Tác động của đảm bảo dịch vụ xã hội cơ bản đến chất lượng cuộc sống của người dân tộc thiểu số ở việt nam

1 AU UUJNt; CUA DAM BAO DICH VU XA HOI CO B A N DEN CHAT LUONG CUOC SONG CUA NGtTOfl DAN T Q C THIEU SO VIET NAM D6 Thi Hai Ha Khoa Khoa hgc qudn ly Trudng Dgi hgc Kinh ti Quoc ddn Email: hadh@neu.edu.vn Nguyen Dang Niii Khoa Khoa hoc qudn ly, Trudng Dai hgc Kinh te Quoc ddn Emad: nuind(^neu.edu.vn Phung Minh Dire Khoa Todn kinh ti, Trudng Dgi hoc Kinh te Qudc ddn Email- phungminhduc79(ff),gmail.com Ngay nhan'31/01/2020 Ngay nh?n ban siia: 20/02/2020 Ngay duyet dang, 05/3/2020 Tom tat: Bdi viet ndysu diing phuong phdp trgng sd di xdy he chi sd tdng hgp ve chat luong cudc song cho nguoi ddn tdc thieu sd d Viet Nam dua trin bo sd lieu VHLSS Thdng qua md hinh danh gid tdc ddng, nghien cuu dd chi ddm bdo cdc dich VIA xa hdi linh vuc y te vd gido due cd vai trd quan trgng de ndng cao chdt luang cudc sdng cua ngudi ddn tgc thiiu so d Viit Nam hien Mot sd de xudt vd ggiy chinh sdch ve ddm bdo dich vu xd hdi co bdn cho ngirai ddn tgc thiiu sd ciing dugc nghiin ciru dua thao luan Tu- khoa: Dan tgc thieu so, dam bag dich vu xa hoi ca ban, chat lugng eugc s6ng, Viet Nam Ma JEL: C43, C51,100,138, J15, J17 Impacts of ensuring basic social services on the life quality of ethnic minorities in Vietnam Abstract: This paper uses the weighting method to build a composite index of the quality of life for ethnic minorities in Vietnam based on the VHLSS data set Through the impact assessment model research has shown that ensuring basic social services in the field of health and education plays an essential role in improving the life quality of ethnic minorities in Vietnam Some suggestions and policy recommendations on ensuring basic social services for ethnic minorities are also discussed in this paper Keywords: Ethnic minorities, ensuring basic social services, quality of life, Vietnam JEL code: C43, C51,100,138, J15, JI L Gidfi thif u ,T- XT • :A J- - ^ A•• J" Viet Nam co 54 dan tgc, trgng ngoai dan tgc Kinh chiem da so, lai 53 dan tdc thieu so cQng la dia ban phiie tap vdi eo sd tang yeu kem; CO xuat phat diem kinh te-xa hoi thap, lap trung ho ^ , / ^ •/ ^ / ngheo cao, mat tri thap Chothieu den chat lugng cuoc songbang cuadan ngudi dan tgc so chua vdi 13,4 trieu ngudi, ehilm chiem I4,6%» I4,6%> dan so s6 ca nudc cao mirc tilp can cua ngudi dan den cac dich (Phiing Diic Timg & cong su, 2017) Tuy nhien day vu xa hoi ca ban dupe cung img tren dia ban Sd 273 thdng 3/2020 11 kjlllllcillilllrifn ban che Chat lugng giao due thong cho ngudi dan tgc thieu so thap, khoang 20,4%) tram y te xa chua dugc chuan boa, cong lac cham soc siic khoe cho ngudi dan vung sau viing xa va dong bao dan tgc thieu so van ton tai khong it kho khan vudng mac Sau nhieu nam thuc hien chinli sach ho tra nha d, dat san xuat tren dia ban cac linh, den vSn 15,3%) hp dan tgc thieu so d nha tam; nhiem moi tnrdng (dat, nudc, khong khi) van chua dugc kiem soat ty le ho su dung nude hop ve smh va h6 xi hgp ve sinh rSt thap (Phung Diic Timg & cgng sy, 2017) Nghien eiiu do lap Irung vao tinh loan, phan tich, danh gia thuc trang chat lugng cugc song ciia ngudi dan toe thieu so d Viet Nam Tren ca sd ly giai moi lien he giira chat lupng eugc song va dam bao dich vu xa hgi co ban, de xuat mot so