THUC TRANG QUAN LY THAM HOA XA HOI TAI HAN QUOC: NGHIEN ClJfU TRirONG HOP CHIM PHA SEWOL NAM 2014 LUDNG MSNG HANK' Torn tat: OHdn Qudc, cdc thdm hga xd hot dang xudt hiin ngdy cdng nhiiu vd gdy nhimg hdu qud ngdy cdng nghiim trgng hon xd hot hien dgi Trong dd phdi ki din thdm hga chim phd Sewol- tat ngn tdt ti nhdt lich su hdng hdi Hdn Qudc Thdm hga dd Het 16 mgt sd 16 hdng hi thing qudn ly thdm hga hten hdnh cita qudc gia ndy Sau thdm hga, Chinh phit Hdn Qudc dd thtrc hiin mdt budc cdi Id ldn bdng cdch gidi thi hat ca quan Id Co quan qudn ly khdn cdp quic gta vd Cdnh sdt biin Hdn Qu6c: thay vdo dd, thdnh lap mdt co quan mdi Id Bg An lodn vd An ninh cdng cdng Bd ndy chiu trdch nhiim quan ly tdt cd cdc vdn di an todn vd cdc logi hinh thdm hga, nhdm muc dich Igo rg mgi hf thdng qudn ly todn dien hon Tir khda: Tham hga xa hdi, Chim pha Sewol, Quan ly tham hga, Han Qudc ham hpa da xuat hidn tir thud sa khai Han Qudc la mdt qudc gia da dugc ca thi va ludn gan lidn vdi lich su hinh gitii cdng nhan vd nhu'ng cdng vugt va phat tridn cua xa hdi loai ngudi bac qua trinh phat triin kinh tl nhung Theo djnh nghia cua Lien Hgp Qudc cd the ndi rang trinh dg nhan thuc va mirc dg (1992), tham hpa la "mot su gian doan quan tam den quan ly tham hga cda Han nghiem trpng hoat ddng cua mgt cpng Qudc ehua cd su phat triin tuong ximg vdi ddng hoac mdt xa hdi, gay ndn nhirng tdn tdc tang trudng kinh td, bdi vay, "tinh dd that vd ngudi, vat chat, kinh td va mdi bj tdn thuang" (vulnerability) cua xa hgi va trudng fren didn rgng, vugt qua kha nang Id hdng he thdng quan ly tham hga cda tmg phd cua cdng ddng/xa hpi bj anh hudng qudc gia da bpc Id mdt rd net hon chi sir dung cac ngudn luc cua ridng cac tham hga xa hgi nhung nam gan minh" Ngoai nhiing "tham hga tu nhidn" bat day, dd khdng the khdng kd den tham ngudn tir cac su kien nguydn thuy tu nhidn hpa chim pha Sewol nam 2014 - tham hga bi nhu: ddng dat, nui liia, lu lut, loc xoay, bao tham nhat ljch sir hang hai Han Qudc va sdng than, cac "tham hoa xa hdi" dang Ddi net ve khai niem va ljch sir tham xuat hidn cang nhieu va gay nhimg hpa xa hpi a Han Quoc hau qua cang nghiem trgng Trudc day, khai nidm "tham hga" d Han xa hdi hidn dai Qudc bao gdm tham hga tu nhien va tham hga nhan tao Sau nay, Lugt khung vi Qudn ly Ihdm hga vd an todn ThS., Vien Nghien cuu Dong Bac A NGHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC fl SO 11(225) 11-2019 41 Nghien cicuJ(hoaji^ ( ^ l y - S i y S - ^ a P I - g S ) ddi, tham hga dugc phan tham hga tg nhidn \ a tham hga xa hgi Khoan 1, Didu 3, Luat khimg vd Quan ly tham hga va an toan cd ghi rang: "Tham hga xa hgi (A|-a|^||t+) la nhirng thidt hai phat sinh cac su cd hda chat, su cd d nhidm mdi trudng, tai nan giao thdng, hda hoan sap dd phat nd, vugt qua quy md dugc quy djnh Sic ldnh Tdng thdng va lam td liet he thdng ca sd tang qudc gia nhu nang lugng, thdng tin - truydn thdng, giao