Tri giác dân tộc ở vùng đồng bằng sông cửu long

TRI GIAC DAN IOC VUNG DONG BANG SONG CLJU LONG GS.TS VQ Dung Vien Tdm ly hoc TOM TAT Tri giac dan Ipcla mot dang Iri gidc xd hoi, thi Men sic nhdn thitc, hieu biet cua chu the vi nguai khdc, nhom (dan toe) khac hay chinh ban than (dan toe) ho Bdi viet duae thuc Men dua tren kit qua khao sat 1.239 nguai dan vd hoc sinh tning hoc thong thuoc dan toe Kinh Khmer Hoa, Cham sinh sSng tai tinh/thdnh tren dia ban dfmg bing Song Ctiu Long Kit qua nghien ethi cho thdy, dai da sS nhUng nguai duae hoi ddnh gid tdt vi dan tQc khdc CM s6 the_ Men^ quan he giUa cdc dan toe la tich cue Kit qua phong van sdu cho thdy, sir hieu biet, ddnh gid tich cue ciia dan toe vi la kit qua ciia tinh long nghia xom, cua su tuang tra vd giup da Idn giUa cdc dan toe Cdc dan toe tic ddnh gid ve minh cao han vd tdt han cdc dan 16c khdc ddnh gid vi ho Day Id mot dac thit cua tri gidc xd hoi Cdc dan toe duae khao sat ddnh gid vi hiiu biit phong tuc tap quan, tinh each dan toe, kinh nghiem sdn xudt, lam an cua a mice tdt Co gdn mot nica s6 nguai duae hoi ddnh gid a miic tot hiiu biit ba khia canh cua cdc dan toe khdc Tir khoa: Tri gidc; Ddn toe, Dong bdng Song Cuu Long Ngdy nhdn bdi: 1/4/2019; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: 25/4/2019 Bat van de Bong bang Song Cilu Long (con goi la Tay Nam Bp) la khu vuc g6m 12 tinh va mot true thupc Trung uong Do la: Long An, Ti^n Giang, VTnh Long, Ben Tre, Dong Thap, Tra Vinh, An Giang, Can Tho, Hau Giang, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Kien Giang, Ca Mau Dan so viing dong bang Song Ciiu Long c6 17.191.470 nguoi VCing dong bang Song Ctiu Long la nci sinh s8ng eua 55 dan toe, c6 dan toe c6 so dan dong nhSt la: Kinh, Khmer, Hoa, Cham (T6ng cue Thong ke, 2010) Tong dien tich dat tir nhien ciia Tay Nam Bp la 3.980.000ha Trong qua trinh xay dung va phat trien kinh te - xa hoi viing dong bang S6ng Ciiu Long, eae dan toe luon luon ke vai, sat canh ben nhau, doan ket, hap tae vdi nhau, chia se, giup Ian Trong qua trinh boat dong chung vi muc tieu xay dirng, phat trien viing dong bang Song Cilu Long noi rieng va dit TAPCHITAM LyHOC, S6 (242), - 2019 nircrc noi chung, cac dan toe hiiu bi6t ve nhau, danh gia de t?io dieu L cho giao tilp va hpp tae vai t6t han Bai yilt phan tich mot khia ca tam ly dai s6ng cila cac dan tpc viing dong bang Song Ciiu Long, tri giac dan tpc Bai vidt diigc rut tit kit qua cua dl tai nghien ciiu khoa no doc lap cSp Nha nude: Nhimg ddc diim tdm ly ca ban cua cong dong nguai^ Tay Nguyen, Toy Nam Bo vd dnh huang cua chung din su phat trien kinh texS hoi a khu vtrc GS.TS Vu Dung lam chti nhiem, Vien Tarn ly hoc la ca quan chu tri Khach the va phu-ffng phap nghien ctiu Nghien ciiu duae tiln hanh bang phuang phap dilu tra bang bang hoi va phong vin sau T6ng s6 khach thI nghien ciiu la 1.239 ngut)i (trong do, khao sat djnh lupmg bang bang hoi 1.008 nguoi dan, 166 hoc sinh trung hoc thong va phong vin sau 65 nguoi dan) thupc dan tpc Kinh, Khmer, Hoa, Cham sinh scng tai tinh thupc Dong bang Song Ctiu Long Dia ban khao sat va phan b6 mSu theo cac dan tpc cua 1.008 nguoi dan duae the hien tai bang va bang duoi day: Bdng 1: Cdc dia diem khdo sat TT Tinh/thanh I Can Tha Soc Trang Tra Vinh Kien Giang Quan/huvcn CaDo Xa/thi tran Dinh Mon Quan Mon Chau Van Liem Long Phu Tan Hu'ng VTnh Chau VTnJi Phuac TraCu Phu'oc Hung Chau Thanh Chau Thanh Chau Thanh Minh Hoa Minh Lu'ang An Giang Tan Chau Chau Phong Ca Mau Thai Binh Tan Loc Le Chanh Tong so tmh/thanh quan/huycn 11 xa/thi