chinh sach co lien quan Tong quan nghien ciju Co nhieu each tiep can khac ve xac dmh dan tgc thieu so Tajfel (1978, 1981)chorangvi tri xa hpi khong thuan Ipi la nguyen tac xac dinli ciia cac nhom dan tpc thieu so Cae ly thuyet thong tri xa bpl cua Sidamus & Pratto (1999) va ly thuyet bien minh he thong ciia Jost & Banaji (1994) ciing nhan manh tam quan trpng cua su khac biet ve dia vi va quyen lye xac dinh nhom dan tpc thieu so De kiem chung ly Ihuyel, nhieu nghien ciiu tam ly xa hpi da sir dung mo hinh nhi nguyen hay mo hinh phan doi de xac dinh nhom dan toe thieu so tugng quan vdi dan tgc da so (Verkuyten, 2004) O Viet Nam, dan tpc thieu so dupe xac dmh thong qua so dan so sanh vdi dan tpc da so (Chinh phu, 2011) Dich vu xa hgi co ban dugc Lien hiep quoc dua lan dau tien nam 1994, la cae boat dgng dich vu cung cap cho cac doi tu'ong nham dap img nhimg nhu eau toi thieu eiia cugc song Mehrolra & cong sy (2000) khang dinh dich vu xa hoi eg ban giiip ngudi c6 dugc su phat tnen virng chac Theo quan diem cua nhom nghien cult nay, cac hgp phan cua dich vy xa hgi CO ban nhu cham soc y te (cham soc sire khoe doi vdi ba me qua trinh sinh san; cham soc va ngan chan suy dinh dudng Ire em), giao due ca ban (tieu hgc), nudc sach va nha d thoa dang se giiip ngudi CO dugc co hpi thoat ngheo va hudng tdi mpt cuoc song tot dep han Tuy nhien, cac hop phan ciia dich vu xa hgi ca ban khong co su dong nhat giiia So 273 thdng 3/2020 cac nghien cmi Mehrolra (2006) cho riuig nudc sa*-" va ve sinh mdi trudng, giao due ca ban, cham s siic khoe ca ban, b6 sung dinh dudng cho phu n^ co thai va tre nho, bira an trua d trudng hpc la cac nPP phan eua dich vu xa hgi co ban, va nha nudc g'i* ^^ tro quan trgng nbSt yong viec cung cSp cac dich vu ca ban Nghien ciiu vl lai ich chung ciia dich vy xa hgi yong cgng d6ng Chau Au, Polacek & cong sy (2011) chi hgp phin thuoc dich vu xa hoi co ban duac quan tam tiong eong d6ng cac qu6c gia vien: (i) cham soe y tl dai ban, (li) y tl va giao due choti-enho, (iii) cac dich vu viec lam, va (iv) nha d xa hoi Kim & Kim (1977) lai cho r§ng cac hop phan eiia he thong dich vu xa hpi ca ban dugc trien khai tiidi ky thuc hien Chuong trinh Saemaul Undong bao g6m: (i) cai thien moi trudng, (i) tap huan nang cao nang suat lao dpng nganh nong-lam-ngu nghiep, (iii) phiie Igi ve nha d va cham soc y te eho nhimg vung nong thon khd khan, (iv) cham sdc tre em, (v) dao tao nghe va hudng nghiep cho ngudi dan nong thon Khai niem dich vu xa hpi ea ban a Viet Nam dugc xay dyng dua yen sy kl thira cae tu tudng, quan diem ve dich vy xa hgi co ban eua cac nha khoa hpc tren the gidi Chuong trinh hanh dpng quoc gia vi tre em Viet Nam giai doan 2001-2010 ISn dau tien da de cap den eym tir "dich vu xa hoi co ban", chi r5 vai tro ciia Nha nudc viec ban hanh eae chinh sach khuyen khich cac to chirc va cac ea nhan va ngoai nude tham gia ho trg thyc hien eae myc tieu vi tre em (Thii tudng Chinh phu, 2001a) Ngay sau do, mue lieu long quat ciia Chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia xoa doi giam ngheo va viec lam giai doan 2001-2005, thi muc tieu hd trp ngudi ngheo, hp ngheo, xa ngheo tiep can eae dich vu xa hgi ciing da dugc dat (Thii tudng Chinh phu, 2001b) Tir day, cae chinh sach cong cua Nha nude ban hanh thudng dua muc lieu dam bao tiep can