TAP GHJ CONG THUdNG DA DANG HOA THU NHAP VA VAI TRO CAC HOAT DONG PHI NONG NGHIEP CUA NONG HQ CI VUNG DONG BANG SONG ClTU LONG • LE CONG TAM T6MTAT: Bai viet tdng quan toan bd ly thuyet ve da dang hoa thu nhap vk vai tro c6a cac hoat d6ng phi nong nghidp cua c5c nong ho tai khu vtfc d6ng bang s6ng Cihi Long Dtfa trdn cd s6 ly thuye't de di/a m6 hinh nghi6n ciju thich hdp vdi de tki va la ti^n de de tien hanh di sSu phSn tich, tim cac nhSn to inh hifSng den viec da dang hda thu nhap cua ngUdi dan tai viing dong bang song Ciki Long Tuf khoa: Thu nhSp, phi nong nghi$p, nong h6, d^ng bling song Cftu Long D$t va'n de Tic sau gia nhap WTO, nen kinh te Viet Nam da dat difdc nhiJng ket qua dang khich le nhif t6'cdp tang tru'Sng kinh te trung binh 10 nam dat 7,2%, xua't khau tang nhanh nam 2011 dat 96.91 ty USD, tang 36% so vdi nam trtfdc [15] Dac biet, khu vrfc dong bang song Citu Long (DBSCL) vdi di&n tich da't canh tac nong nghiep va th^y san cua vung chu'a tdi 30% cua ca nirdc nhimg mien T3y lai dong gdp hdn 50% dien lich Ilia, 71% dien tich nuoi thuy san, 30% gia tri san xua't nong nghiep va 54% san lifdng thuy san cua ca nu'dc [15] To'c dp tang trifdng kinh te nam 2019 vung dat 7,9% cao hdn so vdi ca nu'dc 6,76% gop phan lam thu nhap cua cac nong ho tai day khong ngCfng tang len nhd vao viec da dang hoa cac nguon thu nhSp tif linh vifc ndng nghiep nhu" nu6i thuy san, cac hoat dong dich vu nong nghiep, Tuy nhien, thifc te, cd ca'u kmh te cl vung DBSCL v3n nhieu bat cap NSm 2003, nganh sJn xua't nong, lam ngif nghiep van chiem ty 52 So 16-Thdng7/20:?0 Idn cd ca'u kinh te vdi 28% GDP, chiem m6t ty Idn Dieu cho thay, cac hoat ddng phi nong nghiSp vkn chifa giif mot vai tro tifdng xiJng vdi tiem nang cda no, thu nhSp tCf hoat dpng phi nong nghiep chiem ty nho, nguyen nhan cac van de ve dau tif, san xuS't, nguon nhan life vk tieu dung lam cho thu nhap cua cac nong hp cl DBSCL thu nhap binh quan la 3,588 trieu dong/ngu'di/thang so vdi vung Dong Nam Bp la 5,709 trieu dong/ngUdi/thang {Tong cue Thong k£, 2019) Nguyen nhSn chu ye'u la sinh kecua ngi/cfi dan d dSy da phan difa vao hoat ddng nong nghifip Vl vay, de nang cao thu nhap cho cac ndng hfl d vung DBSCL, ngUdi dan c^n phai da dang hoa cac nguon thu nhap tif nong nghiep va phi nong nghiep nhif tang cifdng boat ddng nudi thuy san, phat trien du lich va cac ng,\ ^ dich vu cao nhkm day nhanh qua trinh hie i hda ndng ^ ^ kjiu vifc nghiep ndng thdn Viet Nam ndi DBSCL ndi rieng Dieu se ;„ y^g ^^i nghiep phdt trien kinh te gian ^j (j^jg^ ddi sd'ng, on dinh xa hdi vun^ KINH TE Cd sd ly thuyet 2.1 Cdc khdi ni$m Ndng ho: La nhffng hd gia dinh vffa tham gia sdn xuat nong nghidp, vffa tham gia cac hoat dong phi ndng nghidp Vay ndng hd bao g6m cac hd gia dinh mk chi3 hp la nhffng ngffdi tham gia san xua't ndng nghiep, ndng dSn, nhffng ngffdi lam viec d6ngan Da dang hda thu nhap: La sif gia tang sd' Iffdng cdc nguon thu nhap tff cac boat ddng phi ndng nghidp tdng thu nhap cua nong hp Dd chinh la thu nhap tff cac hoat ddng cac nganh san xuat thiJ nhS't, thiJ hai va thff ba he thdng tai khoan qudc gia Nhffng ndng hd