thdng van tai, tai chinh, y te, dudng dan nude, ; cung nhu nhirng thidt hai lay lan cac bpnh truyen nhidm theo Dgg lugt vi Lhr phdng vd qudn ly binh truyin nhiim vi eie benh dich frong chSn nudi theo Lugt Du phdng dich benh gig suc'^ Nhu vay, tham hga xa hdi theo each hidu cua Han Qudc la mdt khai nipm rat rgng, bao gdm tit ca cac tham hga ngudi gay ra, cac tham hpa cdng nghd va cac tham hga lien quan ddn benh truydn nhidm Nhin lai Ijch sir, cd thd kd ddn mdt sd tham hpa xa hdi ldn cua Han Qudc kd tir thap nidn 70 cua the ky tnrdc nhu sau: - Nd nhd ga I-ri ndm 1977 Vu nd nha ga Iri xay vao luc 21 gid 15 phut 11/11/1977 d Iri, Bic Jeolla, Han Qudc Khoang 40 tan thudc nd dugc van chuydn chuydn tau chd hang Gwangju da phat nd tai ga Iri khidn 59 ngudi thidt mang va hon 1.300 ngudi bj ttiuong Nguyen nhan cua vu nd dugc xac djnh la SU bit cin dimg nin cua mgt ngudi bao vd say rugu - Sdp cdu Sungsoo ndm 1994 c i u Sungsoo bj sap \ ao luc gid 40 phut sang 21/10/1994 tai Seoul Han Quoc Vu sap ciu da lam mgt chiec xe buyt chd 49 hanh khach rai xudng sdng Han, khien 32 ngudi thidt mang, ngudi bi Uiuong nang va 14 ngudi bj thuang nhe Nguven nhan cua sap ciu dugc xac djnh la han va bao fri kem.^ - Sdp Trung Idm Ihuong mgi Sampoong ndm 1995 Trung tam friuang mai Sampoong vdi nam ting trdn mat dit va bon ting dudi long dit da bj sap vao luc 17 gid 55 phut 29/6/1995 khiin 502 ngudi thiet mang va 937 ngudi bj thuang Nguyen nhan cua vu sap trung tam thuang mai dugc xac djnh hoan toan la ngudi, cu the la thidt kd, xay dung, kiim tra va quan ly kem - Chdy Idu dien ngdm Daegu ndm 2003 vao khoang gid 53 phut sang 18/2/2003, mdt ngudi dan dng frong trang thai tam than bat dn da phdng hda tau dien ngam d Daegu khiin 192 ngudi chit va 148 ngudi bj thuong Nhidu nguydn nhan khac kdt hgp lai da tao nen hau qua tham khdc cua dam chay nhung tit ca ddu bit ngudn tir sai sdt cua eon ngudi.'' - Trdn ddu a Taean ndm 2007 Khoang gid sang 17/12/2007, tau chd dau Hebei Spirit da va eham vdi mdt tau khac d bd biln phia Tay Han Qudc ^ Young Ok Seo, EBN News (ngiy 29/10/2014) ^ Bo Hanh chinh va An ninh cong cong, 2002 ' Sang-kyu Hwang Gun-Young Kim (2016), SO Praxes Kyoo-man Ha (2009), Emergency Managemeni in for Better Transport in Korea, Ttie Korea Ttansport Korea Just Started, but Rapidly Evolving, EMl's Institute (South Korea) Compatative Emergency Management Book Project 42 HGHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl s d 11(225) H-joig Nghien cicu khoa hpc lam 10.800 tan dau fran bien Vdt dau phat di \ eu cau hanh khach "khdng dugc di loang frdn bidn keo dai tdi 70 km, khidn 101 chuyen"" pha dang chim din Sau hdn dao xung quanh tinh Chungnam va tinh dd, pha Sewol lat nguge va ngap frong Chimla bj tan pha nghidm trgng.