dich vu xa hpi ea ban cho ngudi dan Malley & Fernandez (2010) dua nhom tieu chi de danh gia chat lugng cung cap dich vu xa hgi CO ban: (i) chat lugng ciia dich vu eham soc va (ii) chat lugng eugc song Trong nghien ciin nay, chat lugng cua dich vu xa hpi dat duoc thong qua tae dpng len chat lupng cuoc song va chung to moi quan he giira dam bao chat luong dich vu xa hpi ca ban va chat lugng cuoc sdng Theo Felce & Perry (1995) co ba quan diem vl kinlilty'lialiiii'ii viiai myug cugc song: (i) la cnat luong ciia cac dieu kien song (life condition); (ii) la su hai long vdi cudc s6ng (satisfaction with Hfe); (iii) ia su ket hop giira dilu kien song va su bai long vdi cuoc song Tuy nhien quan dilm eua Cummins (1992) djnh nghia chat lugng cuoc s6ng la sy kit hgp giira cac dieu kien sdng va su hai long vdi cugc song nhung nhan manh sy can thiet phai xem xet cac gia tri ca nhan, cac nguyen vgng va mong muon ca nhan co nhieu un diem hgn ba quan diem tren Scutella & cgng su (2009) cho rang, chat lugng cugc song dugc danh gia dya tren nhom lieu ehi: (i) sire khoe va hanh phuc, (ii) mdi trudng song va (iii) tgi ac va su pham tgi Tren khia eanh kinh tl, nhieu hgc gia cho rang chat lugng eugc sgng cua ngudi dan phu thuge vao cac khoan ehi tieu ctia hp cho van de sire khoe va sd hiiu cae tai san cho sinh hoat hang Gao & cong su (2010) da neu cae nhu cau chi tieu theo cac mirc khae eiia cac hg gia dinh Nhin mot each tong the, nhung hinh thuc chi tieu viee dam bao ehSt lugng song cua ngudi dan bao g6m cac khoan sau: (i) chi luong thyc thuc pham nham dam bao khau phan an hang cho cac vien yong gia dinh va (ii) ehi ngoai luong thuc thyc pham vdi muc dich eai thien dieu kien song, bao ve siic khoe eho cac vien gia dinh, tri moi quan he vdi lang xom, lang gieng va cgng dong nai hp sinh song, tao ea hpi phat tnen eho ban than va cai thong qua viee dao tao nang cao kien thiic Tren co sd ket hpp cac tieu chi ludng chat lugng cuoc song ciia Dasguta & Weale (1992), Scutella & cong sy (2009), Gao & cong su (2010) vd Diiu tra ve muc song hd gia dinh Viit Nam (VHLSS) qua cdc nam, Mai & cgng sy (2012) dd xac dinh chdt lugng cugc sdng ciia ndng hg dua tren viec sd huu tdi sdn phuc vi( cho sinh hoat hdng ngdy nhu sau: tinh trang hien tgi ve dieu kien nhd sd tivi, diin thoai, tii lanh, mdy dieu hda mdy gigt duoc sd hU-u boi cdc gia dinh ndng ddn Chat lugng cuoc song, dat sy thay doi quan niem ve quan ly cong, dugc kit ndi chat che vdi cdc dich vu xa hgi duoc cung cdp fAbbate & cgng su, 2001) Cu the hon Mailer & Sehlemmer (1983) cho rang co moi lien he giua nhu eau ca ban (dinh dudng, sire khoe, nha d, nudc sach, giao thong va giao due) vdi chat lupng cuoc song Dam bao nhu eSu ca ban dd la co sd de dam bao chat lupng cudc song Thong qua danh gia Kl hoach phat triln Sd 273 thdng 3/2020 kinh te xa hoi ciia Thai Lan giai doan 1987-1991, Meesapya (1994) chi tac dpng tich eye cua dam bao nhu cau co ban eho ngudi dan cua Chinh phu Thai Lan tdi chat lupng eupe song, nhu cau eg ban dupe dam bao tot hon, chat lugng cugc sdng ciia ngudi dan se tang len, nhien dieu ciing phu thupc mpt phan vao kha nang hap thu va ty dam bao nhu cau cua ngudi dan Ngugc lai, neu nhu eau eo ban tang cao ma khong dugc dap iing, chat lugng cugc song cung se giam siil (Brinkerboff & Frideres, 1997) Tren giae