Thay đổi chính sách sở hữu đất đai của Nam Phi sau chế độ Apartheid và một số tác động.pdf

THAY DOI CHiNH SACH SO HtfU DAT DAI CUA NAM PHI SAU CHE DO APARTHEID VA MOT SO TAC DQNG Trdn Thi Lan Huffng* TOM TAT Doi v&i khu vuc chdu Phi, nai co toi 70% ddn so song bdng nghi nong, chinh sdch sa hieu ddt nong nghiep da dugc nhieu nu&c chdu Phi dp dung v&i nhiiu hinh thicc khdc vd cho nhicng kit qud khdc Nhicng bdng chiing nghiin cieu cu thi & Nam Phi cho thdy, cdi cdch ddt da khong mang lgi ket qud cao md ngirgc lgi nd tgo nhieu hdu qud kinh te xd hgi Cho dii cdi cdch ddt dai sau che Apartheid ndm 1994 gop phdn gidm bdt binh ddng vd ngheo kho giUa nguai da trdng vd ngir&i da den nhimg nhicng hdu qud ve tham nhiing ddt dai phdt trien nong nghie khong ben vung dang khien Nam Phi gap rdt nhieu thdch thiic phdt trien kinh te vd qudn l xd hgi M&dau Xet ve dieu kien ljch sir Nam Phi thoat khdi che thuc dan tuong ddi mudn (nam 1994), dd xa hdi thudc dia tdn tai mau thuan khdng the giai quyet gifla ngudi da trang va ngudi da den Sau gianh dpc lap Nam Phi mudn nhanh chdng thay ddi quyin sd hiiu dit dai theo hudng tap trung cho ngudi dan ban dia Day la mpt muc dich diing dan nham hudng tdi su cdng bang xa hdi va phat trien kinh te dan chu Tuy nhien, cac budc di ciia nudc vdi va va thieu nhat quan Ke thfl'a mdt nen kinh te thdi thudc dia tuong ddi phat ttien Nam Phi dugc tilp quan cac the che kinh te - xa hdi va hinh thiic sd him dugc tao bdi chl da tring, dd ngudi da trang cd nhiing ddng gdp rit tich cue ddi vdi su phat trien kinh tl ciia cac nudc Tien sT, Vi^n Nghien cihi Chau Phi va Trung Oong 10 Sir vdi va mudn trao quyen sd hflu dat dai cho ngudi da den chua xac djnh diing va du nang lire tiep quan dat dai, quan Iy dat dai, phuong thirc canh tac va nhieu k^ nang khac da diy Nam Phi vao tinh trang thit bai bdi ngudi da den khdng du nang luc tilp nhan su chuyen giao dat dai tir tay ngudi da trang, ddng thdi gay mau thuin sic tdc cang trd nen sau sac So hihi dat dai & Nam Phi che Apartheid La thudc dia sdm nhat cua chau Au khu vuc chau Phi cd vi tri dja chinh hi kinh te quan trgng Nam Phi vdn sin cd mpt Iich sir rat khac biet vdi cac qudc gia chau Phi khac Sir dd hg ciia Ha Lan thi ky XV va ngudi Anh thd ky XIX cung vdi lan sdng nhap cu cua cac nudc phuong Tay khac vi muc dich thuong mai vao Nam Phi da bien Nam Phi trd qudc gia da sic Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5/2015 Thay doi chinh sach sd huU dat dai tdc va da ngdn ngii nhat d khu vuc mien Nam chau Phi' Nen tang ljch sii va van hoa dan tdi nhirng xung dot sac tdc giiia thieu sd ngudi da trang va da sd ngudi da den d Nam Phi va hinh che Apartheid Apartheid dugc phat am theo tieng Ha Lan, cdn phat am theo tieng Afrikaans la seperateness, deu cd cung mgt nghTa la su rieng biet, tach biet, dung de chi he thdng phan biet chiing tdc d Nam Phi giira thieu sd ngudi da trang va phan ddng ngudi da den cac ITnh vuc chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi Thuat ngfl: Apartheid lan dau tien dugc sir dung tai Nam Phi vao nam 1917 mdt bai dien van cua Jan Christiaan Smuts - mdt nhiing lanh lu vT dai nhat ciia Nam Phi thdi ky Nam Phi la nudc lu tri nam khdi Lien hiep Anh Nhu vay, sir phan biet chiing tde theo thuat ngii Apartheid d Nam Phi thuc chat xuat hien tir thai ky thudc dja va sau