^ n u d e ' Din 11/11/2014, Chinh phu Nhu vay, ed thd thay eac tham hga xa hdi Han Qudc raydn bd kdt thiic cdng tac tim ndu frdn ddu gay nhirng thidt hai to ldn vd kidm nan nhan sau thang tien hanh Trong ngudi, tai san va mdi trudng cua Han qua ginh tim kiem cim nan, 11 nhan vidn va Qudc Nguyen nhan chu yeu cua nhung tham thg lan da thidt mang' hga la mdt sd yeu td hoac thieu sdt Tham kjch chim pha Sewol da gay ndn ciia ngudi (vd y hoac cd y) nhung dang dau thuong ldn trdn khap dat nude Han tide la hiu hdt cac tham hga da cd thd Qudc Ngudi dan dat hoa va thip ndn d dugc ngan chan ndu ap dung du cac bidn nhieu noi dd cau nguyen cho cac nan nhan phap phdng ngira thich dang xau sd Den 22/3/2017, tiic gan nam tir xay tham hpa, luc lui;mg chue nang Tham hga chim pha Sewol Sang 16/4/2014, pha Sewol chira Han Qudc mdi tidn hanh true vdt pha Sewol 476 hanh khach dang trdn dudng tu Incheon Hai sau dd, chide pha duge dua ldn mgt din dao Jeju thi bit ngd bj lat; chi cd 172 tau van tai sidu trudng sidu trgng dd di hanh khach dugc cuu thoat, 304 chuydn tiii cang Mokpo phuc vu edng tdc hanh khach khac da thidt mang (bao gdm didu tra md rdng 261 hgc sinh trudng trung hgc Danwon), Sau didu tra, nguydn nhan true tidp biln day trd tai nan hang hai nghidm ctia tham hpa chim pha Sewol dugc xac dinh frgng nhit lich su Han Qudc la pha chay qua nhanh Tuy nhidn, cic Khi gap nan, pha Sewol dang chd 476 bao cao sau vu vide chi ring nhidu ydu td ngudi, gdm 325 hpc sinh va 15 giao vidn cua khac da gdp phin dang kl vao kha nSng xay frudng trung hpc phd thdng Danwon (d tham hpa, cflng nhu lam gia tang sd lugng Ansan, phia Nam Seoul) di da ngoai, 30 thuong vong Cac nguyen nhan bao - s: vidn thuy thti doan cung nhidu hanh gom khach khac frong hanh trinh di tir Incheon din Jeju Trong hai trinh 16/4/2014, chi cdn each dao Byungpoong 2,7 km, pha Sewol da phat di tin hidu cau cuu khan cip rdi bat diu chim Nhirng hanh khach dugc ciiu song kl lai ring hp nghe thay mgt tiing rit ldn, chile pha rung ldn rdi dimg lai, khiin hp phdng doan ring pha cd the bi mac can Khi dd, he thdng lidn lac ndi bd cua pha ' Kyoo-man Ha (2009), Tldd NQHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl SO 11(225) 11-2019 - Pha Sewol da bj qua tai Theo cac dilu tra vidn, pha Sewol da chd gip ddi tai trgng bj lat - Hang hda trdn pha khdng dugc bugc dung each * Thanh Hao, "Ngay n^y nam xua: Tham hoa chim phi lam hang tram hoc sinh tu nan", https://vielnamnet.vn/ 16/04/2018 ^ Thong tin Han Qu6c, "Tham hoa chim phi Sewol - Tr6n thang", https://thongtinhanquoc.com/ ngiy 15/10/2014 ' DQC them tai lieu: Madison Park, "What went wrong on Sewol?" hrtps://edition-Cnn.com/, 15/05/2014 43 Nghien cituJchoaJlSi Cac cdng td vidn cho rang vide hang hda bi budc Idng leo da gdp phan vao vu chim pha Cu thd cd nhidu kha nang la pha dang chay vdi tdc dp nhanh thi bd lai gap khidn hang hda dich chuydn va dd ddn vd mdt phia lam pha mat can bang, nude tran vao \a pha bj lat Thuy thu doan khang khang ydu cau hanh khaeh ngdi ydn tai chd Nhihig chide loa trdn pha da