KHOA HOC CdNG N O I I B AIXIH HUOIXIG CLIA T H A Y D O I H O A T DOIXIG SIIXJH K £ DLTA V A O T A I IXIGUYEfXI RIJIXIG DEIXI DOI SOIXlG CLIA IVGUOI DAIXI TQC C O T U O HUYEIXI IXIAIVI OflM^, TilXlH T H U A THIEIV HUE Le'^liHoaSen^Biu'IhiH6D^Loan^ NguySn Tlii HAng MaiS Nguy&i TVln Tl^u Phung^ T6MTAT Nghi&n cuu lien hanh nham danh gia nhung thay doi ve hoat dpng sinh ke dua vao tai nguydn rinig cua nP dan Ufc th\6u s6 b dia ban huyen Nam Dong va anh huong cua nhung thay ddi den doi song cua rio Thupng Long va Thupng Quang la hai xa co nhi^u nRiroi dan tpc ihi^u sd co hogt dpng sinh ke phu thupc Ion vao Iai nguyen rung nen dupc chpn de nghien cuu Thong Un sii dyng cho nghien cuu dirpc thu thap tu phong v ^ 89 hp dSn tpc Ihi^u so chon nglu nhien va phong v ^ sSu 12 ngucri am hieu la truong thon, can bp xa phu trach n6nK nghidp va gia langCThai xa Ket qua cho th^y sau nam (2014-2018) cac hoat dpng sinh k^ chii chdt dua vao tai nguyen rimg giam tu 60% den tren 90% sjin lupng va anh huong dang ke den doi sdng ciia hp; thu nhkp va doi sdnff cai thi^n hon: hp dan lOc Ca Tu chii dpng hon san xuat nong nghidp vA tim kiem sinh k^ moi, [.am thue la hoat dpng ti^m nang dupc nhi^u hp thuc hi^n, Tuy nhien, thi^u trinh dp tay nghe cho cac hoat dong lam thue va rui ro bicn ddi hau la nhung rao can can giai quy^t d^ nang cao thu nhap va 6n dmh den song ciia nguoi dan Ca Tu Tijr kh6a: Co Tu dan tdc thidu so, khai thac ISm san .\'ani Ddng, sinh kt\ BAT VAN BE Rimg d6ng vai tr6 v6 cung quan trpng sinh k^ cua mpt bp phan lon nguoi dan b cac nuoc dang phal trien Tam quan trpng ciia rimg dupc th^ hien b khia canh kinh te, xa hpi va moi trucmg (Menaka P., 2009, trich boi Nguyen Hai Niii va cgng su, 2016) Hang trieu nguoi dan tren th^ gioi song phu thupc vao nguon tai nguy&n rimg cupc song hang Rimg cung cap cac san pham va dich vu moi trucmg cho phat tnen san xu^t va doi song, cung cap noi a, viec lam, tao sinh ke on dmh (Vedeld P et al., 2007) Viet Nam, cac viing co ty le ngheo doi cao thuang CO nhi^u rimg (Minot va cac cpng su 2003; Sunderlin W.D etal, 2005) Phdn Itm ngutn ngheo tr day la nguoi dan toe thieu sd (DTTS), s6ng dua vao rimg va cac hoat dpng sinh ke hen quan den tai nguyen rimg \'i vay, nhirng thay doi tiep can lai nguyen rimg va dat ning co nhimg tac dong lon den hoat dpng sinh k^ va doi song cua cpng dong DTTS ' Trucmg D;ii hpc Noiii: Lam Dai hpc Hue • Hpi d6ng Nhan dan ihj xa Quang Trj E m a i l : -^'i 12(1 Nam Dong ia huy^n mi^n ntii ciia tinh Thira Thi^n - Hu^, noi co 42,91% dan cu la dong bao dan tpc CaTu dang sinh song (UBND huy^n Nam Dong, 2015) La mpl dia phuong CP ti le hp ngheo kha cao Nam 2018, ti 1$ ngheo binh quan toan huyen la 7,83% va c4n ngheo la 6,51% Mot s6 xa co nhi^u nguoi DTTS sinh song ti le ngheo len den 26,8% (xa Huong Him) Doi song cua ngtroi DTTS gap rat nhi^u kho khfln n^n viec nang cao thu nhap cho ngutn dan dupt: dat nhu mot yeu cau hire thi^t cdn phai giai quyet Ben canh do, viec thuc hien chu tnrtmg thdt chat quan ly rimg kel hop voi thuc ti'ang suy giam nguon tai nguyen da co nhimg anh hutmg dang ke den kha nang tidp can tai nguyen rimg ciia nguoi dan, dac biet tir nam 2013 Nhung thay doi co the anh huong lon den hoat dong sinh ke va tiiu nhap ciia nguoi dan, dac biet la cong dong nguoi DTTS song gan rung (Nguyen Thi My Van, 20i:j) Nghien cuu tien hanh nham tim hieu nhum; thay doi hoat dong sinh ke cua nguoi DTTS thdt chat quan ly i-img va anh hutmg cua nhirng Ihay doi den doi song cua ho tir xac dinh cac K'ai ^hap on dinh fhu nhap va cai thien doi sdng cho niiufn DTTS a day ti>'-i'• Mii ii l