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26 ?i Bui Thf Bich Lan CAC HOATfiONGPHI NONG NGHIEP THON PO CAI: THV'C TR^NG VA NHUNG TAC DONG BOlTHIBfCHLAN Yeu can ciia su nghiSp cdng nghiSp hda, hien dai hda (CNH - HDH) dgt doi vdi viing dan t^c thiSu so (DTTS) d nudc ta li phii xiy dimg dugc tdng kinh te ky thugt hien dai; chuySn dich co cdu kinh tl theo hudng tang ^ trgng cdng nghiep, dich vu, thuang mai, giam ty trgng ndng nghiep; chuySn dich ca ciu ndng nghiSp theo hudng sin xuat hang hda Ban chat nin kinh tl truyin thdng cua phdn ldn cac DTTS mang tmh tu cdp, tu tuc Khi budc vao Ddi mdi, nSn kinh tl phii chuyin sang kmh tl hing hda nhilu phin Cimg vdi su chuyin ddi la tinh trgng gia ting dan sd, thu hep dien tich rdng, sir suy giim nhanh chdng chdt lugng ddt Trong bdi cinh dd, viec phat ttiSn, md rdng cic hogt dgng phi ndng nghiep la mgt hudng di diing ddn dl tan dung Iao ddng ndng nhan tiong ndng nghiep vi cii tiiiSn thu nhap cho ngudi din CJ nudc ta, phdn Idn eic nghien ciiu dan tge hgc/nhan hgc vl sinh kl tdc ngudi tii trudc tdi dugc tap trung vio hogt dgng ndng nghiep Trong nhihig nam gdn diy, vdi nSn kmh tl tiii tirudng, cae hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp dugc md rgng vi budc ddu cd vj tii ttong ca cdu kinh tl cua mdt sd tdc ngudi Vi tiie, cac nha nghien ciiu dang ddn chu y nhilu han din vin de M0t s6 cdng trinh da de cgp den sir chuySn biln co cdu kinh tl, chuyin bien nghe nghiSp d nong thdn dudi tac dgng ciia qua trinh dd thi hoa va CNH - HDH Trong m0t nghien ciiu vl ling ven d Ha Ndi, tac gia Nguyen Van Siiu phan tich kha cu thi nhiing tic ddng cua qui tiinh cdng nghiSp hda, dd tiii hda din smh ke cua ndng dan Viet Nam (Nguyin Van Suu, 2008) CQng tai hai xa vdn tiiudc ngoai Hi Ndi chuyen phudng, tii viec tim hieu ve qui trmh chuySn ddi co ciu nghi nghiep bi mit ddt san xuit, tic gia Trdn Hdng Yen d i lim rd dugc nhihig tiiach thiic dang d§t doi vdi ngudi din noi day (Trdn Hing Yin, 2009, tt 28-38) CJ mgt xi khac thugc ngoai Ha Ngi, ngudi ndng din khdng bj thu hep dat san xudt nhung sir gia ting co hdi vigc lam cho thu nhap cao hem nghS ndng nen qui trinh chuyen doi nghe nghiep ciing dang diln kha sdi dgng (Vu Thj Hda, 2012, tt 20-24) Tuong tu, bien ddi CO cau kinh te cua mgt dia phuang cu thi d ddng bdng sdng Hong trudc tic ddng cua qua tiinh CNH - HDH da dugc dS cap ttong mgt nghiSn cuu gdn day (Nguyen Van Tao, 2012, tt 39-47) Cic nghien ciiu tren diu cd chung nhan dinh ring, CNH - HDH dang mang Igi su chuyin biln tich circ; song tii d6 ciing dJit khdng it nhung vdn dl cin dugc Tgp ehi Ddn tdc hgc sd4&5 - 2015 quan tam trSn tit ci cac luih vuc ciia ddi sdng nhu phan tdng mu:c song, quan he gia dinh, te nan xa hgi Sir nghiSp CNH - HDH khdng tiiS thuc sir thinh cdng nlu nhihig van dk trSn khdng dugc giai quyet kip thdi 27 hang hda da cd nhilu khdi sdc d tat ci cic vung nuen v i cd tie dgng true tilp tdi sinh kl eda ngudi Tay d Pd Cgi Chinh sdch lien quan din ddt dai vd rimg Dit dai vdn li m0t loai tu lieu sin xuit Cd the nhan thdy, hau hit nhiing rat quan trgng v i cd su anh hudng ldn den nghien cthi diu tap trung vao khu vuc dd cac hoat dgng kinh tl - xa hgi d vung DTTS thi, cac phd ldn v i d din tdc chilm da va miln nui nudc ta Vi viy, ttong qua trinh sd Tren thuc te, mSc dii qua ttinh CNH - chuySn ddi nen kinh te tir tip tnmg bao cap HDH dien d vimg DTTS chua thi mgnh sang CO chi thi trudng, Ding v i Nhi nudc me v i siu sic bdng, nhung cung dang ddn da ban hinh nhilu chinh sach Idn lien quan Ian tda tdi mgi khia cgnh ddi sdng d timg den van de nay, anh hudng true tiep tdi sinh bin ling Da xudt hien khdng it nhiing tac kl ciia cic ndng hd ttSn dja ban ca nudc ndi ddng v i chuyen biSn mang tinh da chiSu tii chung va cua ngudi dan d thdn Pd Cgi ndi qua trinh d vimg DTTS, nhdt la doi vdi rieng