Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so'2 -2019 NGHIEN CUtJ VE MANG L U l XA HOI TREN THE G l d l * PGS TS Vuong Xuan Tinh Vien Dan toe iioc Tdm tdt: Nghien cuu mgng ludi xd hdi dugc cdc hgc gid nude ngoai rdt quan tdm boi cd tdc dung tot cho viec ung dung de thuc hien nhirng muc tieu phdt triin kinh te - xd hot Bdi viet ndy tdng quan mgt so thdnh tim nghien cim ve mgng luoi xa hgi tren the gidi, qua nhdn mgnh cdch tiep can, ly thuyet vd phuong phdp nghien ciru Vi tiip can, cd cdch phdn tich cdu true vd phi cdu true, tiep can ben vd ben ngoai mgng luoi Vdi ly thuyet, co m hinh mgng luoi loi vd mgng ludi ddng chdy; co cdc ly thuyet cdu true, chicc ndng vd qud trinh Ve phuang phdp nghien ciru ciing co nhieu cdch, ddng chu y Id cdc phuong phdp nghien cihi logi hinh quan he vd ve so mgng ludi Tu' khda: Mgng luoi xd hgi, tiep can, ly thuyet, phuang phdp nghien cuu Ngdy nhgn bdi: 14/I/20I9: ngdy gui phdn bien: 25/2/2019; ngdy duyet ddng: 3/4/2019 Mffdau Mgng luoi xd hoi (Social network) la cau true xa hoi ea nhan hay to chiic tao lap qua cae diem nut (Node) dugc gan bo bang mpt hay nhieu kieu phu thuoc lan nhu ban be, ho hang, moi quan tam chung, trao doi ve tai chinh cung nhu su ghet bo, quan he gioi, hoac cae moi quan he ve niem tin, tri thue hay uy tin Gan vai van de mang luoi xa hoi, CO khai niem phdn tich mgng luoi xd hoi (Social netu'ork analysis), tiic sir nhin nhan moi quan he xa hpi ly thuyet ve mang luoi, bao gom nhiing diem nut va cae moi quan he Diem nut la tac nhan mang lucfi, moi quan he la su gan bo giiia cae tac nhan Ket qua ciia cau tnic mang la phuc hpp nhieu loai quan he giiia cae diem niit Mang luoi xa hpi van hanh a nhieu cap khac nhau, tir gia dinh den quoc gia, co vai tro doi vai viec xae djnh eac van de dang dat ra, nhiing to chirc dang hoat dong va miic dp cong ciia cae ca nhan viec dat duac muc tieu ciia hp (Social Network Analysis: Theory and Applications, 2011, ti 2) Borgatti va cpng su lai c6 djnh nghTa ng4n gpn han cho r^ng, mang luai xa hgi la viec thik lap va lien kit cae diSm nut; phan tich mang luoi xa hpi, diem mit la Bai vi6t la kit qua nghien cuu cua d6 tai c§p Bp: ""Mang luai xa hoi ciia tdc nguoi Lo Lo vd Nimg a linh Cao Bdng phdt triSn kinh li ddm bdo trgt tu xa hoi viing hien gi&i''' Vicn Dan tpc hpc quan ly, TS Le Minh Anh va TS Le Thi Miii la Dong chii nhiem cae ca nhan hoac tap tha (gia dinh, nhom, to chirc, quoc gia) (Borgatt, & mf_ ^, ^ tr 1157-1167) Con theo Percira va cong SLI (2011, tr 4), Idiai niem mang lua, xa n,^^ hang thi ky truoc, di cap tin m6 quan he gtOa cae v,en va, he thong xa W- ^^^ • Ichai niem duoc b6 sung ca internet di xem xe, eau tnic cua ca nhan hay to en ^^^^ thiat lap nhim ehia se cae mdi quan tam, dong CO gia tri va mue tiBu chung Hgp P • b6 sung thuoe pham vi truyin thong xa hoi, no, ma su tham g,a va tuong tae ngucn dong vai tro Ion Tran ea sa noi ham Ichai niem vua da cap, bai via, dilm la, mot s6 nghian cu-u ve mang luai xa hoi tran thi giai tu ngu6n tai lieu tiing Arth, qua hy vong gop phan hue day mot Itnh vue nghien cim eon ehua phat trien a Viet N a m nhit la