tran TAP CH[ JAM L? HOC, S6 (242), 5-2019 Bdng 2: Phan bo mau khdo sat theo ddn toe TT Dan toe Soluang Ty le % Kinh 445 44,2 Khmer 353 35,0 Hoa 124 12,3 Cham 86 8,5 1.008 100 Tong so Ngoai ra, nghien ciiu da tien hanh dieu tra bang bang hoi tren 166 hpc sinh thu6c dSn tpc Kinh, Khmer, Cham, Hoa cua tirrang thong Minh Hoa (xa Minh Hoa, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh Kien Giang) va tnrcmg thong Chau Phong (xa Chau Phong, huyen Tan Chau, tinh An Giang) Dac diem nhan khiu cila 1.239 ngudi thuoc dan tpc tham gia khao sat dupe the hien bang s6 lieu tai bang Bdng 3: Ddc diem nhdn khdu cua nhung nguai tham gia khdo sat TT Tieu chi Gicri tinh Bac diem nhan khau Tuoi 57,3 Nii 528 42,7 Trinh dp hoc v5n L239 Ducfi 35 tu6i 444 35,8 Tir 35-54 tuoi 527 42,5 Tir 55 tuoi trolen 268 21,7 Tong so Tyle% 711 Tofig so So lirffng Nam L239 Khong biet chD 136 10,9 Tieu hoc 456 36,8 THCS 387 31,3 THPT 231 18,6 Cao dang, dai hoc 29 2,4 Tong so TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, S (242), - L239 S6 lieu bang tren cho thAy, da s6 khach t h I d u p e khao sat la nam g""; s6 nguai khao sat a tu6i tir 35 - 54 c h i l m ty le cao nhSt NhQng ngu^i Khmer Trung binh khac biet 0,268*** Hoa> Khmer 0,237* Kinh > Khmer 0,272*** Cham > Khmer 0,306* Kinh> Khmer 0,226*** Biet cham soc vat nuoi, cay dung ky thuat Kinh> Khmer 0,240*** Biet each tieu thu san pham lam Kinh > Khmer 0,210*** Biet ma rong quy mo san xuat Kinh> Khmer 0,338*** I loa > Khmer 0,443*** Ghichii: *:p< 0,05: •••.•;> < 0.001 Mpt khia canh niia thi hien nang lire san xuat cua ngudi dan viing ddng bang Sdng Ciiu Long la vice sir dung cac loai giong cay Viing ddng bang Sdng Cilu Long da sdm hinh mpt tap doan gidng phong phu gdm hang TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So (242), 5-2019 tram loai gidng dia phuang, mdi loai thich hpp vdi dieu kien dat dai, hau, thuy van eiia viing Trudc nam 1965, cac gidng Ilia dupe san xuat d vung ddng bang Sdng Cim Long phin Idn la giong Ilia npi dia, nang suat khong cao (binh quan tinAa) Nam 1964 - 1965, mien Nam da nhap khau gidng ma Taichung-1 va Taichung-65 eua Dai Loan cd nang suat cao ban, cd the cho nang suit binh quan tinrtia Tir nam 1966, mien Nam da nhap cac gidng lua lai cd nang suit cao, cho nang suit len tdi - tan/ha vao miia m u a va 10 - 11 tin/ha vao raiia khd (Vien Khoa hpc xa hoi tai Ho Chi Minh, 1980) Khi phan tich v l san xuit ndng nghiep, nhit la san xuat l u a n g thuc d m i l n N a m vdng 20 nam (1955 - 1975), Dang Phong eung ed nhan xet, san xuit lua gao d miln Nam 20 nam da ed tiru quan trpng v l mat ky thuat: sii dung phan bdn, sir dung may mdc san xuat, van chuyen va sir dung g i l n g mdi (Dang Phong, 2004, trang 230) Cd t h i ndi, viec sir dung phan hiiu ca, may mdc ndng nghiep va gidng mdi da t h i hien mpt tu tiln bp va nang lire t l chiic san xuat tdt ciia ngudi dan viing ddng bang Sdng Ciiu Long trudc day Cac ylu to ddng vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi nang lye san xuat ciia ngudi dan viing dong bang Sdng Ciiu Long hien Viec su dung phan bdn, may mdc, gidng mdi da trd thdi quen, yeu cau ciia ngudi ndng dan viing san xuat ndng nghiep Tir ket qua bang 10 cho thay, d tat ca cac boat dpng cua llnb vuc san xuat ndng nghiep, dan tpc Khmer danh gia ban than kern han so vdi cac dan tpc khac Chang ban, danh gia chung ve nang luc san xuit ngudi Khmer danh gia minh kem hon ngudi Kinh (muc khac biet = 0,26 va p < 0,001) va kem ngudi Hoa (miic khac biet = 0,23 va p < 0,05) d khu vuc Tay Nam Bp, ngudi