Trong dd, cd the ke den Nghi dinh sd nhilng tdc ngudi cd trinh dd phit triln 64/CP ngiy 27/3/1993 cua Chmh phu vl tuang ddi cao Vi vgy, nghien ctiu tap Quy dinh viec giao dat ndng nghiSp cho hd trung tim hieu thuc trgng phit triln cac hogt gia dinh, c i nhin su dung dn dinh, lau dai ddng phi ndng nghiep d mgt lang ngudi Tay vao muc dich sin xuit ndng nghiSp; Nghi cu the ttong qua ttinh hdi nhip kinh tl, djnh 02 - CP 15/1/1994 vl ViSc giao budc ddu xem xet nhihig anh hudng va he dat cho td chiic, hg gia dinh, ca nhan sii luy cua qua trinh chuyin ddi niy din cic dung dn dinh, liu dii vao muc dich lam nghiep Quyen lam chu cua ngudi lao ITnh vuc vin hda, xa hgi dgng vdi ddt vi rdng dugc khdng dinh da Boi canh ddi va phat trien cua thiic ddy san xuit ndng Iim nghiSp, phit cic hoat dong phi ndng nghifp trien kinh tl - x i hdi Tuy nhiSn, diSn tich Nin kinh te thi tru&ng Nhiing nam ddt ndng nghiep dang mdt suy giam diu tiiip nien 1980, trudc su khiing hoang tgp quan canh tac ciing nhu mgt sd chinh ciia he thdng hgp tic xa tten toan qudc, hang sach vS dit dai nSu ttSn ThiSu dat sin xuat logt cac cii cich vl mat chinh sach da dugc cdng vdi tinh ttang gia ting din sd da budc Nhi nudc ban hanh 10 nim sau Doi mdi, he ngudi dan phai tinh kl muu sinh ngoii sin thdng hgp tac xa ndng nghiSp lam an kem xudt nong nghiep hieu qui da ddn bi xda bd, quyen sd hiiu tu Chinh sdch m& cira biin gi&i Nam lieu san xudt eda ngudi dan dugc phuc hii va nin kinh te tiii trudng dugc khuyen khich 1978, Tnmg Qudc thuc hiSn cdng cudc cai phat tiiln Mdi hd ndng din dugc giao each md cica, tiSp dd, nim 1986, sir nghiep quyen sii dung dat va dugc tu lira chgn hS Ddi mdi d ViSt Nam ciing dugc bit diu Vdi thing sin xuat cho gia dinh minh Vdi chii viec ky kit Ky yiu Hdi nghj ddng thuan truang md eda v i ting cudng hdi nhip, phat binh thudng hda quan he hai nudc nam triln kinh te, tinh hinh budn ban, trao ddi 1990, hiep dinh mgu dich Tnmg - Viet vi Biii Thj Bich Lan hiep djnh tgm tiidi vl viec xd ly cdng viSc bien gidi hai nudc nam 1991, quan hS Viet Trung da budc sang mgt ttang sd mdi Mdt sd chinh sach quan trgng ttong phat tiiSn vung bien gidi Viet - Tnmg cua Chinh phu da ddi, ttong dd co thS ke din Nghi quyet so 37-NQ/TW 1/7/2004 cua Bd Chinh tti vl Phuong hudng phit triSn kinh tS - xi hdi vi bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh vimg tnmg du va miSn niii Bdc Bd din nam 2010; Quyit djnh sd 120/2003/QD-TTg 11/6/2003 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu ve Phe duy?t Chien luge phat trien kinh tS - xa hdi tuyln bien gidi Viet - Tnmg den nam 2010; Quyet dmh so 115I/QD-TTg ngiy 30/8/2007 vl PhS duyet Quy hogch xiy dung vung blSn gidi Viet Trung din nim 2020 Tit cira khdu biSn gidi hai nudc dugc tai thdng thuong, ddi song cac tdc ngudi d khu virc da chiu nhung tic ddng nhat dinh Vdi ngudi din d Pd Cai, nim d vi tri thuan lgi vl giao thdng vdi mgt sd ciia khiu d biSn gidi Lgng Son nen mgi mat eda ddi sdng (nhdt la smh ke) ttong thdi gian qua da chiu nhiing tac dgng ding kl tii hoat ddng kinh te bien miu d khu vuc niy Tdc dpng cua ngudi Viet Dadi nhilu hmh tfiirc, tii nhihig nim diu thap nien 1960 din nay, ngudi Viet da tiln hanh nhilu dgt chuyen cu len miln mii phia Bic, ttong cd Lgng Son Din nay, ngudi Viet di khdng djnh dugc vai ttd tich cue ddi vdi su phat trien cua vimg Ddng Bic, lam thay ddi nhanh chdng bd mat ddi sdng kmh tl - x i hdi d khu vuc niy Hg khdng chi li tdm guong tiong lim kinh tl, ma cdn cd vai trd quan tigng ttong viec tgo moi trudng lam vi?c, tiiu hiit phdn ldn Iao dgng phi ndng nghiSp [Bui Xuin Dinh, Nguyen Nggc Thanh (Dong chu bien), 2013, tt 113-115], Thuc tl d Pd Cai cimg cho thdy, mgi hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp ma ngudi dan dang tham gia diu cd moi quan hS vdi ngudi ViSt trSn dia ban Cd sd hg tdng