nghien cim ta, vung dan toe thieu so I T6ng quat nghien curu ve mang lirol xa hoi Tren the giai, nghien ciru vg mang luai dugc su quan tam khong chi ciia khoa hgc xa hpi ma ca mgt s6 nganh cua khoa hpe tu nhien nhu vat ly, dich t l hpc, sinh hgc Tuy nhien, Kathleen Hardin Williams lai cho r k g , ly thuydt mang luai xa hpi gan vai ly thuyet xa hpi hgc, tire nhin xa hpi nhu mot dang ciu tnic quan he dupe cae ca nhan thiet lap Khai dau, mang luai dupe xay dung tir m6i quan he giiia cae ca nhan (hoae nhiing bg phan xa hgi rong lan han), va mo hinh xa hgi dupe thigt lap qua mang luai eua moi quan he, hay la su ket n6i cua cae diSm nut Trong mang luai xa hpi, co the eae d i i m nut khong c6 moi lien ket voi tat ca eac mit Mang dugc kat chat la tit ca tae nhan dugc kk n6i chat, vi du nhu gia dinh Tac nhan cua eac mang kk n6i vai tae nhan khac dugc ggi la su bac cau, vi du nhu qua hon nhan ciia mot vien gia dinh (WilUams, 2005, tr 20-22) Nghien ciiu mang luai xa hot rit hiiu ich ting dung Tir goc quan ly, qua tong quan, Borgatti va cpng sir cho hiht, nghien ciiu mang xa hgi co the lam sang to eac van de nhu hoan nhiem vu (Sparrowe va cpng su, 2001, tr 316-325), luan ehuyen von (Krackhardt and Porter, 1985, tr 242-261), viee thang tiln (Burt, 1992), su bign d6i (Obstfeld, 2005, tr 100-130), qua trinh thuc diy (Burt, 2004, tr 349-399), hay irng xir thiSu chuin muc (Brass va cpng su, 1998, tr 14-31) Ly thuyet mang luai xa hgi duac img dung cho viec hien dai hoa quan he ciia nha nuoc; cho cae cpng dong mang luai vai cpng dong que huang cua hp; cho viec thiet lap mang luoi chinh tri ting xir tap the (Williams, 2005, tr 20-22) Do mo hinh bien cua mang luai la cau tnic va nhung diem niit duoc xay dung cae cau tnic do, nen theo Borgatti va cpng sir, nghien ciiu mang luai di^u quan trpng la tim hieu viec thiet lap diem niit va moi hen he - tire xae dinh mang luai Cae tac gia cho rang, mang luai khac biet voi nhom, bai mpt phan khai niem chii'c nang eua nhom la ton tai bien gioi Du chimg ta co thira nhan bien gioi ma nhat hay khong hien t6n thi su khac biet cua ngiroi ben va nguoi ben ngoai la vo ciing quan trpng doi vai khai Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so'2 -2019 niem nhom Do do, nghien ciiu nhom, chiing ta thuang xem xet viec thiet lap bien gioi cua nhom (Borgatti, 2011) Con theo Wasserman va cpng su, mang luai xa hpi, cae tac nhan rat da dang, ke tir ca nhan, gia dinh, nhom, cong ty, tham chi dat nuac Moi quan he cua dong chay nguon luc co the la vat chat hay phi vat chit (Wasserman and Faust, 1994/1999, tr 4) MePherson va cpng su lai cho biet, co ba dac diem cua mang luai xa hpi, la tinh cap bac, tinh bac cau, tinh dong dieu (thich giong minh, nhu ciing nghe nghiep, ton giao, nhan chung, tpc nguai) (MePherson va cpng sir, 2001, tr 415-444) Van theo Borgatti va cgng sir, tuang phan vai nhom, mang luai khong co bien giai "tu nhien" Mang luai cung co the c6 cho khong co moi lien he, la mgt so nhiing diem mit khong huang den eac diem khac, tire mang luoi bi phan ehia nhOng manh va nhu cae hpp phan Vi du ro nhat la nghien ciiu sir lien ket