i ' ^ " NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2oi9 KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE PHUONG PIUP NGHBU CUU 2.1 Di&n Dghifin cuu Bk tai lua chpn dia ban hai xa Thupng Quang va Thugrng Long, huyen Nam Dong, tinh Thira Thien Hu^ lam dia ban nghien cim vdi hai ly sau: Thu nhat, hai xa co vi tri ndm a viing d&m aia Vuon Quoc gia Bach Ma, co phan lon ho dan co hoat dOng sinh kci dira vao rimg Thu hai, day la xa dai di^n cho tat ca cac xa giap rimg oia huyen ve dieu ki^n kinh td xa hoi Xa Thuong Long dai dien cho nhiimg xa thuan vk dan toe voi trfen 97% ngudi dan tpc CaTu va ti le hp ngheo cao (tren 25% nam 2018) Xa Thupng Quang dai di6n cho nhirng xa c6 phdn dan toe da dang hon, voi gan 40% ngudi dan tpc kinh sinh sdng ciing khoang 60% ngudi CoTu, didu kien kinh t^ tdt hon 2.2 M&u nghifin tniu Mdu nghi&n oiu la cdc ho dan tpc Co Tu cd cac hoat dpng sinh ke (SK) dua vao tai nguyen rimg CTNR) Hp dupc chpn ngdu nhien de di^u tra thdng qua danh sdch ho dap ung cdc tidu chi tren dp truong thon lap Ttr danh sdch tien hanh chgn ngdu nhidn cdc hd dd phdng van, each hd chpn hp cho ddn dii dung lupng mdu Dung luong mdu cua nghidn ciru la 89 hd, 44 hp o xa Thuong Quang va 45 hp xa Thupng Long 2.3 Phirong phdp tiiu fliSp thdng tin dtr li^u Tlidng tin thu cap dugc tiiu thap tir cdc cdng trinh nghien ciiu, sach, tai lieu vd sinh ke (SIO dua vdo tai nguyen rimg CTNR) da dugc cong bd vd cdc bdo cdo phdt trien kinh te xa hdi cua dia ban nghien ciiu Qua cdc tai lieu so cap ban dau cho thdy thdi diera thay doi boat ddng SK dua vdo TNR diin rd ret nhat la giai doan 2013-2014 Do vay, cdc tiidng tin thir cdp li^n quan den nghidn cuu giai d o ^ tir nara 2014 den nam 2018 duoc thu tiiap d^ phan tich Thdng tin so cap dupc thu thap qua phong van sau nguoi am hieu va phong van hp dan Phong sau dupc tidn hanh vdi 12 ngudi am hieu, gom trudng thon, can bd xa phu trdch nong nghiep vd gid lang nhdm thu thap thdng tin lien quan ddn hoat dpng SK dua vao TNR, nhung thay ddi boat ddng SK dua vao TNR va cac chinh sdch lidn quan Nghidn ctiu tidn hanh khao sdt 89 hd bang phidu phong van ban cau tnic de thu thap cdc thdng tin, so hdu vd d$c di^m hoat ddng SK cua hp, nhirng thay ddi vd hogt dong SK dua vao TNR cua hd vd anh hudng cua nhirng thay ddi ddn miic thu nhap, co cau thu nhap va miic chi tieu cua hd 2.4 Phuong phdp xii l^ thdng tin Tat ca cdc sd li^u dieu tra dirpc ma hoa, qudn ly trdn phdn raem Excel 2010 va xir ly trdn phan mdm SPSS 20 Thdng ke md ta vdi cdc hdm trung binh, tan suat va ti le phdn tram la phuong phdp chii dgo dd phan tich cac dir lidu nghidn cuu gom thay doi sdn lupng lam san khai thdc tir rimg; thay ddi mirc thu nhap; co cau thu nhap Cdc du li$u dupc phan tich, danh gid qua phuong phdp so sanh trudc thay ddi hoat dpng SK dua vao TNR ciia hp (tnroc 2014) vd thdi diem didu tra (nam 2018) S-KETQUANGMBVCUU 3.1 Mot sd dac didm kinh td- xa hOi cua xa Thupng Long vd Thupng Qudng Bins Ccrc^udan s6, lao dOng ciia dia ban nghi&n cijfu nam 2018 Chi tieu Tong so iio Tong so nhan khau Dan toe CaTu Dan toe Kinh Phan loai ho Ho Ithong ngheo Ho ean ngheo Ho ngheo DVT Ho Ngucri Ngucri Nguoi Ho Ho Ho Thuon g Quang So luong Co-cau (%) 100,0 558 1774 100,0 56,60 1004 43,40 770 497 35 26 Dan sd vd lao ddng la mdt nhiing ydu td xa hdi quan trgng quydt dmh hieu qua san xuat, la ngudn lire tdc dgng true tiep ddn qua trinh phdt trien 95,34 6,27 4,66 Thuang Long So luong Cacau (%) 651 100,0 2717 100,0 2639 97,1 78 2,87 427 56 168 65,59 8,60 25,81 (Ngudn: UBND huyen Nam Ddng, 2019) kinh te xa