dupc ddu tu De gop phin dua sin xudt ndng nghiep viing DTTS va mien nui chuyin din sang sin xuit hing hda gin vdi thi trudng, Nha nudc da triln khai thuc hien hang loat cac chuong trinh, ttong cd dau tu ca sd tang Tir cac chuang trinh nay, d xa Gia Cat va huyen Cao Ldc, CO sd hg tdng dang ddn dugc hoan thien Dudng quoc Id 4B da dugc ning cap, giao thdng lien thdn, liSn xa dugc ddu tu chdng liy vi cang kiSn c6 hda Thon Pd Cai Iai nim d vj tti thuin tien cho vi^c giao luu, thdng thuong vdi cic khu kinh tl cua tinh, nhdt Ii cac cira khdu Viet - Trung' Dd la nhilng tiln dl quan ttgng giiip ngudi dan Pd Cai hdi nhgp vdi nSn kinh te thi trudng, md rgng co hgi tun kiem viec lam phi ndng nghiep CAc hoat dgng phi nong nghifp Giai dogn trudc Doi mdi, ngudn sinh kl chii yiu cua ngudi dan Pd Cgi la san xudt ndng nghiSp BSn cgnh ttdng ttgt, cic logi hinh kinh te khic nhu chan nudi, thu cong gia dinh, hii lugm v i sin bdn Ii nhdng hoat dgng khdng till thieu, mang ti'nh mua vu va bd ttg cho ttong ttgt Hien nay, nhim cai thien nguon thu nhgp, ngoai cac boat ddng sinh ke trayen thing, ngudi Tiy noi day tiiam gia mgt sd hoat ddng phi ndng nghifp Dudi day la nhiing hogt dgng phi ndng ' Thon Po Cai cdch duong qu6c Ip 4B: 3km, thdnh phfl Lang Son: 81an, cira khdu Dflng Ddng: 20kni, cua khdu Chi Ma: 25km, ciia khiu Cflc Nam: 27km, cixa khdu Huu N^j: 27km, cua khdu Pac Sdn: 35kni va ciia khdu Tan Thanh: 36km Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'4&5 - 2015 nghiep hiSn cd ttong cdng ddng ngudi Tay d thdn Pd Cai 2.1 Ldm thue 2.1.1 Ldm thui trongnuac Cic cdng viSc m i ngudi Tiy d thdn Pd Cai thudng lim thue gom: xay dung, hoc vac, cdng nhan d cic khu cdng nghiSp Cu the nhu sau: 2.1.1.1 Xay dung Cdng vifc niy hiSn thu hit kha nhilu lao dgng thdn (ci nam vi nii) Hg di tiieo cac tdp thg c6 dinh ngudi Kinh lam chii, dia dilm lim viec thudng la d tiianh phd Lgng Son vi cac huyen lin can (chi mdt vai ngudi lim d Hi Ngi) Thu nhip tiimg binh khoing 150.000 - 200.000 dong/ngay vi m^t biia in trua Mgt so trudng hgp di Iim xa nha ttong thdi gian dai, nhung m§i vio mda vu, hg vdn xin phep chd thau dugc nghi khoing - ngiy de ve phii giup gia dinh S6 lao ddng d thdn Pd Cgi tham gia cdng vifc cd xu hudng gia ting va ttd "phong trao" ttong nhiing nam gdn diy (xem Bang I) Bdng Lao dOng phi ndng nghiSp d thdn Pd Cai Cong viec S6 lao d9ng (ngu-M) 21 Ty Ie so v61 tong so lao dong phi nong nghifp (%) 23,1 Boc vac 17 18,7 Cong nhan khu cong nghiep 9,9 Ban hang, phuc vu nha hang 7,8 11 12,1 Xay dung Trong Lam nudc thu£ Qua Lam mia bien gioi Lam go Dich vu 7,8 Ban hang tap hoa 6,6 Van tai 6,6 Buon ban cliim canh 4,4 Xay xat 2,2 Bi-da 1,1 91 100 T6ng cgng Ngudn: Tu lieu diSn d i cua tac gii, 2014 Bui Thi Bich Lan 2.1.1.2 Boc vac Cudi nhihig nam 2000, dugc ngudi quen xa gidi thieu, mdt vai nien d thon Pd Cai da Uiam gia hoc vie d cac ciia khdu Cdng viec niy dang cang tiiu hiit nhilu lao dgng ttong thdn vdi mdt sd ly do: li loai lao ddng tu do, thu nhip kha cao (200.000 - 300.000 ddng/ngiy), noi lim vifc gin nha, tiidi gian lao ddng ngin ( - gid/ngay) Doi tugng tham gia hogt ddng niy la nam gidi tuoi Iao dgng, cd vii trudng hgp dang Ii hgc sinh, ttanh thii di lam dip nghi he de cd them thu nhgp cho gia dinh Cdng viec chu ySu li chuyen hang hoac xudng hang (vit liSu xiy dung, hoa qua ) cho cac cong ty, nha may ciia ngudi Kinh tten phd Lang Son hoac d cac eda khau Dgc biet, vao dot giap Tet NguySn din, nhu ciu sir dung Iao ddng van chuySn hang hoa tgi cac ctia khau rdt ldn nen hdu het nam gidi ttong tudi lao ddng d thdn dSu tham gia cdng viSc niy 2.1.1.3 Cdng nhin dcic khu cdng nghiep Ddu nhiing nam 2000, dugc ngudi quen gidi thieu, mdt sd nam gidi d thdn Pd Cai di lam cong nhan d cac khu cdng nghiSp (KCN) phia Nam nhu KCN Binh Duong (Sdng Thdn, My Phudc), KCN Ddng Nai Nhiing