nhidu lan phat di phat lai \'du eau hanh khach "tu\ei ddi khdng di chuydn"", "khdng rdi \j fri"" Hang tram hanh khach khdng bidt chuydn gi dang xay ndn da tuan thu theo ydu cau Theo mgt nha phan tich cua CNN hudng dan d nguyen tai chd ma khdng ldn xudng ciru sinh la mot "sai lam khung khidp, bi tham" Thuydn trudng bd pha hanh khach dugc ydu cau khdng di chuydn Thuyen trudng Lee Joon-seok eua pha Sewol bi chi trich nang nd \ i da bd pha frong hang tram hanh khach \ an cdn d trdn pha Tdng thdng Park Getm-hye da md ta hanh ddng cua thuy thu doan "gidng nhu gidt ngudi" - Ngudi lai pha la mgt thuydn vidn thidu kinh nghidm Khdng phai thuydn frudng, ma la mdt thuydn vidn thidu kinh nghidm da cam lai tai thdi didm xay tai nan Thuydn trudng cflng thira nhan minh khdng cd mat frong budng lai tai nan xa)" - Tri hoan thdng bao cho ca quan chitc nang xay tai nan Ngudi dau tidn lidn he vdi djch vu khan cap vao luc gid 52 phut khdng phai la thuydn vidn, ma la mdt cau be dang d frdn 44 pha da diing didn Uioai di dgng dl gpi caP ciiu ; - Vide cai tao pha da dat nhiiu nghi van Pha Sewol dugc diilt kl vi dua vao su dung tai Nhat Ban tu nam 1994 \d\ lugng ban diu la 5.999 tin Sau 18 nam sir dung, pha duge chuydn giao cho Cong ty van tai biln Cbonghaejin cua Han Qudc vao nam 2012 Din nam 2013, pha Sewol dugc cai tao va cd trpng lugng la 6.825 tan, vai sire chira ldn din 956 ngudi, ffd mgt frong nhirng pha chd khach ldn nhat Hari Qudc Cae nha dieu tra vin dat nghi van vd kha nang cai tao va nang trgng tai da gdp phan vao vide pha bj lat Mgt so van de quan ly tham hpa tai Han Qudc Sau tham hpa chim pha Sewol, nhidu ngudi Han Qudc da chi trich chinh phd khdng du nang luc edng tac quan ly tham hpa, thidu chuan bj va vd cam vdi su an toan ciia ngudi dan cac tinh hudng khan cap Sau dd, cac chuyen gia quan ly tham hpa nhu Giao su Kyoo-man Ha, Giao su Chang-gil Lee va cac phuong tien truydn thdng dai chung bat dau dl cap din nhidu van dd khac he thing quan ly tham hpa cua Han Qudc Mpt sd vin dd cd the chi nhu sau^: (1) Tap trung mdt cdch bat cdn xung vdo hal thdnh Id "img phd vd phuc hdi" md il chu y din ldm quan trgng cita "gidm ihiiu vd chudn bi" Chu trinh quan ly tham hga toan dien dua ttdn bdn td: giam nhe, chuan bj, dng ' Dpc them tai lieu: So-i:un Park (2015), Disaster Managemeni in Korea, Intemational Institute of Global Resilience NQHllH Cdu OdHG BflC fl s d 11(225) 11-1019 ngnien cuu KnOa npc phd va phuc hdi Theo quan didm cua quan ly tham hpa hidn dai, bdn td cin dugc nhin nhan tuong duong \e tim quan trpng Tuy nhidn, quan ly tham hpa d Han Qudc thi hidn each tidp can truyin thdng la tap trung vao "img phd va phuc hdi" tham hga, nhu cung cap vidn trg nhan dao cang nhanh cang tdt sau mdt tham hga bat dau (thudng la ddi cuu hd vat dung va djch vu y td) Tuy nhidn, each thuc chi mang lai ket qua tam thdi vdi chi phi rit cao, khi, ndu quan tam nhieu hon den hai td "giam