dd trd chinh sach phat trien chinh thiic cua chinh phu Nam Phi sau cudc tdng tuyln cir nam 1948 sau Dang Qudc gia (NP) danh chinh quyen cua Jan C Smuts Dang Qudc gla sau nam 1948 da chinh thiic sii dung chinh sach Apartheid de md rdng chinh sach phan biel chung tdc va dl cao vai trd lanh dao cua ngudi da tring d Nam Phi Thdi ky diu, luat Apartheid sap xep ngudi dan theo nhdm sac tdc chinh: ngudi da trang, ngudi Bantu (hay cdn gpi la ngudi chau Phi da den) va ngudi da mau (hay edn ggi la ngudi ed ngudn gdc lai) Sau nay, ngudi chau A, ngudi An Dp va ngudi Pakistan dupc bd sung them nhdm sac tdc thli d Nam Phi He thdng luat Apartheid xac dinh quyin ban, nghe nghiep va nln giao due ma mdi nhdm dugc hudng Trong chl Apartheid, dat dai Nam Phi da hi phan chia Vao nam 1913, chinh phii Tran Thj Lan Hu'dng thdng qua Luat dat dai, Irong dd dat dai Nam Phi dupc phan chia cho ngudi da den va ngudi da tring, Irong ngudi da den chi dugc chia 7,5% dit dai theo luat Ngudi da den eiing bi cam di Iai d nhiing vimg dat khdng thudc vl minh Nam 1936, Luat dat dai dugc siia ddi va ngudi da den dugc quan Iy khoang 10% dit dai Nam Phi Nam 1949, Luat cam hdn nhan hdn hgp (Prohibition of Mixed Marriages) ddi ngan cam su ket hdn cua ngudi dan giu:a cac nhdm sac tdc khac Nam 1950, Luat cim vd luan (Immorality Act) ddi, cam ngudi dan cd quan he nam nii lan ldn giu'a cac chiing tdc va coi day la hanh vi pham tdi Nam 1950, Luat dang ky nhan khiu (Population Registration Act) dugc ban hanh da phan chia dan sd Iheo nhdm sic tgc cu the Ciing nam 1950, Luat phan chia vimg theo nhdm sic tgc (Group Areas Act) da chia dat dai timg viing dia ly cu the theo nhdm sic tdc khac Nam I95I, Luat chinh quyen Bantu (Bantu Authorities Act) da tao mdt co eau chinh quyen rieng biet cho ngudi da den va day duge coi nhu la nen tang dau tien tao sir phan biet chung tdc he Ihdng chinh tri cua Nam Phi Cac Luat sd 52 (1951), Luat sd 49 (1953), Luat sd (1959) diu nhim lang eudng quyen kiem soat ciia nha nudc ddl vdl dat dai, dudi ngudi da den khdi cac viing dit ngudi da tring quan ly Vao nam 1961, ngudi Nam Phi da trang da bieu quyet ddi ddc lap, tach Nam Phi khdi khdi Lien hiep Anh Nam 1961 ciing chiing kien chinh quyen cua Dang Qudc gia thit chat chinh sach Apartheid mpi ITnh vuc ddi sdng cua Nam Phi Y dd ciia chinh phli Nam Phi luc bay gid la mudn dua ngudi da den ve cac khu dinh cu (homeland), lgc ngudi da den sdng nhung vimg ciia Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 Thay doi chinh sach sd huUdatdaL Tran Thj Lan Hu'dng ngudi da tring Nam 1961 chiing kien mdt loat cac dao luat phan biet chiing tdc ddi d Nam Phi nhu Luat cac gidi ban chung danh cho ngudi da mau (Coloured Persons Communal Reserves), Luat tri cac vung dinh cu rieng cua ngudi da mau (Preservation of Coloured Areas) va Luat cac hgi ddng phd ciia ngudi Bantu (Urban Bantu Councils) Cac luat phan bi?t rat rd quyen lgi ciia ngudi da tring va ngudi da den Homeland (dat d, khu dinh cu) dugc Thu tudng Nam Phi liic la Hendrik Verwoerd thuc hien nham danh rieng mgt sd manh dat d xa cac khu dd thi cua ngudi da tring de Iam noi d cho cac bd lac da den Luat sd 26 (Luat dinh cu cho ngudi da den) va Luat sd 21 (Luat hien phap djnh cu cho ngudi da den) ban hanh nam 1970-1971 da chia cat dat dai Nam Phi theo nhdm sac tdc, lap cac khu dinh cu (homeland) cho ngudi da den, cuong biic ngudi da den phai rdi bd nha ciia va budc hg den sdng cac Homeland Trong thap ky I960 va 1970, chinh phu Nam Phi da cd ging tao Apartheid trd mdt chinh sach "tach biet s\r phat trien" Ngudi da den bi dua din nhflng vung mdi xay dung va nhflng lang que ngheo ddi, trd cdng dan hang hai cua dit nudc Trong sudt thap ky 1980, he thdng luat phap d Nam Phi tap trung vao su phan chia dai dai giiia ngudi da tring va ngudi da den, phan chia dat dai theo vung va theo cac khu vuc thj va ndng thdn Chinh quyen Apartheid chia cac vung dit sau la vung ndng thdn cd cac khu homeland dgc lap, la vung Transkei, Venda, Ciskei va Bophuthaswana Luat thdi ky dd cung chia cac vung dat sau cac khu homeland khdng ddc lap, phai chiu su quan Iy ciia nha nudc, dd la KaNdebele, Lebowa, 12^ KaNgwane, KwaZuIu, Gazankulu va Qwaqwa^, va chia sd him ciia ngudi da den cac nhdm: sd hfl:u dit dai cd thdi ban, dit dai cho ngudi da den thue, dit dai thudc sd hiiu liy thae ngoai vung homeland CJ cac khu dd thj, dat dai dugc chia Ioai: dat dd thi gianh cho ngudi da tring va dit thi gianh cho ngudi da den Den cudi nhung nam 1980, cac khu homeland ehi chilm khoang 13,7% dien ti'ch dat dai ciia Nam Phi nhung Iai cd tdi tren mdt niia dan sd Nam Phi sdng chen chiic d day Cac khu homeland cd dieu kien y te, ve sinh va he thdng giao due rat tdi tan, lac hau Trong Ihdi ky Apartheid, miic sdng cua ngudi da Irang rat cao so vdi ngudi da den Hg d nhung ngdi nha sang trpng, xa hoa, cd thu nhap dau ngudi sanh ngang cac nudc phuong Tay, nam giii vi tri cao nhat cac ITnh vuc chinh quyen va dan su, kiem soat boat ddng cua nen kinh te Ngudi da tring dugc quydn quan Iy hon 80% lanh thd Luat phap quy dinh ngudi da den khdng dugc quyen di vao vung dat ciia ngudi da trang, ngudi da den chi duoc quyen lam viec nhiing nganh nghe nang nhgc, hen ha, thu nhap thap Cac phuong tien giao thdng, ben xe, he thdng benh vien, thilt bj chiia benh, he thdng giao due dao tao, sinh hoat van hoa cflng bi phan biet Ngoai ra, ngudi da den mudn di vao khu vuc ciia ngudi da trang thi phai cd giiy phep thdng hanh va ngudi da den khdng cd quyin xam pham hay bat bd ngudi da tring Khip noi tren dit nudc Nam Phi diu gin nhiing biln cao thi chi ro "noi chi danh cho ngudi da tring" hoac "noi ehi danh cho ngudi da den" Toan bp ddi sdng kinh tl - xa hdi d Nam Phi diu dua tren su phan biet Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 Thay doi chfnh sach sd hiiu dat dai Tran Thj Lan HUOng Thay ddi chinh sach sd hiru dit dai da dugc thdng qua lap tiic sau che dan chu dugc thiel lap d Nam Phi, da sua sau thdi ky Apartheid ddi Phan 25 (dieu 7) ciia Hien phap nam 2.L Nhitng thay doi ban ddu 1913 ve sd hflu dat dai, de cap cu the den cac Sau chl dp Apartheid sup dd va dieu khoan ve quyen lgi dat dai, va cac hinh Nelson Mandela lam Tdng thdng Nam Phi thiic dit dai thay the hoac bdi thudng Ciing nam 1994, cd tdi 87% dit dai cua dit nudc vdi dd, Luat cai each dat dai nam 1996 da thudc sd hiiu cua ngudi da irang mac dii tien hanh hoan ira Iai dai dai cho cac la dien nhdm ngudi chi chilm dudi 10% dan sd va nhung ngudi phai thue mudn dat Dat dai ca nudc Cai each ndng nghiep d Nam Phi da dugc hoan tra cho mdt sd cdng ddng dan sau nam 1994 chii ylu la nhim xda bd su bit cu nhd bi tudc quyen sd hiiu dat dai trudc binh