tiianh nien Pd Cai sinh va ldn ISn ttong mdt nen kinh te tieu ndng, vio mdi tiirdng lam viec mdi, hg khdng chiu dugc ap luc ve mat tiidi gian, khdng tiiin tiiil dugc gid gidc; ttong gid lam viec tiii cam thiy gd bd, khd chiu phai ngdi mdt cho ttong tiidi gian dai, nen da tu y lam viec, di lai tiieo sd tiiich; nghi lim tiii vd td chiic, khdng xin phep; khdng It lin tu tap udng rugu qui da vao nhiing ngiy nghi dl rdi dSn ngiy lim vifc thi khdng dim siic khde nSn hg thudng bj ky lu^t, roi sinh tam ly bdt Vi vay, chi sau mdt thdi gian ngin, hg da ldn lugt frd vl que va din nay, khdng cd trudng hgp nao cdn tham gia cdng vifc niy Vii ba nam ttd lai diy, kha nhilu lao ddng nii (tot nghiep thdng tnmg hgc) da vio lam viec cho mdt sd cdng ty lien doanh (Canon, Samsung, Hanel ) d Bic Giang, Bic Ninh Khic vdi nhiing dli tugng di lim viSc d cac KCN phia Nam viia ke tren, cic ddi tugng cd ttinh hgc vin cao hon, nang lam quen va thich nghi tdt hon vdi mdi trudng lim vifc mdi Do cong vifc v i miic luang dn dinh ( - trieu dong/thang) nen hiu het so hg dSu mudn gin bd liu dii va cii dugc trung tuyen vao cac cdng ty Ii mong mudn cua nhilu bac cha me d thdn Pd Cai hien 2.1.1.3 Cic nghSkhic Ngoai cac cdng vifc tren, d thdn Po Cai cdn cd mdt vii cd gii tte, cd ve ngoai ua nhin hifn dang ban hang thue cho cac ciia hing dien td dien lanh, thdi ttang, my pham Mgt vai nam gidi phue vu nha hang (bung be, ndu nudng ) d thinh phd Lgng Son Tuy nhien, nhiing cdng vifc khdng dn dinh, nSn hg thudng thay ddi chd lam ttong thdi gian ngin 2.1.2 Ldm thue qua bien gi&i Thdi gian gdn diy, bSn canh nhihig cdng vifc lim tiiue ttong nudc, mgt sd ngudi dan d tiidn Pd Cai ciing tim kilm mgt vai viec lam d bSn bien gidi Nhihig viec lam thue qua bien gidi g6m trdng va thu hogch mia, khai thac go, xudt khdu lao dgng Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4&5 - 2015 Dudi day la thdng tin vl nhiing boat dOng sinh kS niy 2.1.2.1 Trong va thu hoach mia 31 hhih do, nhting ngudi din Pd Cgi dang tiiam gia cdng viec ldn lugt ttd vl va tim kiem CO hdi vifc lim mdi 2.1.2.3 Xuit khdu lao ddng Mdt bg ph|in lao dOng nii d thdn Pd Ngoii nhiing cdng viec tren, mdt so Cai da tham gia vio cdng viec ttong, chat mia thuS cho nhung ngudi dong tdc d ben nam nien d Pd Cai timg di xuit khau bien gidi (Trung Qudc) tir nam 2008, lao ddng d Malaysia (nam 2006) Day li 2009 den Cdng viSc dd khdng thudng chuong trinh cd su h6 ttg vay von eda Ngan xuySn, chi den miia ttdng v i thu hogch hing Ndng nghiSp vi Phat hiln ndng thdn mia (thing 10 din thing nam sau) va thdi Tuy nhiSn, sang dd lam viec, mgi vifc gian m5i dgt di thudng tii tudn din dien khdng dugc nhu mong dgi Chi sau thing Hg dugc chu lo in d v i tri cdng vai thing, phdn ldn ttong sd hg di tu bd cudc khoing 40 tf/ngay (tuang duang vdi hoac bj cdng ty chdm ddt hgp d6ng NguySn 100.000 - 150.000 ddng/ngiy) Day la cdng nhan ciia van dS niy cd thi kl tdi su han chi vifc khdng qui ning nhgc, chii yeu thu hiit vl nhgn thiic, bdt ddng ngdn ngii, khdng cac lao dgng nu', nhung cd nhiSu rui ro thich nghi dugc vdi mdi trudng ddi hdi tinh Khdng hiem trudng hgp, cdng viec kSt ky lugt d thdi diSm hien tai, cd vii trudng thtic thi ngudi chu lira ttdn mdt; khdng biSt hgp tii trd vl nudc den vdn chua tti tieng, khdng bilt nhi cua ciia chu, hg danh hit dugc tiSn vay ng ngin hing mdt ttdng sd tiSn cdng lao ddng Mdt sd 2.2 Kinh doanh quy mo nhd trudng hgp dugc chu tra tiln sdng Cd the ndi, kinh doanh khdng phii Ii phdng thi lai bi ke xiu ttin Idt tten dudng nghe truyen thdng cua ngudi Tay d thdn Pd ttd ve nhi Cgi Tuy nhiSn, ttong bdi canh hgi nhap 2.1.2.2 Khai thac go ngiy cang nhiSu d tinh Lgng Son vi vimg Hien thdn cd mdt nhdm nam gidi biSn gidi Vift - Trung, ttong cd thdn Pd tiiudng xuyen qua dudng mdn sang Trung Cai, mgt bd phan ngudi din da tham gia vio Quoc chat