Kinh chu y l u sing bing nghl ndng va boat ddng san xuit ndng nghifp cua ngudi Kinh kha da dang nhu: trdng lua cay an qua, nudi gia siic, gia cam, nudi tring thuy san va cd mpt bp phan budn ban, lam n g b l thii cdng Trong dd, ngudi Khmer chu ylu sdng bing n g h l ddc canh cay liia d eae viing ngap man Cdn ngudi Hoa chi cd mpt bp phan r i t nhd sdng bang ndng nghiep Song hp lai chu y l u trdng hoa mau Ngudi Cham khdng sdng bang ndng nghiep va danh bit thuy san ma chii ylu sing b i n s nghe thii cdng, budn ban ^ N h u vay, so sanh giira dan tpc d viing d i n g bing Sdng Ciru Lona thiy, chi cd dan tpc Kinh va Khmer cbii y l u s i n g b i n g nghl none tro iV nang lire va hieu qua san xuit eua ngudi Kinh t i t han so vdi ngudi Kh "^ H ngudi Khmer chu yeu s i n g bang ddc canh cay liia va hieu qua san xuit th^^"^ 14 TAP CH[TAMLYHOC,Sl5(242),5-2019 Ket luan Dai da sd gia dinh ciia dan tpc dupe khao sat (Kinh, Khmer, Hoa, Cham) danh gia tdt ve dan tpc khac Chi sd thi hien quan he giiia cac dan tpc la tich cue Ket qua phdng van sau cho thiy, su hiiu biit, danh gia tich cue cua dan tpc ve la ket qua ciia tinh lang nghia xdm, ciia sir tuong trp va giiip Iin giiia cac dan tpc Cac dan tpc tu danh gia ve minh cao hon va tdt ban cac dan tpc khac danh gia ve hp Day la mot dac thii cua tri giac xa hdi Khi chii thi tri giac thudng tu danh gia ve minh cao ban cai ma minh cd hoac cao hon ngudi khac danh gia ve chu the dd Cac dan tpc dupe khaa sat danh gia ve hieu biet phong tuc tap quan, tinh each dan tpc, kinh nghiem san xuat, lam an cua d miic dp tdt Cd gan mpt nira sd ngudi dupe hdi ty danh gia rang, minh da hieu biet tdt ve ba khia canh ciia cac dan tdc khac Cd kboang gan mpt nira sd ngudi dupe hdi cho rang, gia dinh minh cd kha nang kha tdt ve san xuit ndng nghiep Trong cac linh vuc cua san xuat ndng nghiep thi cac dan tpc cd kha nang tdt nhat la tieu thu san pham, sau dd den viec biet lya chpn, cham sde vat nupi, cay trdng phii hpp Tai lieu tham khao Trin Kim Dung (2001) Nong thon Nam Bp qud trinh cong nghiep hoa Tap chi Cong san Sd 15 Vu Dung (2009) Tdm ly hoc ddn Ipc NXB Tir diln Bach khoa Ha Noi Trin Thi Thu Luang (1994) Chi dp sa hiiu vd canh tdc ruong ddt a Nam Bp nita diu thi ky XIX NXB Thanh phi Hi Chi Minh Trucmg Luu (1993) Van hoa Khmer viing ding bdng Song Cm Long NXB Van hda dan tpc Ha Npi Son Nam (1974) Cd tinh miin Nam Dong Pho Dang Phong (2004) Kinh ti miin Nam Viet Nam thai ky 1955 - 1975 NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi Ha Npi Thach Phuang, H6 Le, Huynh Lira, Nguyen Quang Vinh (1992) Van hoa ddn gian nguai Viet a Nam Bp NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Npi Ting cue Thing kc (2010) Tpng Biiu Ira Ddn sd vd Nhd a Viet Nam nam 2009 Kit qud loan bp NXB Thing kc Ha Npi 10 Vien Khoa hpc xa hoi tai phi Hd Chi Minh (1980) Kinh ti vd xd hoi vimg dong bdng Song Ciru Long TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (242), 5-2019 ... ngliien ciru Tri giac dan tpc (hay gpi la tri giac giua cac dan tpc) la dang tri g'^*^ xa hoi, tri giac giiia eae nhom xa hoi (dan tpc) Khai n i e m tri giac xa hoi dW*^ nha tam ly hpc My G Brund... (Va Dung, 2009) Tri giac giaa cac dan tpc la h i i u b i i t v a danh gia ctla cac dan tpc v l qua trinh giao tilp va chung song vol Ben canh tri giac giiia cac dan toe ve thi tri giac dan tpc... nam 1947 d l giai thich tinh quy lu?' xa hoi cua tri giac va sit phu thupc cua tri giac vao kinh nghiem cu, muc dicn, chu dinh cua chu thI Sau nay, tri giac xa h6i dupe quan niem n h u la nhan thuc