hgi Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua hai xa tinh den thang 12 nam 2018 long sd hg cua xa la 1050 hp vdi 4491 khau Trong dd, ngudi Co Tu la 3643 NONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2019 127 KHOA HQC CONG PC^ini^ nguoi, chiem sl.11% tong dan sd ciia xa (Bang 1) Ti li' hp ngheo va can ngheo cua hai xa dang miic khd cao, dac biet b xa Thuong Long (ti Id ngheo va can ngheo ldn lugt la 25,81% va 8,60%) Didu cho thdy cdn nhieu khd khan, can trd ddi voi phat tnen sinh kd cua ngudi dan d-day 3.2 Thuc trang tidp c ^ vd su dung tdi nguydn ddt ctia hd Dat dai la ngudn luc quan trpng hang ddu viec nang cao muc sdng va ngudn sinh kd cho cac hg gia dinh nong thon b Viet Nam De danh gia su phu thupc cua sinh kd vao sdn xudt nong nghiep cung nhu CO hdi phat trien sinh ke thay thd tnia hd, vide phan tich thuc trang su dung dat la rat cdn thiet Bang mo ta co cau sii dung ddt ciia cac hd dieu tra nam 2018 Tir bang cd tiid tiiay muc hch si^ dat nong nghidp kha da dang, ngoai dat ^"^ ^ cdn co bien voi cac Ioai cay nhu cau, chudi cam birfi keo va ao dat lua nuoc, hoa mau cao su iimg ft*^ ca Ddt trdng rimg keo va cao su chidm li '^ 90%) ngudn tai nguyen dat ciia hg dca ai^ Dieu dd khdng dinh rdng boat dpng sinh ke W rimg keo va cao su la hoat dpng rdt quan trgng vol smh kd cua hd Ddt hoa mau, lua nuoc va ^^ c^ chiem ti le rat tiiap Theo ddnh gia ciia ngudi dan dien tich trdng cao su va hoa mau cd xu hudng giam hi anh huong cua ban, boi ddp ddt cat tu sat ley va nui cao su mat gid nen phai chuyen sang keo Bdng Tmh hinh sii dung dat cua hg didu tra nam 2018 (m^ Thuong Quang (n=44) Tyle(%) Trung binh Loai dat Dat vuon: Cau chuoi, cam Dat hoa mau avung th^p Aoca 1188,64' ± 770,60" 1438,64 * 724.72 387,32 ± 0,46 16405,90 * 16493,00 13445.50 + 12680,90 278.41 ± 824.23 , Thuang Long n=45) Ty le (%) Trung binh 3,63 964,44 ± 550,27 3,79 4,39 0,97 50,08 41,05 0,85 1475,00 ± 692,97 350,00 ± 152,52 10076,92 ± 5469,36 17266,67 ± 9088,95 380,00 + 130,38 4,63 0,73 22,87 67,81 0,17 (Ngudn: Phong van hd, 2019) Gin chu: * gii ti-j tnmg bmh: **dd lech chuan 3.3 Thuc trgng cdc hogt dgng sinh kd cua hg khdo sdt Hoat dpng sinh ke ciia cac hp Ca Tu d dia bdn nghien cthi rdt da dang voi nhidu nganh nghe khac Tuy nhien, san xuat ndng nghiep vdn la hoat dpng quan trgng nhat smh ke ciia hdu het hd nghien cim Bang the hien ro co cau thu nhap vd cac hoat ddng sinh ke nam 2018 cua cac hd khao sdt Bang Ca cdu tiiu nhap ciia cac hd khdo sdt nam 2018 Thmmg Quang (n = 44) Thucmg Long (n = 45) Thu nhap Trung bmh Tyte Tyle Trung binh (trieu dong) (tneu d6ng) (%) (%) 34.75' ± 17.19" Cav Ironer: cao su, lua, ngo, hoa mau 13.76 ± 4,72 18,07 33,59 15.75 ±20.40 Chan nuoi 6,66 ± 4,22 15,22 8,61 Nuoi thiiv san 5,20 + 3,70 0.77 ±2.74 0,74 6,83 23.72 ± 19.59 15,76 + 6,50 Rimg keo 22,93 20,70 Khai thac ning tu nhien 5.28 ± 3.18 9,79 ± 6,85 5,10 12,97 12,77 ± 4,98 Lam thue 13.91 ± 7.13 13,44 16,77 1,35± 4,47 Dich vu 54 + 7.21 1,49 1,77 1,43 + 0,97 Klioan bao ve rimg 0.19 + 0.32 0.19 1,88 9,53 + 6,47 Kltac 7.29 7,54 ± 32,90 12,51 (Ngudn: Phdng van lid, 2019) Ghi chd: 'gia tii trung bmh: *'dd lech chuan N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY - THAf KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE Bang cho thay, cdc boat ddng sinh ke ciia hd thdi dieni khao sat khd da dang, gdm: trdng trpt, chan nudi, nudi trdng thuy sdn va cdc hoat ddng SK dya vao TNR nhu trdng rimg, khai thac tir rimg, ldm tiiue dich vu va khoan bao ve rimg va cac hoat ddng khdc Trdng trpt ddng vai trd quan trgng co cau thu nhap nSm 2018 cua nong hg o hai xa nghien ctiu, dac bidt