gS thuS cho cac cdng ty tu nhin, cic hogt dgng kinh doanh quy mo nhd moi dgt di khoang tren dudi mgt tiling vdi 2.2.1 Budn bdn tgp hda miic tiiu lao khoang 70 din 80 tS/ngiy Cuoi nhiing nim 1990, xuat hifn (khoang 200.000 - 250.000 ddng/ngay), dugc nudi cam vi ngd lin ttong riing Tuy nhien, nhihig dai ly nhd tai nhi diu tien d thdn Pd sau s\r kien giin khoan Hai Duong 981 d Cai, chd yiu cung cap cac mit hing tiSu biln Ddng, vifc kiSm tta an ninh tai ca sd dung cho b i ttong thdn Cac logi sin lam vifc dugc thit chit hon trudc da khien pham m i dai ly ban ngiy cing da dgng vl mdt so lao ddng bi cdng an, chinh quySn chiing loai nhu banh keo, thuc phdm, Trung QuIc bit giii khdng cd gidy td hgp dung sinh hogt, cac logi phin hoa hgc, gidng phap va mgt so ngudi khac cdn b; ngudi din cay ttdng Dong thdi, dS dip iing nhu ciu cua tu thuang dudi xudi, cic dai ly cdn sd tai gay gd, dinh dip vd cd Trong tinh Biti Thi Bich Lan 32 thu mua cua ba cac loai lam san va nhit li ndng sin (hong, rau tham) vdi quy md ngiy cang dugc md rgng 2.2.2 Van tdi Vai nim gin day, mdt sd hd da diu tu mua xe tai, van chuyin hing thue cho cic cdng ty tu nhan d phd Lang San va cac eda khiu Cdng viec kha thudng xuySn vi dem lai thu nhip tuang ddi cao so vdi cac cdng viec khac (ttSn dudi 10 trieu ddng/thang) Tuy nhiSn, von ddu tir (mua phuong tien) kha Idn nen chi nhiing hd cd du nang tai chinh mdi cd thi tham gia hoat dgng 2.2.3 Budn hdn chim cdnh Cimg vdi dich vii vgn tai, budn ban chim cinh dang dugc xem li mgt ttong nhiing cong viec dem lai lgi nhuan "hip dan" nhdt hifn Nhiing ngudi budn ban chim canh thudng di tiieo nhom (2 - ngudi) sang thi tmdng chim cinh d Trung Qudc dl tim mua hing bang dudng tiiu nggch, sau dd mang chim vS ban Igi cho cac tu thuang dudi xudi Mac du dugc xem li nghi cd tiiu nhap cao, nhung sd ngudi tham gia chua nhilu cdng vifc ddi hdi ngudi cd nhilu kinh nghiem, thdng thgo ttong viec tim hang, chgn hing, biet chip nhan nii ro cung nhu phai cd mii tiSu thy dn dinh Bien dli van hoa - xa hoi tdc ngirdi trirdc sir phat triln cua cac hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep 3.1 Bien ddi vi xa hpi Ndng cao muc song vd thu nhdp Trong CO cdu kinh tl ciia xa Gia Cat cung nhu ctia thon Pd Cai hifn nay, ndng nghifp vdn chiem vi tii chii dgo, nhung cic hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep dang din cd vai trd ding ke, gdp phdn quan ttgng vao cdng cu^c xda ddi giim ngheo Co cdu Iao ddng chuySn djch theo hudng tang ty IS Iao ddng phi ndng nghiep, giim ddn lao dgng ndng nghifp; gdp phdn giii quyit lao ddng du thda, tgo cdng an vifc lam va nguin thu nh$p tien mat Theo udc tinh, cd tdi hon 80% si hg ttong thdn cd ngudn thu nhgp tii cic hoat dgng nginh nghe Mirc song cua cic hd gia dmh cang dugc nang cao tii biia in, nha ciia, phuong tifn di lgi Ty IS hd ngheo ttong thdn dang giam din qua cac nam Cu thi, nlu nhu nim 2005 la 16/83 hd nghSo (19,2%) tiii din nam 2013 chi cdn 8/92 ho ngh^o (8,6%)^ Tuy nhiSn, tinh trgng phan hda giau - ngheo, chenh lech vS miic sdng d Pd Cai dang cing dugc bgc Id ro bdi nang hdi nhip vdi tiii trudng cua mdi hg gia dmh (vdn nhan luc, vdn tai chinh ) d nhiing miic khic Suy gidm tinh cd kit Vdi sir tham gia ngiy cang nhieu vio cic hogt ddng smh kl ben ngoii, mang ludi quan he xa hdi ciia m5i vien cdng ddng cing da dgng va phiic tap ban Chmh vi viy, mii quan hS gia dinh khdng dugc bin chit nhu trudc Rgn mit tinh cam vg chdng, ngogi tinh, Iy di da xudt hien, tap trung nhilu han d nhiing ddi tugng di lam in xa, cd ngudn thu nhgp phi ndng nghifp Con cai din tiili tiirdng tiiinh ngiy cang bdt IS tiiudc vao gia dmh va cic chudn muc xa h^i truyin thing Tinh tuang ttg dang phai nhgt ddn, thay vao dd Ii sir sdng phing, tmh toan tiiiSt hon, ca vdi ngudi tiian thich Mgi su giiip dd, to ttg cdng Iao ddng eda anh em hg