thidu va chuan bj"" thi cd thd giam dugc nguy ca xay tham hga Vi du: theo udc tinh, quy trinh kidm tra an toan cho pha Sewol trung binh chi mat 13 phut nhtmg vide da khdng dugc thuc hidn can than thieu nhan thirc ve "giam thieu va chuan bj" (2) Thieu cdc nhd ldnh dgo cd chuyin mdn Irong linh virc qudn ly thdm hga Cac nha lanh dao chju trach nhiem quan ly tham hpa cua Han Qudc hau het deu chi cd chuyen mdn vd chinh sach cdng, quan trj hoac luat, ma khdng cd kiln thiie llnh vuc quan ly tham hga Vi du: Bd trudng Bp Hanh chinh va An ninh cdng cdng, ngudi phai chju trach nhidm quan ly hau qua cua vu chim pha Sewol, la mdt cuu cdng td vidn Ong khdng cd kiln thuc frong vide quan ly cac vu tai nan hang hai nhung lai la ngudi phai dua quydt djnh cudi cung phdng van ttdn cac phucmg tidn ttu\ In didng Mat khac nhidu gia dinh nan nhan cua vu chim pha Sewol ndi rang hg cam Uii\ luc gian \ i chinh phu da khdng thdng bao eho eae gia dinh bidt chuydn gi dang xay ha\ hg se giai cim nan nhan nhu the nao Do cac quan chue chinh phii khdng chia se thdng tin vdi gia dinh eac nan nhan ndn cac gia dinh da phai dua vao cac chuydn gia tinh nguven d cac llnh vuc khac Tuy nhidn, vi cac chuydn gia khac cd y kiln va phat ngdn khac ndn da gay thdm nhieu hoang mang Sau tham hga da xay ra, ngudi dan va cac nha nghidn ciiu khd cd thd tidp can thdng tin vd tham hpa Tac gia So-eun Park ndi rang cd rat khd tim dugc nhimg thdng tin va hinh anh ve cac tham hga gan day ciia Han Qudc - nhihig thu cd the gay tranh eai hay khidn chinh phu bj chi trich Thay vao dd, thdng tin ma chinh phu cung cap chil ydu tap trung vao vide khing djnh cac quan ehdc chinh phu da lam vide eham chi dd quan ly tham hga nhu thd nao Vi du: nhflng hinh anh cae quan chuc den tham hipn trudng tham hga hoac gap gd cac nan nhan tham hpa, Nguge lai, tai My, cac co quan khac thudng xuydn cdng bd cac bao cao sau hanh ddng ("After Action Reports" - AARs) nham phan tich nhu'ng cdng va that bai qua trinh quan ly tham hga cu the, cho thiy mii;c minh bach cua Chinh phu My (3) Vdn di vi truyin Ihdng - Chinh phu thiiu cdi md vdi cdng chiing va cac phucmg tidn truydn thdng Trong tham hpa diln ra, Chinh phu Han Qudc da gay ap luc ddi vdi nhidu giao su hoac chuyen gia dd ban chd cac cudc - Thdng tin cua cac ca quan truyen thdng thieu chinh xac Vao thdi diem xay su ed, cac phuang tien truyen thdng trd ndn qua canh tranh, hg tim kiim tdc dp thay vi dp chinh xac dd thu hut khan gia Cugc canh tranh dd dua tin NQHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC fl S011(225) 11-2019 45 Nghien cicu nhanh hon eac edng ty truy In thdng khac da khuydn khich cho viec cap nhat bit cu fridng tin gi cd vd thu hut su dugc ehu y eua mgi ngudi, cho du ndi dung da dugc kiim tta ky luong hay chua Didu na\ ciing gay nhung hidu lam ldn Sau bi ehi trich gay git vd van dd nay, mgt sd cdng ty truydn thdng da phai dua ldi xin ldi Vi du, Joongang