la rimg keo va cao su O Thugng Quang trdng tipt ddng gdp gdn 57% va Thupng Long gdn 39% CO cau thu nhap ciia hd Thuc hien chinh sdch thdt chat qudn li, bdo v? rimg txr nhidn thong qua giao rimg cho cpng dong, nhdm hg quan li da tao dieu kien cho nhieu hd gia dinh kidm them thu nhap tir boat ddng nhan cdng khodn bdo ve rimg Theo ket qua dieu tra, cd den 77,5% hg o xa Thupng Quang vd 42.5% hd o xa Thugng Long tham gia boat ddng Day Id boat dpng vira dem lai thu nhap cho hd vira nang cao y thuc va tinh than cua ngudi dan ve bdo ve va phuc hdi rimg sinh ke ddng gdp ddng kd cho thu nh^p cua hd va dang cd xu huong phdt trien manh Trong nam 2018, boat dgng chan nuoi ddng gdp gan 16% tdng tiiu nhap cua hd b Thirpng Quang va gdn 7% o Thupng Long; thu nhap tir lam thue ndng nghiep vd phi ndng nghidp chiem khoang 13-14% thu nhap ciia hp b hai xa nghien ciiu Cac hoat ddng lam thue chii yeu la trdng, cham sdc, khai thdc rimg keo ho$c ldm thg hd, hoc vac Mot nhirng khd khan ciia hoat ddng lam thue la ky nang va trinh dp tay nghe thdp ndn cdng lao ddng ciia nguoi DTTS chua cao Trung binh cong lao ddng ciia nu la 120.000 ddng/ngay, nam la 150.(XX) ddng/ngay Hoat ddng khai thdc rimg tu nhien la boat dpng sinh kd chinh trudc day cua ngudi dan d hai xa, nhien, nam 2018 thu nhap tir khai thac rimg tir nhien chi chiem 5,1% va 9,8% CO cau thu nhap cua hd dieu tra tuong ung d- xa Thupng Quang va Thugng Long 3.4 Hoat ddng khai thdc gd vd lam san ngodi gd cua ho didu tra Chan nudi vd lam thud cung Id nhiing hoat dpng B ^ Miic thuc hi§n c^c hoat dOng khai theic E6 V^ Iam san ngo^i i'6 ciia ho khio s4t nam 2018 Thuong Long (n = 45) Thuang Quang (n = 44) San pham Donvi Sitn luang trung binh Tile ho % San luong trung binh TylShO% 0,I8±0,10 Go &i,-0: n.,.4) m^/hg/nam 8,9 1122.7,1'+ 864.78" 648,27 + 285,50 93.18 86,7 Clii 0i|.39: n,=41) 6.34 ±12.48 21,67 ±12,85 Dong vat (n,=16; n.,=18) 36,36 22,7 16.14 + 56.58 122,86 ±80,77 9,09 15,6 bi non (nl.4; n2-T) Kg/ho/nam 1.59+4.02 18,18 Rau mon vot (nl-8;n2.0) 182.27 + 262.17 269,44 ±120,22 47,73 40 Miiy (nl.21, n2-18) 68.52 ±128.83 210,77 ±122,17 27,27 28,9 Dot (n,=12; n,.16) 3.43 ± 8.58 24.08 ±16,75 15,91 26,7 Mang (ni=7; n.,=13) 9.91 + 11.45 13,53 ±10,71 63,64 Lit/ho/nam 33,3 Mat ong (n,.28; n,.30) Ghi chu: n,=sd hd & Tiiuong Quing va n^- Sd bd & Thuong Long: * gii tri trung binh:** lech chuan Bang Thu nhap tir cAc hoat dOng khai thac g6 va Iam san ngoai gO cua ho khao sat nam 2018 (triOu dOng Thu nhap cua ho xa Thupng Quang Thu nhap ciia ho xa Thuong Long San pham (n-44) (n.45) 15,00 + 4,08 G6 (nl=0; n2=4) 1,76' ± 1,64" 0,85 ± 0,33 Clii (nl.39; n2^1) 0,72 ±1,47 7,88 ±3,33 D6ngvat(nl.l6;n2-18) 0,10 ±0,37 l,04 + 0,,54 I j non (nl=4; n2=7) 0,85 ± 1,30 1,70 ±0,61 May(nl-21.n2-18) 2,8a± 2.40 5,43 ±2,85 Matong(nl-28:n2=30) 0,01 ± 0,04 Rau mon vot (nl=8; n2-0) 0,55 ± 1,60 1,25 + 0,66 Dot (nl=12; n2.16) 0,05 ±0,13 1,36 ±0,59 Mang (nl.7; n2-13) (Ngudn: Phdng vin hd, 2019) Ghi chu: n,-sdho & Thaong Quang vi n_,= Sd ho d ThaongLong: 'gii tii tinngblnh; "do lech chuan NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2019 129 KHOA HOC CdNG Bang va bi^u didn san krong va thu nhdp ciia cdc ho^t dgng khai thac gd vd lam san ngodi go ciia cdc hg didu Ket qua cho thay rat it hg tham gia vao hoat ddng khai thdc gd va san lupng khai thdc khdng ddng ke Chi cd 45 hp khao sat Thupng Long cd tham gia khai thac gd nhung rdt hidm khai thac, sdn lugng bmh quan chi 0,18 mVhp/nam O Thirpng Quang khong cd hg nao tham gia khai thac gd Tuy nhien khai thac lam sdn ngoai gd van la boat ddng khd phd bien va o xa Thugng Long