hang nhu trudc.diy,ttong cic cdng viSc nhu dimg nha, trdng ciy, thu hoach ndng sin diu dugc ^ Tai li§u cua cdn bp thfln Po Cgi Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4&5 - 2015 quy tien ViSc tiiue ngudi khac thay minh tham gia Hdi hing phe cua mgt sd tirudng hgp thudng xuyen di lam an xa da khdng cdn hiSm gap Tuang tu, thdng qua nhiing sinh hoat tip thS, ngudi ta cd the de dang nhin thay, mdi quan hf gitta ca nhin vdi c^ng ddng it cd sir gin kit ban trudc bdi sir xuat hifn cua chit nghla ca nhin va tinh thgc dung Hoat ddng eda chinh quyen ca sd vi cic td chuc doin the ngiy cang mang ning tinh hinh thiic vi kem hifu qui bdi gid day, quy thdi gian tham gia cac sinh hogt cua Hgi, cua cdng ddng deu dugc ngudi dan quy ddi cdng Iao dgng Gia tdng ti ngn xd hdi Cimg vdi qua trinh hgi nhap, nhilu tf nan xa hgi vdn chua timg cd trudc nam 2000 thi da xuat hien d Pd Cai v i dang cd xu hudng gia tang (cd bac, ttOm cdp, mgi dam ) Ngn cd bac dang dien d diy dudi nhilu hinh thiic (Id dS, ti la, xeng, liSng, ba cay, xdc dia ) Theo mdt ngudi din dang lim "thu ky" cho cac chd d ngoai Lgng San de "an hoa hong" thi cd mdt vii ngudi chai thdn da ghi ng hg len tdi vai trim trieu ddng Cung cd vai hd gia dinh phai ban tdi vii vu hdng mdi du tti ng Id dl Dieu dang ndi d diy Ii thinh phdn tham gia nhiing tf ngn chit yiu la nhiing ddi tugng da v i dang tham gia cic hogt d0ng muu sinh d bSn ngoai xa hdi din da dan dugc ttii nghifm, hgc hdi va tiudng thinh tii nhiing mdi trudng lam vifc hoin toan xa la va mdi me Trong qua trinh do, su giao luu vi tiSp biln vin hda dugc thS hifn ttSn hdu hit cac khia cgnh tir ngdn ngii den ttang phuc, nha ctia, dm thuc Ddi song tinh thdn ngiy cing dugc ning cao, 100% sd hd da cd tivi, nhilu ttiilu niSn di thgo vdi cdng nghf may tinh va intemet Die biSt, nhung ngudi din Pd Cgi da timg budc khdi ngdi ling ciia minh de tim kl muu sinh, du d bit cir cdng viSc nao, du la thinh cdng hay chua cdng, ttd vS ling, hg cung tich luy dugc nhiing kinh nghifm, vdn song rat ding quy Dd la tinh ning dgng, su nhgy ben, kha nang thich nghi vdi nen kinh tS thi trudng Dieu chdc hin se cdn gdp phan thay ddi ldi sdng, hanh vi, hf tu tudng ciia the hf thiSu niSn ndi riSng v i cdng ddng ndi chung Mai mdt bdn sdc vdn hda tdc nguai BSn cgnh nhGng yeu td tich cue, nhting ngudi da timg lam vifc d mdi trudng ben ngoai cung mang ve nhiing thdi quen, nip nghT khdng phu hgp vdi van hda tdc ngudi Mdt s6 gii tti, chuin muc dang bi loi song thgc diing ldn at Tam ly ua hudng thu, dua ddi, tnmg dien, thich la ca quan xi, bi-a, dif n tli dugc thS hien ro hon d nhirng ddi tugng niSn khic ttong thdn Cic gia tti vin hda tdc ngudi dang din mai mgt, tiiay 3.1 Biin ddi vi vdn hda vio do, su inh hudng cua vin hda phd thdng Tdng cu&ng giao lieu vd hdi nhdp Vdi cing ro net Budc vao ling, vio timg ngudi Tay d thdn ,Pd Cgi, qui trinh md rdng ngdi nha ngudi Tay d thdn Pd Cgi hien nay, va phat trien cac boat d^ng phi ndng nghifp neu khdng phii li nhiing le tit hay ttong thdi gian qua da gdp phin tie ddng nhiing dip die bift, chitng ta sS rat khd cd thi khdng nhd tdi qua trinh giao luu va hOi tim nhiing net van hda dgc tnmg cim tdn nhgp, tiep thu yeu td vin hda mdi Tir cac tai ttong sinh hogt thudng ciia tdc ngudi hoat dgng muu sinh bSn ngoii xa hdi, ngudi niy Chmh sg tham gia cing nhilu vio Bui Thi Bich Lan cac boat ddng muu smh d ben ngoai da gdp phin lam cho yeu to van hda ngoai lai dugc du nhip nhanh hon, mgnh hon Xu the phit trien va nhihig van d l d^itra Cd till noi, s\f ddi va phit tiiln ciia cac hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp d thdn Pd Cai ttong tiidi gian gan day da gdp phin tiiay ddi bd n4t ddi sdng kinh t e - x a hgi ciia ngudi din noi day Dilu thi hifn kha nang ling phd va tiiich n ^ ciia ngudi dan trudc nhiing thay doi vl chinh sach vi