Ilbo, mgt ttong nhirng td bao cd anh hudng nhat d Han Qudc, da dang ldi xin ldi vi dua tin khdng chinh xae, ga\ hidu lam va ddi khidu khich vd vu chira pha Sewol Td bao dac bidt hdi ban vi da cdng bd cac thdng bao va thdng cao bao chi eua chinh phu ma khdng kidm tta ky va ddi dua ldn nhu'ng bOrc anh ciia cac hanh khach xau sd ma khdng lam md khudn mat dd bao vd su ridng tu Hoac, vai tidng sau pha chim, nhidu phucmg tidn truyin thdng da dang tin nhin cua mgt can bg giao due thudc phd Ansan (noi cd trudng trung hpc Danwon) ring tat ca cae hgc sinh ttdn pha da dugc giai ciiu, ddng thdi, sua ddi sd lugng hanh khach nhidu lan Vide khdng kidm fra tinh chinh xac cua thdng tin da mang lai su nhim lin cho ngudi dan va su that vgng cho gia dinh cac nan nhan Ngoai ra, mgt kenh truydn hmh cap da phat sdng mdt cudc phdng van true tidp vdi mgt ca nhan tu ximg la thg lan tu nhan da din lam tinh nguypn vidn vao 18/4 Ngudi tuydn bd cac nan nhan vin cdn sdng va bj mac ket bdn frong pha Sewol dang chim nhung canh sat bidn da cam thg lan tjlp tue lan thdm dd cim hg Cudc phdng van da tao su phan no khiing khidp Gia dinh cac nan nhan het vao mat cac quan 46 khqaj^ chuc chinh phu va eac thg lan khac yeu cau hp lan xudng biln dd nhanh chdng ciiu cai va ngudi than cua ho Hp da tuc gian vdi chinh phil nhung ddng thdi, lai cd them hy vpng vi tin rang ngudi than cua hg vin cdn sdng va cd thd dugc giai ciiu Tuy nhidn, toyen bd la hoan toan sai su that va sau dd da cd bao cao rang ca nhan tu xung da nhidu lan dua nhung thdng tin khdng chinh xac qua khu Vu vide da khien gia dinh cac nan nhan cang thdm that vgng Mdt dai truydn hinh cap khac cung phai dua ldi xin ldi vi da dat cau hdi khdng phu hgp mdt cudc phdng van Phdng vidn dai da hdi mdt hpc sinh vira dugc giai cun ring cau ta cam thiy nhu thd nao dugc giai cim cac hpc sinh khac vin cdn dang d chile pha bj chim Cach phdng vin nhu vay la thiiu nhay cam va kha tan nhin vdi nhflng ngudi dugc giai cim, khiin hg cam thiy tdi ldi vi la ngudi sdng sdt (4) Tmh nguyin phu thugc chu yiu vdo thdng tin ciia phuang ttin truyin Ihdng Han Qudc, cac phuang tidn ttuydn thdng ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng ttong boat ddng tinh nguydn tham hpa vi ngudi tinh nguydn phan ldn sd tap trung tai cac khu vuc dang dugc thdng bao trdn cac phuang tidn truyen thdng Mgi ngudi cd xu hudng tin ring hp dang ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng hp cung cip ttg giup cho cu dan cae khu vuc dang duoc ttnyln thdng dua tin va hg mudn dupc cons nhan cho nhirng nd luc cua hg Do nhi' Unh nguydn vidn se chi din giup dd vao thd" didm xay tham hga ldn, nhu tham h NQHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC fl sd 11(225nMo» Nghien cuu Knoa npc Sewol va cflng chi vao thdi diem su cd dang la mdt "chil dd ndng" tren tin tuc Ndi each khac, tham hga la mdt "chu de ndng'" thi ed qua nhidu tinh nguydn vien nhung