bidn hem xa Thuong Qudng nguoi dan tdc Ca Tu d- Thugng Long ddng hon, thudn hon vd vdn theo tap qudn dua vao rimg dd kidm sdng nen kha nang tim Idem boat dpng sinh kd mdi thay thd kem hon b Thupng Qudng Cdc sdn phdm lam san ngoai gd dupc hd khai thac gdm cui, dgng vat, la ndn, rau mdn, mSy, ddt, mang va mat ong Thu hdi cui, mat ong va san ddng vat la nhiing hogt dgng phd bien bdi nhu cau sii dung va gia di kinh td mang lai cho hg • ^ hai xa '* dgng SK dvra vdo TNR cua hd nam J' IJ '^ ^^ i^j^ hdn so vdi truoc 2014 San lupng cua hdu ^ ^^ san va LSNG giam b-dn 5Cfi6 so voi t""^ ^^'^^t vSn dupc hdu va dgng vat hoang da Gidm m?^ ^^^ ^ ^ Id gd, la ndn, may vd ddt Ddi vdn go w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ miic va dugc qudn ly chat che hon n^n Kn ^^^ ^^ Sdn lupng ddt Id ndn va mang r ^ g g ^ ^ ^ ^ phdt tridn rimg keo va boat dpng lanj « ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ nhimg khu dupc giao khodn bao v^^ ^ • lara gidu nmg chii ydu ti^ng may h^^ ^ ^^ ban dia Cdc cay ddt la non rau r ^ ^ ° ^ hep didn tich nhu cdu khai tiiac khong giara , _ Kot qua phong van sau cho thSy mat ong va may giam manh khai thac bua bai, khong ben vung Ngoai san lupng mat ong giam anh huatig cua thai aft va raOi ttuang Mua that thucmg, mua ldn va khai thic hft cay g6 lon nen sO luong to ong giam va san Immg n4t it hon - —- 3.5 Thay ddi cdc hogt ddng sinh kd dt;a vio tai nguydn rimg ciia hO khdo sdt Kdt qua nghi&n ciiu cho thdy, hoat dgng SK dua vdo TNR ciia hd didu tra tiiay ddi dang kd, tiid hidn qua thay ddi tan suat di rimg; hinh thitc td chuc di rimg; thay ddi thdi gian, thdi vu va san lupng khai tilde 3.5.1 Thay ddi sin lupng khai thic Do ngudn tai nguydn rimg tr^n dia ban suy giam manh kdt hpp thirc hidn cdc chu truong that chat quan li rimg ciia Nha nude nen co hgi tiep can va khai thdc tai nguydn rimg ciia ngudi dan giam dang kd Theo kdt qud khao sat, giai doan hi nam 20102013, cac boat ddng tudn tra rimg tir nhien tien hdnh thirdng xuyen hon, luc lupng tudn tra nhieu hon, rimg va ddt rimg bdt ddu dupc giao khoan cho nhdm hg cham sdc bdo vd Nam 2014 la dau mdc thay ddi ldn nhat boat ddng sinh kd hd, dac biet cac hd ngudi DTTS (Co Tu) nhiing tiiay ddi tren CQng tu nam 2014 dien tich rimg trdng phat trien nhanh chdng nguoi dan gidm khai thdc rimg tu nhien ket hgp vdi anh hudng ciia cac hien tuong thdi tidt cue doan lam mdt sd viing ddt khong the tiep tuc san xudl nong nghiep bupc phai chuydn sang rimg keo Cdc boat ddng sinh ke va ti ciia cac ngudn sinh kc ciia hd thay ddi rat ldn Thay ddi cac boat ddng SK dua vao TNR ciia hp didu tra dupc thd hidn o hinh cho thay cdc hpat 130 Hinh Tliay ddi sdn lupng g6 vd LSNG khai thdc cua ho khao sdt df Thugng Long vd Tliupng Qudng nam 2018 so vdi truoc nam 2014 {%) (Ngudn: Phong van hd, 2018) 3.5.2 Thay ddi thdi gian, tan suat vi hmh thtic td chuc di rimg Viec han che tiep can den ngudn tai nguyen rimg khdng chi lam thay doi sdn luong lam san khai thac ma tdn suat, thdi gian va hinh thuc to chuc di rimg Cling thay ddi dang ke (Bang 6) Ket qua nghien cuu b ca hai xa deu cho thdy thdi didm vdo rimg hau nhu khdng thay doi, co thd di quanh nam va tap trung vao cdc thang miia khd ttr thdng ddn thdng Tuy nhien, tdn sudt di rimg giam ro rdt Truoc day, ngudi dan chii ydu di theo nhdm, mang tiieo luong tiiuc vao rimg dung ldn d.' r, ]aj ^^ j ^ g j tiiac nhidu san pham nhu gd, mat u -, niay Thdi gian di rimg ddi, binh quan 1-2 tudn hir.j ,j,.