thS che Trong dilu kiSn ngudn ddt dai ttong ndng nghiep dang cing suy giim ca ve chit lugng vi sd lugng thi su chuyen dich co cau kinh tl tiieo hudng ting ddn tj- ttgng cic nginh nghi phi ndng nghiep d thon Pd Cai li mdt hudng di hoan toan diing dan Tuy nhiSn, cung cd khdng it vdn dS dang dugc dit ddi vdi cac hogt ddng phi ndng nghifp ttong qui trinh chuyen ddi Thiiu tinh bin vUng Vdi nen kinh te thi trudng, ngudi din Pd Cai td kha nhanh nhgy viec ndm bit cac ca hdi nghi nghifp Cuu vgn mdt thdng han ldm lua mpt ndm, nhin dinh nhu vgy ciia nien Pd Cgi hifn di phdn nao ndi len vai ttd dang kS cia cac hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp viec cai thifn nguon tiiu nhgp Tuy nhiSn, chua dugc ttang bi nhihig ky ning, kinh nghiSm cin thilt nSn phdn ldn lao ddng phi ndng nghiep chi la lao ddng phd tiidng B6C vac li cdng viec nang nhgc, ddi hdi siic khde va tiiilu dn dmh, lau dai Hogt dgng lim time d khu v^c bien gidi ludn tilm dn nhiing nii ro, bit tt^c Khi xay biln cd, nhu vifc giin khoan Hii Duong 981 ciia Trung Quoc xam phgm trii phep vao vung biln Vift Nam, tat ca hg - nhiing cim van d ciia khiu hay ngudi lim thue d bSn bien gidi diu phii tam dimg mgi cdng vifc dl chd dgi mdt tinh hinh kha quan hon Cdng viec phu h i tuang doi vat vi, phy thufc nhilu vao cac chu thdu, nen khong phii liic nio cimg cd vifc Da so lao ddng nii lam cdng nhin cic K C ^ chi dugc - nim, bdi hg phai ve que de thih chuyen lip gia dmh Du muon gdn bd v6i cdng ty thu nhip va ehl dai ngd tuong doi tdt so vdi cic nganh nghi khic, hg van thudng nghi viec sau ket hdn Cdng vifc ban hang hay phuc vu nhi hang cung khong mang tinh lau dii bdi nhung cdng vifc ludn ddi hdi su tre trung, nhanh nhen Vi thi, ttong tiSm thiic, nhiing ngudi dang tham gia hogt ddng phi nong nghifp d bSn ngoii vin ldy nghi ndng lam goc Ngogi trir nhung cdng vifc phii di cu m^t thdi gian dii, ho vin ludn sdp xIp thdi gian dk vira dam bio cic cdng vifc ben ngoai, vda giup gia dinh ttong hogt dgng san xudt ndng nghiep thdi vu din N I U khdng thu xSp dugc, hg sin sang thuS ngudi Iim chii khdng bd ding rudng DiSu phai ching thS hien su nhin nhgn cua ngudi din vl tinh "in xdi" va bip benh ciia cic hogt dgng phi ndng nghifp ma hg dang tham gia Chdt luang ngudn nhdn l\tc thdp Trong qua trinh hdi nhip, bSn canh nhiing uu dilm, ngudi Tiy d tiidn Pd Cgi di bdc 1$ su ban che vl trinh dd v i mdt sd tip quan, thdi quen, nip nghT khdng cdn phii hgp, lam anh hudng tdi qua trinh phat triSn va mcr rdng cic hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp Trong cic hogt d0ng nay, Iim thuS chilm ty if Idn, da s6 chi la Iao ddng ph6 thdng, khdng qua dao tao, khdng ddi hdi nhilu vl ky thuit, Tgp chi Ddn tge hgc sd4&5 - 2015 35 tiinh do, f thirc k^ lugt va nii ro luon tilm an Chinh sir han chi ve trinh dd nhgn thiic da khien dgi ngu lam vifc tai cac KCN phia Nam va tai Malaysia khdng dap iing dugc yeu ciu ciia cdng vifc Sau mdt thdi gian, theo quy luit tu nhiSn, hg hi dao thii vi phii quay vl dia phuong, roi chgn cho minh nhiing cdng viSc khic Td dong rudng, hg nhung ngudi ciia mgt nin sin xudt tiiu ndng da budc chin vao nhiing mdi trudng lam vifc hoin toan xa la V i su tiiich iing da khdng he de dang Dilu khien chiing ta phii suy nglm ve chdt lugng ngudn nhan luc, du don gian chi la lao ddng phd thdng va day dang la mdt ttong rihiing rio cin cua thi hS tre noi day ttSn dudng hOi nhap ngu&i ludn dugc xem la trgng tim v i cdt loi Phdt triin gido due vd ngdnh cdng nghiip ndng thdn phdi tr& thdnh mdt thdnh td quan trpng phdt trien ndng thdn bin vung & viing niii (Castella v i Dang Dinh Quang, 2002) Nhung khdng it ngudi din d Pd Cgi hien dang nhin nh$n giao due li khdng cd gii tti hoic cd gia tti thii yen doi vdi vifc dam bao sinh kS ciia hg Suy nghT niy chac chan se khdng gidp hg tiSp c^n dugc vdi nhiing ca