ding va nhiing tan du ciia nan phan biet dd Do nhieu van de sinh Irong qua trinh chiing tdc, cu the la viec phan phdi Iai dat dai thuc hien, nen vao nam 1998, chinh phu tir ngudi da tring sang tay ngudi da den Cai Nam Phi de Chuang trinh boi thuang ddt each rudng dat la nhiem vu dau tien chinh dai (Land Restitution Programme) nhim lay phu Nam Phi phai lam sau nam 1994, va lai dat dai da bi mat hoac bi chiem doat tir chuong trinh cai each dugc lien hanh giai doan thuc hien Luat dat dai nam 1913 dudi ba hinh thiic: bdi thudng dat dai, quyen Chuong Irinh bdi thudng dai dai nam 1998 vdi muc dich se giai quyet 80.000 trudng sd huu dit dai, tai phan phdi dat dai hgp ddi bdi thudng dat dai, bdi thudng - Bdi thudng dat dai: Chuong trinh tai 812.315 dat ndng nghiep cho ngudi da thiet va phat trien kinh te (RDP) ban hanh den Chuang Irinh bdi thudng dai dai ndng nam 1995 dupe danh gia la chien luge cai nghiep dien kha phiic tap bdi vi keo theo each kinh te toan dien dau tien cua chinh nhieu ngudi lien quan, vl vay tien trinh quyen Nelson Mandela Muc tieu co ban ciia dien cham chap, phu thudc rat nhieu vao RDP la nham xoa bd sir bat binh dang sac ngudn quy bdi Ihudng cua chinh phu Ngudn tdc ca cau kinh le - xa hdi d Nam Phi quy bdi Ihudng dat dai cua chinh phii chi la Day la mdt chuang trinh cai each tap trung 3,5 ty Rand cho giai doan nam 2004-2007 vao van de chu yeu: a) Dap ung nhu cau Trong vdng nam dau, RPD va Chuong thiet yeu cua ngudi dan nhu co sd tang, trinh bdi Ihudng dat dai mdi chi giai quyet nha d, dien nudc, trudng hgc, nudc sach, dugc rat il trudng hop yeu cau ddi hoan tra cham sdc siic khoe, dat dai cho ngudi ngheo; dat dai va vao giO'a thap nien 2000, cd b) Phat trien ngudn nhan lire; c) Xay dung khoang 3.917 yeu cau dugc giai quyet bing mdt nln kinh tl mdi; d) Dan chii hoa nha cac bien phap hoan tra, bdi thudng hoac nudc va xa hdi Chuong trinh vdi muc cung cap dat dai thay the'' dich chuyen 30% dat dai ndng nghiep lir tay ngudi da tring sang tay ngudi da den Irong - Quyen sd hiru dat dai: Cai each che vdng 20 nam (den nam 2014) Luat bdi sd hflu dat dai dupc thuc hien d Nam Phi tir thudng quyen lgi dat dai nam 1994 nam 1997 thdng qua viec ban hanh ehuong (Restitution of land rights Act 1994) la luat trinh Md rdng an ninh cho Luat sd hiiu dil dau tien cua Nam Phi thdi ky hau Apartheid dai (Extension of Security of Tenure Act - Tgp chingliiin curu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 -Il3 Tran Thi Lan Hu'dng Thay doi chinh sach sd hOU dat dai ESTA) ESTA nhim muc dich bao ve ndng dan va nhiing ngudi dan thue dat khdng bi dudi khdi cac vimg dit hg dang sinh sdng khoang 0,38 trieu ha/nam, mdt tdc dg qua - Tai phan phdi dil dai: Ngay sau gianh ddc lap tir che dp Apartheid, chinh quyin mdi cua Nam Phi da lap Ban quan he dil dai (Department of Land Affairs - DLA) nhim giai quyel nhflng bai binh ding vl sd hiru dat dai d Nam Phi.Thang 2/1994, Uy ban dit dai qudc gia (National Land Committee - NLC) da Ihuc hien chuong trinh Dac quyen dat dai (Land Charter), yeu cau nha nudc phai thu hdi lai dat dai cua ngudi da tring va phan phdi lai cho cac cdng ddng dan cu bi chiem doat dat trudc RDP da thyc hien cac du an cai each dat dai muc tieu, mdi tinh se dugc phan bd 35 trieu Rand, thuc hien viec chuyen giao dat dai theo dang ky cho ngudi dan d cac