^ ^^ g^ NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - TH iG 9/2019 KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE di rimg nhidu binh quan 12,8 ngay/thdng O thdi d i ^ nam 2018, mdi thdng ngirdi dan vao rimg khoang va chu yeu di va ve ngdy Sd hg vdo rimg cung giam d' tat ca cac thang, binh quan giam 20-30% sd hp Tlieo dng H.V.C, ngudi chuydn di rimg b xa Thupng Long: 'Truoc day mdi ldn di rimg deu cd san phara mang vd de bdn kiem tien, hien khdng phai lan nao di cung kiem duoc tidn, cd dupc, cd mdt trdng Od) va nguy hidm Mpt sd nguoi di ve mang benh khdng co tien chira tri nen it di hoac bd hdn nghd nay" m Giai doan >2014 2017 Bang Thay ddi thiri gian, tin suit va hinh thiic di rimg (% s6 Ti le ho di rimg a cac thoi diem Thoi gian vao S6 Hinh thlic to chiic nam rimg di rimg Thang Thang Thang TTiang Ca Mot Ditheo Ca /thang 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 buoi nhom nhan 30,0 97,5 90,0 50,0 12,8 98,8 1,3 90,0 10,0 11,3 72,5 67,5 38,5 5,7 66,3 33,8 16,3 68,8 Kdt qua khao sat cdn cho thay, tiiuc hien cdc chinh sdch that chat quan ly rimg ttr nhidn thong qua tang cirdng luan tra, giao khodn bao ve rimg va tuydn truydn ngudi dan da y thuc dupc tam quan trpng cua su tdi sinh rimg ttr nhien Do dd tan suat vd thdi gian vdo rimg khai thdc cung giam dan va ngudi dan khdng to chiic dt khai thdc rimg nhu trudc Cac hO di Iheo cd nhan, chii ydu di vi "nhd rimg" va chi khai tilde LSNG dupc phep dd tang tiidm thu nhap cho gia dinh, (Nguon: Phong van hd, 2019) cdc hoat ddng ldm thue va djch vu da tao nhidu sir lira chgn cho smh ke hon, giam dp lire vao khai thdc rimg tu nhien va cudc sdng cua hg cd phdn dn dmh hon % 3.6 Anh huong cQa thay ddi boat dpng sinh kd di;a vdo tdi nguydn rung ddn ddi sdng cnia hd dan tgc CoTli a hai xa nghidn cuu Ket qua nghien cuu cho thdy su thay ddi cac hoat dgng SK dua vao TNR anh hirong dang ke ddn CO cdu Ihu nhap cua hd ngudi CoTu (Hinh va bang 3) Tir hinh cd the thay rdng, cac ngudn thu cua hg cd su Ihay ddi ldn d' nam 2018 so vdi giai doan tnrdc nam 2014 Mirc thu nhap tir khai thdc rimg tu nhien giam gan 73% d- xa Thugng Long va 93% d' xa Thupng Quang Ngudn thu tir cdc boat dpng sinh kd tniyen tiidng, gdm trpt, chan nudi, nudi trdng thiiy san tang len, tang nhieu nhat Id tti hoat dpng trdng rung keo Ben canh do, ngudi dan dia phuong cung phdt trien boat ddng sinh ke mdi, phd bien la boat ddng lam thud va tham gia td quan ly bao ve rimg cdng ddng Dieu phii hgp vdi ket qua phdng vdn sau ngudi am hieu, cho rdng viec thuc hien cdc chinh sdch that chat quan ly rimg tu nhien da lam cho ngudi DTTS giam hdn su phu thudc vao tai nguyen rimg, hdu hdt cdc hp chii ddng lang cudng dau tu vdo sdn xudt ndng nghiep (tidng trgt, chan nudi); lam nghiep (trdng rimg, khoanh nudi bao ve rimg ) vd phi ndng nghiep (buon bdn, ldm thue) Su xuat hien Hinh Thay doi mtic thu nh§p tir cdc ngudn thu cua hg nam 2018 so vdi nam 2014 (%) (Ngudn: Phong van ho, 2018) Ket qua nghien cuu cflng cho thay gidm cdc hoat dong SK dua vao TNR da c6 nhung tac ddng ddng ke den ddi sdng ciia hd b cdc khia canh nhu co cau thu nhap ciia bp, muc thu nhap, muc chi tieu thuc pham, sinh hoat gia dinh va viec tham gia cac hoat ddng xa hdi cua hd (Bang 7) Hoat dpng SK dua vdo TNR trudc day la ngudn thu chinh cua hd nhung den nam 2018, ngudn thu gidm hdn va chiem ti le khdng dang ke (dudi 10%) ca cau thu nhap cua bd (Bdng 3) Hdu hdt cac hg khdo sdt cho rang, 1-2 nam ddu mdi gidm di rimg thu nhap vd didu kien sdng ciia hd bi gidm nhung nhd' sir phat tiien oia rimg keo va tim kiem cdc hoat dpng sinh ke khdc nen thu nhap ciia hd da khdc phuc va dan dn dinh Khoang 77,5% sd hd d-Thupng Long va 82,5% hd d Thugng Quang cho rdng den 2018 (sau nam) miic thu nhap ciia hd NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2019 131 KHOA HOC C N e g^wii da on dinh va tiep tuc cai thien Tuy nhitn, cac nguon thu nhap van bap benh trinh tay nghe doi vcn cac cong v i ^ lam thue chua dap ling va anh huong cang lon cua cac hien tuong thoi tiet cue doan d^n san xuat nong nghiep, dac bi^t han va mua lu cpng dong nhicu han Mpt ti It- nho kho.in.i; ^^ ^^ so ho dupc phpng van giam miic song nf^ ^ chinh va nguoi ciia hp yeu nen kho ^'"^.