hdi nghi nghiep tdt han ttong tuang lai Vi rit cd thi, tinh ttang niy vdn se tiep dien dii liu bdi hg dang chutig kiln cai "su hgc" cua mdt sd em ttong thon cimg chua dem lai mdt tuang lai tuai sang hon Y thdc vi gid tri eda gido due Nhiing nam gdn day, huyen Cao Ldc, ttong cd xa Gia Cat, d i triln khai mdt s6 chuang trinh dao tao nghi cho nien (siia chiia miy cay, chin nudi Ign ) thdn Pd Cgi, Bi thu Doan Thanh niSn cho biet, mic du da dugc v|n ddng, nhung khdng dang ky tham gia chuang trinh Kit qua khao sat ciing cho tiidy, 100% tiirdng hgp (7 ngudi) d tiidn Pd Cai sau tot nghiep cao ddng khdng xin dugc vifc lim theo diing nginh nghe dugc dao tgo Cdng vifc hien tgi ciia hg cung chi la Iim rudng, boc vac hoic bin hang Thuc trgng da lam cho phdn ldn cic bgc cha mg khdng he cd y dinh cho em minh phdn dau ning cao trinh hgc van va k$' ning nghe nghifp Vdi thS hf tte, hg ciing cd cung suy nghi niy Bk thich umg vdi bdi eanh mdi, dam bio cudc sing, ngudi Tay d thdn Pd Cgi dang ngiy cing da dang hda cac hogt dgng kinh tl Ket qui ciia qui trinh niy da tac dgng khdng nhd din ddi sing van hda, xa hdi cua ngudi dan theo nhihig chiSu hudng khic Cudn theo vdng xoay cua qui trinh hgi nhgp, ngudi din td kha nhanh nhay ttong viSc tin dung nhiing ca hdi dl dam bio sinh kl, song chua tu ttang bj (hay dugc trang bi) nhung ky ning cin thiet de ling phd vdi nhiing ddi hdi ciing nhu mgt ttai ciia nSn kinh t l thj trudng Tri thiic la hinh ttang khdng thS tiiilu dl moi dan tOc vOng budc ti^n dudng hgi nhip v i phit triln Trong chien luge kinh te quoc gia, vdn dl ngudn lifc Ket luin v i n de dgt li lam the nao dS timg budc thay doi each nhin nhin eda ngudi din vl gia tti thuc su cua giio dgc ttong bli canh cua nen kinh tl db\ mdi NIU khdng, vdi y thiic vl diu tu giio due va dinh hudng nghe nghiep cho thS hf tre nhu hifu tin ciu chuyfn vS su cdng cua cdng cudc CNH - HDH va h0i nhip d thdn Pd Cai tucmg lai la mgt dilu rdt khd ndi tirudc Biti Thj Bich Lan Tii lifu tham khao Castella, Jean-Christophe v i Dang Dmh Quang (Chii biSn) (2008), Ddi mdi a Cling miin nui - Chuyin ddi sd dung ddt vd chiin lupc sdn xudt cua ndng ddn tinh Bdc Kgn, Viet Nam, Nxb Ndng nghiSp, Hi Ngi till ky XXI", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc, S6 2, tt 20-24 Nguyen V5n Siiu (2014), Cdng nghiip hda, thi hda vd biin ddi sinh ke a ven Hd Npi, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Ndi Nguyin Vin Tao (2012), "Chuyen Bui Xuan Dinh, NguySn Nggc djch ca cdu kinh tl va nhOng vdn dk dat d Thanh (Ddng chii biSn) (2013), Mpt sd vdn di xa Gia Luang, huySn (jia ^ , tinh Hai ca bdn vi Idnh ti - xa hpi & cdc vitng bien gi&i Duong", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc So 1, tt 3947 Viit Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ngi Trdn Thi Hong Yin (2009), "Chuyin Vu Thi Hda (2012), "Chuyin biln ddi nghe nghifp d m^t so xa ngoai thinh H^ nghi nghiep d xa Thg Xuin (huyfn Dan Ngi dugc chuyen phudng", Tgp chi Ddn Phugng, thinh phd Ha Ndi) nhiing nam ddu focAoc, Sd5,tt.28-38 Budn ban ndng sin d chg Ban Nga (Ngudi Tay d Pd Cai, xa Gia Cat, huyen Cao Ldc, tinh Lgng San) Anh: Lan Tudng ... ngoai da gdp phin lam cho yeu to van hda ngoai lai dugc du nhip nhanh hon, mgnh hon Xu the phit trien va nhihig van d l d^itra Cd till noi, s\f ddi va phit tiiln ciia cac hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp... Tay d thdn Pd Cgi hien nay, va phat trien cac boat d^ng phi ndng nghifp neu khdng phii li nhiing le tit hay ttong thdi gian qua da gdp phin tie ddng nhiing dip die bift, chitng ta sS rat khd... vi?c, tiiu hiit phdn ldn Iao dgng phi ndng nghiSp [Bui Xuin Dinh, Nguyen Nggc Thanh (Dong chu bien), 2013, tt 113-115], Thuc tl d Pd Cai cimg cho thdy, mgi hogt ddng phi ndng nghiSp ma ngudi dan dang
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