdc vd Ihuc tiin Kifl Nam, Nxb LJ (lOJ Le Ngpc Hiing (2016), "Chlnh sach xa hOi va lu?n chlnh trj Hi Npi [3] Nguyin Hilu Dung (2007), »C() sc ly luan vj xay dimg vi ih,rc hicn chinh sSch xa hpi nhim dim bio hSi hba quan he gitta cSng bang xa hpi va ting tmSng kinh le", Tjp chl Xa hdi /ipc, sc 1(97) 14] kien lac xi hpi- Mpt s6 vin ie ly Ihuyil va dilJc lien", Tap chl Thong tin khoa hoc ly hdn chlnh Irj, sb I (14) [I I] Bui Dinh Thanh (2004), Xa hgi hoc vd chinh sdch xS hdi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa h$i Hi Npi [12] Jochen Clasen (2004), "Defining comparative Nguyen Tuan Dung, D S Minh Hpp (2002), 7-|> dien qudn ly xa hdi, NxbDjihpcQuocgiaHi Npi, Ha Npi Social Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd [51 Phan Huy Duong (Chu bien) (2015), Chinh [13] Amanda Coffey (2004), Reconceptualizing sdchxa hqi: Cdcvdndivdsu lua chpn Iheo huing phal Iriin bin vOng Nxb D91 hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Ha Npi [6J Le Ngpc Hing (1997), "Thit bin vi d6i lupng nghien cim cila xa hpi hpc", Tap chl Xd hfi hgc, s6 71 L6 Ngpc Hung (2009), Lich sir & ly ihuyil xa social policy- A Handbook of Comparative USA Social Policy: Sociological Perspeciives on Contemporary Social Policy, New York [14] Anthony Hall (2007), "Spcial policies in the World Bank: Paradigm and Challenges", Global Social Policy, N°7 [15] Anthony Hall and James Midgley (2004), Social policy for Publications, London development, Sage ... ciia cac khoa hpc chinh trien eac khoa hpc chinh sach [12] sai;h Diju doi hoi phai nghien cira va Cac khoa hoc chinh sich la gi? Thual trian khai khoa hpc chinh saeh xa hpi mSi nga "Cac khoa hpc... rang Ihuat ngii "khoa hpc chinh sdch xa hpi" dugc dimg dg chi mpt ITnh vuc khoa hpc ve chinh sdch xa hoi va khoa hpc chinh sach xa hpi Khoa hpc chinh sach xa hgi la mpt cac khoa hgc chinh sach... ciia khoa hgc chinh sdch x9 h^i La mgt khoa hpc, chinh sach x5 hpi c6 day du cdc phan va cau tnic ciia m^l khoa hgc tuong doi dgc lap h? thong cdc khoa hgc chinh sach noi rieng va h? thong cdc khoa