^^^ ^ \nec tiep can cac hoat dpng sinh kc moi, • hoat dpng lam thue Do thu nhap cua "'^'f*^^ giam dang ke Nguyen nhan chinh ""^f^^""^';;^ bap benh, nhung ho la cong MI:V lam lhu6 thu nhap khdng cao dp nhieu chd thue danh gia thap va phan bift ngudi DTTS dd muc tra den cong khdng nhu mong mudn V^ doi sdng tmh than, ti le kha lon (32,5% den 42,5%) so hp cho rang ddi sdng tinh than duac tang len nhieu; c6 nhieu thdi gian d cung gia dmh ban: dtrpc cham soc gia dinh, day cpn; giam nguy hiem tinh mang di rimg va tham gia hoat dpng ciia Bang Danh gia cua ngudi dan v4 inh hudng dia thay ddi ho?t dOng sinh k^ rimg d&i ddi sdng cua gia dinh Chi lieu Sinh hoat, cham soc gia dinh Tham gia cac hoat dpng smh hoat, van hoa cdng ddng dam 7.5 10,00 0,00 Khdng ddi 82,5 55.00 57,50 Tang 17,80 40,00 32,50 4.\50 2.50 57,50 40,00 4.KErLUANVAKlBDniGHI Tidp can tai nguyen rimg cua ngudi Co Tu b dia ban buy^n Nam Ddng gidm ro ret tir nam 2014 su c?m ki^t tdi nguyen rimg ket hpp viec thirc hidn chii tnrong tang cudng qudn ly tdi nguydn rimg aia nha nude Cdc boat dpng SK dua vao TNR ciia ngudi Co Tu rat da dang tir idy gd den nhieu loai LSNG khac va la ngudn sinh kd chinh Tuy nhi^n hdu hdt cdc hogt ddng sinh kd chii chdt tir rimg tu nhien giam tren 80% vd san lupng so voi trudc Cac liiNC nhu may, ddt, Id ndn, rau rimg cung giam it nhdt 55% san lupng so vdi tnrdc day Tan sudt di rimg; sd hd di rimg; thdi gian U'ong rimg ddu giam va hinh thuc td chuc di rimg ciing thay ddi tir di theo nhdm sang di ca nhan Ngoai gidm khai thdc rimg, ngudi dan co y thiic hon qudn ly bdo ve rimg, chi khai thdc nhimg LSNG cho phep va vira khai thdc vira bdo ve Nhtmg thay doi trdn da anh htrdng ddng ke den sinh kd va ddi sdng ciia hg Hdu hdt cac hd bi anh hudng vd thu nhap, an ninh luong thuc va chi tieu 1-2 nam ddu nhung da cdi thidn va dn dmh sau nam thay ddi nho tun kidm cac hoat ddng sinh ke mdi Ngudi dan cbii dgng hon dau tu hon vao cdc boat dpng sdn xuat ndng lam nghiep Thu nhap dn dinh hon vd ddi song tinh tiian cai tiiidn hon trubc Tuy nhien, frinh tay 132 XaThupm'Lpnir(n=40) Khdng ddi Giam 77,5 5,00 57,5 2,5 67,50 0,00 Tang 10,00 3.5,00 12,50 0,00 60,00 (Ngudn: Phdng van ho, 2018) nghd ddi vdi cdc ho?t dpng phi ndng nghiep la rao can ldn nhdt viec phdt trien sinh ke thay thd Bdn C9nh dd nhung bien ddng vd thj Irudng va thdi tiel cue doan cung Id nhimg rao can phdt tridn sdn xudt nfing nghidp ctia hd De on dinh hon va cdi thidn thu nhap cho hd DTTS ndi chung va ngudi CoTu ndi rieng can cd cdc chirong trinh ddo tao tay nghd, nang cao nang lire cho nguoi DTTS ve nhimg ngdnh nghd cd nhu cau lao dpng viing Nghien cuu va chuyen giao cdc rad hinh sdn xuat cd kha nSng thich ung tdt vdi cdc bien ddi vd thi trudng vd thdi tiet cue doan d- dja phuong cung nhu nang luc san xudt aJa cdc hd ngudi DTTS TAI LEU THAM KHAO Nguydn Hai Nui, Nguydn Qudc Chinh, Dd Quang Giam, Nguydn Thanh Lam (2016) Anh hudng cua ngudn luc sinh keden lua chon chien lirgc sinb ke ctia ngudi dan phu tiiuoc vao rimg tai khu vuc vimg cao tinh Bic Can Tap chi Khoa hoc Ndng nghidp Viet Nam 2016, tap 14, sd 6: 969-977 Nguydn