cd viec da dang hda thu nhap difdc xem la ho ndng dan khdng thuan tiiy v^ ngifdc lai la hp nong dan thuan Cac ngudn thu nhap cua ndng hd: - Thu nhSp ndng nghiep: la cac ngudn thu nhap tff tS't c^ cdc hoat dpng ndng nghidp, nhff: trot, chan nudi, thuy san, - Thu nh|p phi ndng nghiep bao gdm tS't ca cac ngudn Idi nhuan mang lai tff hoat dong phi ndng nghiep, nhff: tidn Iffdng va cac thu nhap khac mang lai tff vide thue mffdn lao dpng nong nghiep, khai thac, san xua't, dich vu va cac hoat ddng khac Ngo^i ra, cdn co cac ngudn thu nhSp khac, nhff: trd cefp, tien thffdng, 2.2 Cd s& ly thuyet 2.2.1 Ly thuyet ccf bdn cua hanh vi nong ho Theo nghien cffu cua Chayanov (1920) cho thay r^ng cdc ndng ho cd sff danh ddi giffa hai muc tieu la thu nhSp va da dang hda thu nhap Nguydn nhan chinh tao sff danh ddi la vi tri dia ly cdc ndng hp sinh sdng, dac biet la sd' Iffdng va th&nh phdn cua ndng hd Didu cho thay rang, vide SIS' dung quyet dinh l^m nong nghidp hay phi ndng nghiep hoan toan phu thupc vao dac trffng ciia ndng hd Trong md hinh cung chi ring cdc ndng hd ludn td'i da hda Idi nhuan chi phi cd hoi cua thdi gian lao ddng bang vdi gia tri sdn Iffdng bien cua lao ddng 2.2.2 Mo hinh cua Barnum-Suire Md hinh xem ndng hd vffa la ngffdi san xuS't, vffa la ngffdi tieu dung Trong md hinh nay, Bamum-Suire dffa cac gia dinh sau: > Co mdt thi trffdng lao dpng chi cd Iffdng dd'i vdi cdc boat ddng phi ndng nghiep ma cac ndng hd ed > M6i ndng hd cd phan didn tich da't cd dinh > Thdi gian cho cac cdng viec nha va thdi gian nhan rdi la gid'ng nhau, thffdng ngffdi ndng dan thich l^m viec nha hdn > Vide Iffa ehpn giffa tieu dung cac san pham chinh minh lam va ban cac san pham cua minh dd mua cdc san ph£m khac la quan trpng dd'i vdi ndng hd > Bd qua nhffng rui ro Chayanov va Bamum-Suire cho rang, cdc ndng hp de td'i da hda mffc dd hffu dung thi phai giai quy^t van de: San xua't, tieu dung va sff dung thdi gian Chung dffde phan anh ham san xuS't Vay dieu kien can bang ve san xua't va tieu dung cua md hinh nhff sau: - Nang suat lao ddng bidn bang vdi ty Id Iffdng va nang suat lao dpng bien cua cdc ye'u td'd^u vao khde bdng vdi gid trung binh cua cac yeu to' d^u vao - Ty Id thay thd' bien giffa nhffng edp vS'n de tren, vi du cdng vide nha (Tz) dd'i vdi san pham ehinh minh lam (C), cdng vide nha (Tz) dd'i vdi tieu dung hang hda tren th; trffdng (M) va tieu dung sdn pham chinh minh lam (C) ddi vdi tieu dung hang hda tren thi trffdng (M) bang ty Id gid ca ciia chung (W/p , W/m, p/m) Dd td'i da hda hffu dung thi cdc ndng hp phai quye't dinh phan chia thdi gian ciia minh va eac hoat ddng (lam ndng vdi hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep; lam thud va thue mffdn lao dong, tieu dung san pham chinh minh lam va tieu dung hang hda tren thi trffdng) Ndng hp dffa cdc quye't dinh khdng chi phu thupc vao cac dac trffng cua ho (so' nhan khau va ca'u true hd), ma cdn phu thuoc vao sff thay ddi gia cdc ye'u tddau vao - dau ra, gid cua san pham va ty le Iffdng trdn thi trffdng 2.2.i Cdc yeu to dnh hudng den da dang hoa thu nhap Da dang hda thu nhap khdng ddng nghia vdi