cac phuang tidn truydn thdng bat dau dua tin vl cac van dd khac thi sd lugng tinh nguydn vien giam di dang ke va mgi ngudi bat diu qudn di tham hga (5) Vdn de vi thg liin Thidu thg lan cd chuyen mdn tai hidn trudng Khdng cd du thg lan cho qua trinh tim kidm, cira nan, vi vay, cac thg lan tu nhan da phai lan nhidu hon mirc an toan vi khdng cd du ngudi de luan phidn - Thieu hd frg cho cac thg lan bj sang chin tam ly hau tham hpa Dpi thg lan tham gia cdng tac tim kiim, eiiu nan pha Sewol hidn van dang phai ddi mat vdi nhidu sang chan tam ly rat nang ne Hg keu ggi chinh phu hd frg tai chinh cho vide chua bdnh va tu van tam ly, nhidn, Chinh phu Han Qudc chua thdng nhat vd khoan trg cap cho cac thg lan tham gia tim kiem, ciru nan tai pha Sewol Ong Kim Sang-ho ndi ring sau nam kd tir tham hga xay ra, ndi am anh ve nhung thi frid bj phan bdy dudi nude van khidn dng mit ngu Ong thudng xuydn tim ddn bia rugu dd qudn di va thinh thoang, nhan tin ni ddng nghidp di choi dd cung vugt qua nhihig thuong tdn tinh than Ong chia sd ring: "Chi cd chung tdi mdi hieu dugc frai nghidm ciia Vi vay, chung tdi thudng hay tu tap dl giai tda cang thang va qudn di '" Thdy Huong, "Mot nSm sau tham hoa chim pha Sewol, cac tho iSn vSn bi ^m anh", https://vtv.vn/the-gioi/, 16/04/2015 NGHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl s 11(225) 11-2019 nhung giay phiit kinh hoang trona qua khu"." Thg lan Kim Dong-soo cflng la mgt Irong sd nhtrng ngudi gap phai eac vin de trim trpng vd tam ly sau tai nan tham khdc Du trd mdt ngudi mit cdng chung cuu sdng hon 10 ngudi tir pha Sewol, song ddi vdi ban than dng Kim, khdng gi cd the lam giam di cam giac tgi ldi vi khdng thd eihi sdng toan bg hanh khach frdn pha Nam 2015, dng da tg vin bit Chia sd vd ly cua hanh ddng nay, dng ndi rang dng khdng thd tha thti cho ban than minh vi da khdng cd gang cim them nhidu sinh mang khac Ong Kim Gwan-hong cflng gap phai nhirng tdn thuong ca vd thi chit lan tinh than va khdng thd tidp tuc cdng vide thg 1^ cua minh dugc niia Ong ke ring: "Tdi cdm thay sg hai mdi phai d bdng tdi mdt minh, bdi nhung hinh anh kinh hoang dd cu hidn frong dau Vi vay, tdi ludn cd gang dudng gap ga mgi ngudi va khdng ngimg di chuyin nhirng khdng gian md Khi budc di, tdi se it nghi vd didu dd hon" Nam 2015, dng Kim Gwan-hong da lam chiing frong mgt phidn didu tran eua Uy ban didu tra vu lat pha Sewol Ong chia sd rang vide phai lien tuc dm xac cac nan nhan dang bi phan buy tu pha ldn mat nude da khiin nhieu thg lan cam thay rat hoang sg, am anh va hp chi mudn chinh phu trg gitip cac khoan chi phi dilu trj chan thuang vd the chit hoac tu vin tam ly Den nam 2016, dng Kim Gwan-hong da tu sat tai nha ridng d ngoai d Seoul " Nguy An ' K y uc am anh cua thg 15n tham kjch dam pha Sewol", hrtps://news.zing.vn/, 24/03^2017 47 Nghien cicu kJwaJlSSNhu vas, rd rang tham hpa chim pha Sewol da phai bay rat nhidu didm \du kem frong