tinh Knazulu Natal, Ddng Cape va Mpumalamga Du an sau dd bi pha san bdi ngudi dan cac tinh phia Bac va phia Tay Cape phan ddi va sd tien de thuc hien phan bd dat dai qua nhd nen khdng thi giai quyet hieu qua Chinh sach sd hiiu dit dai d Nam Phi thdi gian gin day vin tilp tuc tap trung vao viec tai phan phdi dit dai va bdi thudng dat dai cho ngudi da den Vao thang 12 nam 2004, da cd 171.554 dat dai dugc chuyen giao hinh thiic sd hiiu thdng qua chuong trinh Nhu vay, tinh den cudi nam 2004 da cd khoang 3,5 trieu rudng dat d Nam Phi dugc phan phoi lai thdng qua ba hinh thiic cai each co ban tren Theo dting muc tieu RDP dat thi chinh phu can phai tiep tuc tai phan bd them 20,6 trieu dat ndng nghiep niia mdi du muc tieu de la chuyen 30% dat ndng nghiep tir tay ngudi da trang sang tay ngudi da den, trung binh la 1,^7 trieu ha/nam Cdn theo nhu tdc cai each nhu hien nay, ihi mdi nam Nam Phi chi cd the cai each duoc cham dl hoan muc tieu RDP dl 2.2 Nhirng cdi cdch gdn day Vi hinh thuc boi thu&ng ddt dai: Cac chuong trinh bdi thudng dat dai tiep tuc dugc thuc hien theo Luat bdi Ihudng quyin lgi dat dai nam 1994 ma chua cd su sua doi gi ve luat mac du da cd mdt vai thdi diem Nam Phi cd chuin bi cho sir sua ddi Chien luge tang trudng, viec Iam va tai phan phdi thu nhap (GEAR) duge coi la chien luge kinh te vT md ciia Nam Phi GEAR ddi vao 14 thang nam 1996 boi canh Nam Phi dang thuc hien RDP Trong thdi gian nay, tien trinh thuc hien RDP cua chinh phu Nam Phi gap phai mdt sd van de nghiem trpng, dac biet la van de thieu hut ngudn vdn de thuc hien cac muc tieu day tham vpng d mdt dat nudc mdi vira thoat khoi nan phan biet chiing tdc Can phai ndi them rang ngudn ngan quy de thuc hien RDP chu yeu lay tir ngan sach chinh phu, vien trp nudc ngoai va su huy dgng vdn tir khu vuc lu nhan, Trong hai nam 1995 va 1996, tang huong GDP cua Nam Phi chi dat 3%, thip hon chi tieu RDP dat Miie tang trudng khdng dli dl tao 100.000 viec Iam mdi moi nam Hon nua, vao nam 1996, ty le lam phat ciia Nam Phi la 8,5%, phan phdi thu nhap, tai phan phdi dat dai tiep tuc bit binh ding Vi hinh thirc tdi phan phdi dat dai: Sau cac chuang trinh tai phan phdi dit dai sau nhflng thit bai ban diu da dugc sua ddi nam 2001 thdng qua Chuong trinh tai phan bd dit dai cho phat trien ndng nghiep (Land Tgp chingliiin ciru CHAU PHE & TRUNG DONG SO 05 (117) thang 5Z2015 Tran Thj Lan Hu'dng Thay doi chinh sach sd huU dat dai redistribution for agricultural development LRAD) LRAD la mdt he thdng tt-g c i p dit dai nhung vdi sd lugng Idn ban nhieu so vdi chuong trinh Hda giai va thu mua dat dai (Settlement and land acquisition GrantSLAG) nam 1994 LRAD ciing hudng tdi cac muc lieu phan bd lai dat dai cho mdi ca nhan LRAD sii dung ket hgp h ^ bien phap: trg cap tir phia nha nudc va tai chinh di vay de phat tt^ln ndng nghiep Khoang 19.736 hd ndng dan da den dugc hudng Ipi tir ehuong trinh vao nam 2001 Vao thang 12 nam 2004, chuong trinh da phan bd Iai 1,7 trieu dat ndng nghiep, ddng thdi ciing cd tdi 772.660 dat dai thudc sd hiiu nha nudc (chii I ylu la dat dai phuc vu muc dich phat trien I ndng nghiep) dupc phan bd Iai theo chuong ttiinh ' ^ ' ^ !