sff da dang hda smh ke Da dang hda thu nhSp la qud trinh ma cac ndng hd xay dffng mdt ngudn thu da dang tff cac hoat ddng nham cai thidn ddi sd'ng cua hd, hd trd xa hoi va quan ly rui ro Viec tao thu nhap la mot nhffng phan ciia chie'n Iffdc sinhke[8] Barrett et al (2001) dffa nhffng ddng cd dau tidn goi la "ye'u to' day" nhff: giam thieu rui ro So 16-Thang 7/2020 53 TAP CHi GONG THIfdNG giam bdt ye'u td' dff thffa viec sff dung lao ddng, chdng lai khung hoang hoac ban chd' khoan, Ddng cd thff hai dffde dffa bao gdm cac "yd'u td' keo": thffe hien bd sung chien Iffdc giffa cdc hoat ddng, chang han nhff hdi nhap cay trdngvai nudi, xay xat va san xuat Cdc nghien cffu cho chung ta thfi'y nhffng nguyen nhan chu ye'u khid'n cdc ndng hd da dang hda thu nhap la: Vu mua san xua't: Theo Ellis (1998), miia vu la mdt nhffng nhan to tao thu nhap chinh cua ndng dSn, nd thay ddi theo thdi gian Nen mua vu dffde coi nhff la mdt tai san thay ddi theo thdi gian va cac ndng hd phan ffng vdi vide thay ddi vu mCia bang cdch da dang hda thu nhdp Rui ro: Rui ro la mdt nhan td' quan trpng vide da dang hda thu nhap eua ndng hd [9] Chid'n Iffdc giam thieu rui ro dffde cdc ndng hd dffa difa trdn nhffng ddnh gid cd nhan va mffc dp riii ro tdc ddng dd'n thu nhlip cua hp, vi vay hp tie'n hanh da dang hda thu nhdp Thi trffdng lao dpng: Cdng vide cua thi trffdng lao ddng ndng nghiep dffpc chii trpng, nhidn theo Ellis (2000) lai quan tam de'n mot sd' dieu kidn ma thi trffdng lao ddng phai chiu: dieu kien lam vide, khu vffc lam vide, chi phi giao dich va quy dinh cua Chinh phu Nhffng nhan td' ndy se tdc ddng de'n cung va cau lao ddng, do se tac ddng dd'n da dang hda thu nhap Di eff: Theo Ellis (2000) di eff la hien tffdng ma mdt hoac nhieu vien gia dinh phai rdi bd gia dinh ciia hp mdt thdi gian nha't dinh va nd lffc tim vide lam va tai san mdi Khi hidn tffdng xay lam cho so Iffdng ngffdi ndng hd lam cdng viec ndng nghidp thay ddi tff dd lam eho ca'u true ndng hd thay doi dan dd'n ca'u true thu nhaip cu cua ndng hp thay doi va sff da dang hda thu nhap ciia hd se xay Vi vay, di eff khdng nhffng la mdt nhdn to lam da dang hda thu nhSp ma cd md'i quan he mat thie't vdi thj trffdng lao ddng khu vffc dd 2.3 Cdc nghien cvtu triidc Ke't qua tff cdc nghien cffu dffde thffe hien bdi Piesse Simister va Thirtle (1998) cho thay, vung sau vung xa, eac ngudn thu nhap phi ndng nghiep lam tang ba't binh ddng thu nhap nhiftig khu vffc dd thi nd lai lam giam sff bat binh dang thu nhap 54 So 16-Thang 7/2020 Kinsey, Burger, va Gunning (i ''^)^ oghidn cffu da dang hda thu nhap d Zimbabwe, hp tie'n hanh khao sdt 400 hp tdi dinh erf ndng thdn Zimbabwe 13 nam va nhan tha'y rang da dang hda thu nhap la mot chien Irfdc dd'i phd dffde sff dung thdi gian han hdn Nghien cffu thffe nghiem cd mot sd ban che' nhff sau: Thff nhat nghidn cffu it tap trung vao vai trd ciia da dang hda thu nhdp mdi trffdng thj Hd ngheo d khu vffc dd thi cung gap phai mdt sd' rui ro tffdng tff nhff cac hd d ndng thdn, chang ban nhff sff thay doi tra cong lao ddng, tha't bai thi tnfdng, va nhffng nii ro dieu chinh cd ca'u va thay