nang Iuc img phd tham hga cua Han Qudc Sau tham hga nay, mdt sd tha\' ddi tich cue da xuat hidn frong nhan thuc cua ngudi dan, cflng nhu frong ca cau td chuc hd thdng quan ly tham hpa cua Chinh phu Han Qudc Trudc xay tham hga chim pha Sewol, ddi vdi nhidu ngudi dan Han Qudc, khai nidm quan ly tham hpa cdn kha mdi md va xa la, vi mpi ngudi thudng nghi rang tham hga la dinh menh Chi sau su cd chim pha Sewol nam 2014, ngudi Han Qudc mdi bat dau nhan tam quan trgng cua vide quan ly tham hga, ciing nhu thuc te ring Chinh phu da khdng cd nhieu nd luc frong vipc quan ly tham hga theo mdt he thdng toan didn va hipu qua khoac cho nd mdt cai tdn mdi thi khdng kho nhung thay ddi nhung vin dd can ban he fridng td chuc nhim mang lai hieu qua eao hon eho cdng tac quan ly tham hoa thi se la mdt friach thuc liin ddi vdi nang luc cua Chinh phu Han Qudc d thdi didm hidn tai TAI LIEU TH.\M KH.iO Kyoo-man Ha (2009), Emergency Management in Korea: Just Started, but Rapidly Evolving, EMl's Comparative Emergency Management Book Project Sang-kyu Hwang, Gun-Young Kim(2016), 50 Praxes for Better Transport in Korea, The Korea Transport Institute (South Korea) So-eun Park (2015), Disaster Management in Korea, Intemational Institute of Global Resilience In-sool Yoo (2015), S.I^°/^/ltf£f^/L)S/, Hanyang Medical Review, Hanyang University College of Medicine Young-ju Kim, Myeong-jae Moon (2015), Sau vu chim pha Sewol, dudi siic ep cua du luan, Chinh phu Han Qudc da thgc hidn mdt budc cai td ldn hd thdng quan ly tham hpa bang each giai the hai ca quan la Co quan quan ly khan cap qudc gia va Canh sat VtfffS/^^2/SSf^^JJf^S/SJlH^0//£f bidn Han Qudc va thay vao dd, lap B09, -M*c||ôt2Sai:||sfĐ! mgt CO quan mdi - Bd An toan va An ninh Cdng cgng vao 19/11/2014 Bg chju frach nhidm quan ly tat ca cac van dd an toan va cac loai hinh tham hga, bao gdm ca tham hga tu nhidn va tham hga xa hdi Bd dugc lap dd tao mpt he thdng quan ly toan didn, nhanh chdng ban va dd xay dung mgt thap didu khidn manh me cho cac van dd an toan va tham hga Tuy nhidn, Chinh phu Han Qudc cd hpc hdi dugc gi tit nhirng sai lam qua khir hay khdng thi can them thdi gian mdi tra ldi dugc Bdi lap mgt ca quan mdi va 48 NGHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl sd l l ( 2 n H ^ ... dang xau sd Den 22/3 /2017 , tiic gan nam tir xay tham hpa, luc lui;mg chue nang Tham hga chim pha Sewol Sang 16/4 /2014 , pha Sewol chira Han Qudc mdi tidn hanh true vdt pha Sewol 476 hanh khach... https://vielnamnet.vn/ 16/04 /2018 ^ Thong tin Han Qu6c, "Tham hoa chim phi Sewol - Tr6n thang", https://thongtinhanquoc.com/ ngiy 15/10 /2014 ' DQC them tai lieu: Madison Park, "What went wrong on Sewol? " hrtps://edition-Cnn.com/,... pha ' Kyoo-man Ha (2009), Tldd NQHIEN Cdu OdNQ BflC fl SO 11(225) 11 -2019 - Pha Sewol da bj qua tai Theo cac dilu tra vidn, pha Sewol da chd gip ddi tai trgng bj lat - Hang hda trdn pha khdng dugc