Thi My Van (2013) Chinh sich quin ly rimg va smh ke bdn vimg cho cong ddng cic dan tdc tiiieu sd a vimg mii tinh Thua I hidn - Hud Trung tam Nghien ciiu Tai nguydn va Moj truong, Dai hgc Qudc gia Hd Noi NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THAIJG 019 KHOA HOC CONG NGHE Menaka P., (2009) Socioeconomic perspective of deforestation and forest degradation in Nepal A doctoral tiiesis in InHa university, Nepal (2Q^b) Phuong cach kidm sdng, Rimg va Bao tdn a cac nude dang phat tridn: Khai quit (Livelihoods Forests, and Conservation in Developing Mmot,N Baulch,B.,Epprecht.M., cgng tdc vdi Nhdm tdc chien Lap ban Ngheo ddi hen bd (2003) Ngheo ddi vi bat binh ding tai Viet nam: Cic md hinh khdng gian va cic ydu tddia Iy (Poverty and Inequahty m Vietiiam: Spatial patterns and geographic determinants) Internationa! Food Pobcy Research Institute aFPRI) and Institiite of Development Studies, Hanoi Sunderlin, W D., Angelsen, A., Belcher, B., Burgers, P., Nasi, R., Santoso, L., Wunder, S Countries: An overview) World Development 33(9):1383-1402 ^- ^^^^ huyen Nam Ddng (2015) De an: "i-i^ffHu tti rung va phit tiidn lam sin ngoai gd giai ^"^ ^^^^' -^-O"''• ^'edeld Paul, Angelsen Anld Bojo Jan, Sjaastad Espen, Kobugabe Berg Gertrude (2007) Forest environmental incomes and the rural poor ^"""^^t P°^'^y ^^ Economics EFFECTS OF CHANGING NARTURAL FOREST-BASED LIVELIHOOD ACnVITIES ON LIVING CONDITIONS OF COTU HOUSEHOLDS IN NAM DONG DISTRICT THUA THIEN - HUE PROVINCE Le Thi Hoa Sen, Bui Thi Hong Loan, Nguyen Thi Hong Mai, Nguyen Tran Tieu Phung Summary The study aims (o explore changes in natural forest-based livelihood acUviUes of Co Tu households in Nam Dong and assess effects of these changes on households' living condiUons The study selected Thuong Long and Thuong Quang communes for surveying Data used for this study was collected fi-om interviews of 89 randomly selected Cotu households in the two communes and in-depth interviews of 12 key informants who were village and commune leaders and elders Results showed that after years of implemenUng policies on restriction of natural forest management, household income share from natural forest-based livelihood activiUes was reduced by at least 60% of pre-2014 levels However total income and living conditions were improved and stablised, while Cotu households became more active in farming activities and in shifting to alternative livelihoods Many households opted for wage-labour, which seemed to increase in the subsequent years However, lack of technical skills for wage-labor activities and increasing risks of extreme cbmaUc events remained significant challenges for Co Tu people in improving and sustaining livelihoods Keywords: Co Tu ethnic minority, collecting offorest products, Xam Dong, livelihoods Ngudi phan bidn: PGS.TS Dd Anh Tuan Ngdy nh&n bdi: 12/7/2019 Ngdy thdng qua phan bien: 14/8/2019 Ngay duy^t dang: 21/8/2019 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY - THANG 9/2019 ... den sinh kd va ddi sdng ciia hg Hdu hdt cac hd bi anh hudng vd thu nhap, an ninh luong thuc va chi tieu 1-2 nam ddu nhung da cdi thidn va dn dmh sau nam thay ddi nho tun kidm cac hoat ddng sinh... Ihu nhap cua hd ngudi CoTu (Hinh va bang 3) Tir hinh cd the thay rdng, cac ngudn thu cua hg cd su Ihay ddi ldn d' nam 2018 so vdi giai doan tnrdc nam 2014 Mirc thu nhap tir khai thdc rimg tu nhien... thdc rimg tu nhien la boat dpng sinh kd chinh trudc day cua ngudi dan d hai xa, nhien, nam 2018 thu nhap tir khai thac rimg tir nhien chi chiem 5,1% va 9,8% CO cau thu nhap cua hd dieu tra tuong