ddi chinh sdch kinh td' Thff hai, nghien cffu sff dung ty le thu nhap phi ndng nghiep nhff mpt chi so' dai dien cho sff da dang hda thu nhap Chi sd ra^t khd de Iffdng, ddi hdi sff tinh toan chinh xdc ve mffc dp thu nhap tff cdc hoat ddng ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep Nghien cffu d Ethiopa va Tanzani dffde ihffc hien bdi Dercon va Krishnan (1996) va nghien cffu khao sdt tai An Dp thffe hidn bdi Micevska va Rahut (2008), tim thay kd't qua Iffdng tff Cd'u tnic hd gia dinh dffdng nhff anh hffdng nhieu hdn ve chie'n Iffdc da dang hda Dau tien, quy md hp cd mdt tdc dpng tich cffc va hieu qua trdn quye't dinh da dang hda eac hoai ddng ndng nghidp Tid'p de'n, mdt life Iffdng lao ddng nam Idn cd lidn quan den mdt xac sua't cao hdn ve da dang hda phi ndng nghidp dia phffdng va anh hffdng de'n vide di eff T.Q.Trung va N.T.Tung (2008) sff dung dff lieu VHLSS 1993, 1998, 2002 de phan tich nhidu tdc ddng gian tie'p ciia tff hda thffdng mai ve hoat dpng kinh doanh va hanh vi cua cdc doanh nghiep dia phffdng hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep bd'i canh bie'n ddi mdi trffdng kinh td' lai Viet Nam thdi gian qua Remco H Oostendorp, T.Q Trung va N.T Tiing (2009) cd ket luan tffdng tff vdi nghien cffu cua Pham Thai Hffng (2007) bdng each sff dung dff lipu tff VHLSS nam 1993, 1998, 2002 vdi md hinh hdi quy logistic Life Iffdng lao ddng ndng thdn da dffde da dang hda vide lam phi ndng nghiep va cdc linh vffc phi ndng nghiep da trd ngudn vide lam quan trpng nhat dd'i vdi dan eff ndng thdn ben ngoai ndng nghiep Gidi tinh dp tudi va gido due dffde xem nhff la cac nhan id anh hffdng chinh den sff da dang hda phi ndng nghidp KINH TE Phrfdng phap nghidn ctfu va mo hinh nghidn cii^ 3.1 Phiidngphdp ngkiin ciiu Phan loai thu nhap: Thu nhap cua ngffdi ndng dan rat da dang, do de ddn gidn viec phan tich dff lieu, nghien cffu tie'n hanh phan chia cac ngudn thu nhdp nhff sau: thu nhdp tff cdc cdng viec ndng nghidp, thu nhdp tff cdc hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep va thu nhap khdc Da dang hda: Theo cde nghidn cffu trffdc day, 6,21% cdc hd ndng ddn chi phu thupc vao mdt ngudn thu nhap, 65,39% cde hp ndng ddn se cd hoac ngudn thu nhdp (VHLSS, 2008) Viec da dang hda giiip cho cdc hd ndng dan trdnh dffde cac cii sdc ve kinh te So' Iffdng cdc ngudn thu nhap cua mdt ndng hp thffdng phu thudc vao cac nhan to' sau: - Cung lao ddng cua ndng hd cang Idn thi cdc hd dd cang da dang hda cac ngudn thu nhap Dieu cd nghia la dieu kidn cdc yd'u to' khdc khdng thay ddi, ndng hd cd nhidu ngffdi trffdng thi se cd nhieu ngudn thu nhap khdc - So' Iffdng ngudn thu nhap khdng phu thupc vao ty le ddng gdp ma phu thudc vao sd' Iffdng nganh nghe Do dd nghien cffu se dffa vao chi sd'can bang Shannon de xdc dinh cdc ngudn ihu nhap cua mot ndnghd Chi sd' Shanno dd dang Iffdng tinh todn cdc boat ddng phi ndng nghidp ddng gdp vao tdng thu nhap thffe td' cua ndng hd tff rat nhieu ngudn thu nhdp khdc va cho bie't thu nhdp tff cdc boat dpng phi ndng nghidp cang Idn thi ndng hd dd cang da dang hda Cdng thffe xdy dffng chi sd Shanno [13]: H[neoai