• f !' ii : M ii h ^ li I Vao nam 2005, ldc dp cai each dit dai d Nam Phi dien bet siic cham chap, nen chinh phu da tilp tuc thuc hien Hgi nghi cap cao v l dit dai qudc gia theo chinh sach thu mua dit dai dap iing nhu ciu ciia ngudi dan, dd d l giai doan phan phdi Iai dat dai: Giai doan thuc hien chien luge thu mua dit dai nang ddng (Pro-active land acquisition strategy - PLAS) va giai doan hai thuc hien Chuong trinh cai each dat dai va rudng ndng nghiep (Land and Agrian reform programme - LARP) Muc tieu cua LARP la chuyin trieu thudc sd hflu dai dai cua ngudi da tring cho 10.000 hd san xuat ndng nghiep mdi thudc ngudi da den Cac ehuong trinh v i n tilp tuc thyc hien cho din va thu dugc mdt sd ket qua khiem tdn (^ S& huu dat dai trin dat nong trgi: Cac ij; chinh sach cai each dat dai deu nham muc ,[i tieu dam bao an ninh tiep can dil dai (i cdng cgng va cac ndng trai thuong mai Trong van de nay, Nam Phi da thyc hien mdt sd luat nhu Luat md rdng an sinh ban dien (Extension of security of Tenure Act ESTA) nam 1997; Luat cai each dit dai (Land Reform Act -LRA) nam 1996, Luat quyen lgi dat dai cdng cdng (Communal Land Rights act - ClaRA) nam 2004 ESTA nham dao bao an ninh ve sd hiru dat dai ddi vdi ngudi dan dang sdng tren cac vung dat ndng Irai, dac biel la bao ve tang ldp ta dien Iren cac manh dat ndng nghiep dd LRA nam 1996 nhim dam bao an ninh dai dai cho cac Iao ddng Iam Ihue tren cac manh dat hp dang thue mudn va quyen lgi cua hp cung dugc dam bao gidng nhu ting Idp la dien theo luat ESTA Luat ClaRA nam 2004 nhim dam bao cudc sdng ciia ngudi dan dang d tren cac manh dat thudc sd hiiu cdng cgng bao gdm cac ca nhan, hd gia dinh Tuy nhien vao thang 5/2010 chinh phu Nam Phi da cdng bd CLaRA khdng cdn hieu Iuc thi hanh^ Mot so tac dong cua s u thay doi chinh sach sd huu dat dai doi vdi Nam Phi 3.1 Tdc dong tich cue K I lir nam 1994, cai each dit dai d Nam Phi dem lai mgt sd tuu co ban, dac biet van de giai quyet cdng bang ve dai dai, xda ddi giam ngheo ndng thdn va tao co hdi viec lam, phat trien kinh te d cac viing ndng thdn Nam Phi NhQng tien bd dd cu the la nhu sau: Thir nhat, vdn de boi thudng ddt dai Nam Phi, tinh tir nam 1994 den nam 1999, Nam Phi mdi chi giai quylt dugc 41 trudng hgp yeu cau ddi hoan tra dat dai va dilu da tao thach thiic rat ldn ddi vdi che dan chii mdi d Nam Phi sau nam 1994 Tuy nhien, sau siia ddi luat phap va thyc hien cac chinh sach cai each dat dai phii hgp Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 05 (117) thang 5/2015 15 Tran TTij Lan HiJtfng TTiay JSi chfnh sach sd httu dat dai hon, s6 tnrong hop ducrc giai quyet boi thuang dit dai dS tang rat nhanh, a miic 3.917 trucmg hop nam 2001, 12.621 trucmg hop nam 2002 va tang len miic 71.645 trudng hop nam 2008, chiem toi 95% so trucmg hgp doi giai quyet Trong giai doan 2008-2013, anh huong ciia khung hoang kinh te toan cau Nam Phi da phai c3t giam tai chinh nuoc cho nhieu van de chi tieu, co cac van de boi thuong dat dai Chinh vi vay, cac truong hop dugc giai quyet boi thucmg djt dai cac nam khong tang cao, chi dat 77.334 trucmg hgp vao nam 2013, chiem 97% s6 truong hgp doi giai quySt B6i thucmg dk dai tinh d8n nam 2013 da giup Nam Phi chuySn d6i 1.443 trieu hecta dit sang tay 13.968 hg gia dinh nong dan bi mat dat thoi ky Apartheid Doi voi dat thi, che boi thuang dlt dai dugc giai quyet bSng tien mat' Hinh 1: Nhirng tien bo giai quyet boi thucmg dat dai or Nam Phi 90000 80000 7lT3i 70000 60000 • 50000 • • • • "•^8711 40000 30000 • 59 3