cua cae nhom phi Igi nhuan Co the liic dau khong eo to chiic nao lien minh vai to chiic nao Tuy nhien, qua trinh phat trien, van co to chiic np lien he vai to ehirc theo duang hep nao Tom lai, eac to chiic khong tap hgp vong tron, song giira chung van co su lien ket keo dai Ve loai hinh mang ludi, theo Borgatti va cpng su, gom co ba loai: (1) Mang luai loi (Core): tu cae ca nhan hat nhan, lien ket vai cae ca nhan khae; (2) Mang luoi lien he: tir ca nhan cua mang luai lien ket voi ca nhan cua mang luai khac; (3) Mang luai dgc lap: moi nhom la mgt mang luai dgc lap Hon niia, eac tae gia cho rang, khong the noi mang luai hem mang lucri khac (Borgatti, 2011) Khai niem mang luai xa hpi co lien quan mat thiet vai von xa hpi Theo Rowson va cpng su, von xa hpi dugc eac nha xa hpi hpc, chinh tri hpc, kinh te hpc sir dung dam chat ly thuyet thi viec nghien ciiu mang luai xa hpi lai co tinh kinh nghiem, ung dung va cho rang mang luai xa hpi can thiet doi voi von xa hgi (Rowson va cgng su, 2010, tr 7) Khi tong quan tai lieu cua Coleman, Le Nggc Himg cho biet, tac gia da xay dung mo hinh t6ng hgp mang luai ba nguai hinh tam giac, ba dinh cua tam giac chinh la von xa hpi, ducmg ket noi ba dinh ay chinh la mang luoi xa hpi Tir cau tnic don gian do, co thS phat triin ciu tnic tdng hgp mang luai xa hpi Mo hinh tong hpp cho thay, von nguai la tap hgp cae nang luc tdn tai moi ca nhan, nhom, to chirc va the hien hing diu m6i ciia cae quan he xa hpi V6n xa hpi t6n tai timg quan he giiia cae ca nhan, nhom, to chiic, tiic la quan he xa hgi giiia eac diu moi mang luoi xa hpi ciia nguoi Can cii vao quy mo ciia nhom co the phan biet mang luoi xa hgi vi mo voi dac tnmg la tap hgp cae quan he xa hpi nhom nho va mang luai xa hpi vT mo dua vao nhiing quan he nhom Ion hay eong d6ng xa hgi (Din theo Le Ngpc Hung, 2008, tr 45-54) Xae dinh vai tro nghien ciru mang luai xa hpi, Rowson va cpng su cho rang, ciu tnic xa hgi, dii ca nhan hay tap thg dhu co m6i lien he, nlu hieu biet dupe moi quan he VuangXiail!!!!^ _ ^ ,—-— ylu - tire han chi l,an kit xa ho, eua ca nhan va cong d6ng, se gop phan « " J ' ^ ^ ' phap nang cao co hoi nghi ngh,ap cho ho Qua ngh,en cuu, eiing eo the b,at d u « nh ^^ ^^ xu, quan dilm va phan xa xa hoi, do phuc vu dae lue cho eae chinh sach cong • P hiiu bilt m6i l,an he va cae ehuyin b,an g,a tri xa hp, cDng nhtr tag xu se l,uong can mo, vl xay dung chinh sach, va, mue dieh du mpt can ,h,ep nho nhung tao nen Idch Ion qua anl, huang cua mang luai, Cdc tae g,a eon cho biet, ngh.an em, ™»"S ™ ' '^^ hoi CO y nghTa vo, xa ho, rong Ion, vi mang lua, xa hpi la ea sa eua von xa ho, Thong mang luo, xa hoi se giup xae djnh vl t6 ehue cua eong dong, gop phan xay Jur.g ch,en luge thue dly su trng xu va tham gia Tom lai,totocmgvl mang luoi xa hoi cung lAu ve cae ta, san vln tai san xa hoi, ta, san eong la nhung dilm quan de ehung ta suy ngh, ve chmh sach tao lap cpng ding ml, quan he than thien nhu the nao va can xay dung cae chitang hinh tra giup sao, Quan d,lm neu tren duac cae tac gia ung dung ngh,en cuu a New Cross Gate, mpt cpng ding phia dong nam thi, London - nai l