nha nude, McGregor & cgng sy (2009) khang dinh thong qua da lieu thuc nghiem ve chat lugng eupc song, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach cd the xac dinh nhimg nhu cau eiia ngudi dan can dam bao, tir ban hanh chinh sach phii hgp, dong gop vao sy phat trien cua xa hpi Phu-OTig phap nghien cmi 3.1 Mo hinh danh gid tdc dgng cda ddm bao dich vu xd hoi cff ban den chdt luo'ng cugc song cda nguoi ddn tpc thieu so d Viet Nam Tren the gidi cd nhieu phuang phap tinh chi so chat lupng cuoc song xay dyng tren tap cac chi so con, va CO the phan lam hai tnrdng phai chinh, bao gom: (i) trudng phai thir nhat xay dyng chi so tong hgp bang each lay trung binh chung ciia cac chi so con; va (ii) trudng phai thu hai ap dung trgng so cho cac ehi so xay dung chi so long hgp Trudng phai thii nhat co uu diem la don gian, nhimg nhugc diem dang ke la khong tinh den mire quan trgng eua cac chi sd eon Vdi trudng phai thu hai cung co nhieu phuong phap de tinh trpng so, chang han trgng s6 dugc gan dya vao y kien chuyen gia, hoac trgng s6 duge tinh loan dua tren phan tich so lieu bang eae phirong phap thong ke Nghien ciiu sii dung phugng phap xay dung chi so theo trudng phai thii hai, dugc de xuSt bdi Nicoletti & cgng sy (2000) va dupe sir dung bdi nhilu tae gia nhu: Greyling & Tregana (2017) hay OECD (2008), viec tinh trgng so ciia cac chi s6 duac dya tren ket qua phan tich thong ke Nhu vay dl xay dyng chi so chat lugng eugc song t6ng hgp, cac budc chinh sau lam sach dir lieu se bao gom: Budc 1: Phan tich s6 lieu eae phan chinh SU' dyng phirong phap phan tich phan chinh h6n hgp (FMMD); Budc Chuan hoa cae he so tai va tinh cac ehi kiiitiltU'liiillrici! so con; Budc 3- Tinh ypng so (w) cho cac chi so eon; Budc 4: Tinh ehi so long hgp dua tren cac chi so va trpng so tuong ung Trong y tudng cua phan tich phan chinh (PCA) la nhu sau Muc tieu chinh cua phuong phap PCA la giam chieu dir lieu Tir bp so heu vdi so bien k kha Idn, PCA giiip chat Ipc dugc p phan chinh (p < k) Cac phan eo dac diem la khong tuong quan vdi va van giir dugc phan Idn thong tin tir loan bg dir lieu Trong xay dung chi so, cac phan chinh eo the dupe hieu nhu cac chi so con, the hien cho cac khia canh khac eiia chi so Tinh khong tuong quan ciia cac phan eon ngu y rang cae chi so eon giiip ludng cac khia canh khac nhau, khong chira dung thong tin ciia ve chi so chung Mo hinh danh gia tae dgng cua dam bao dich vu xa hpi ca ban den chat lugng cugc song cua ngudi dan tpc thieu so nghien cuu c6 dang nhu sau: LQI_dtts_ =p„+ p^Truonghoc^ + P,Tramyte^ + ^/ramyte*KBTN^ + pfidpj)erOO^ + »_ (1) cho dam bao chat lugng sdng cua ngudi dan n^" chung yen dia ban Nhim dua them su khac biet p^^ ngudi dan tpc thieu s6 vdi ngudi dan tgc K'"!^ ; cimg dia phuong viec hudng thu cac dieu Ki chung nay, mo hinh dua them biln khac biet thu nhap giira ngudi dan tpc thiiu s6 va nguo'i Kiti (KBTN), bang tir phan vi cua su khac biet thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi ciia nguoi dan tpc ^-'^ "• va ngudi dan tpc Ihilu s6 d moi tinh Trong mo hinh, tramyte*KBTN la biln tuang tae giira biln tramyte vdi KBTN thi hien mirc khac biet giira ngudi dan tpc thieu s6 va ngudi Kinh tai cimg dia ban Cung mpt moi trudng nhu nhau, khac biet thu nhap cang Idn ihl hien kha nang "hap thu" moi trudng, bien no chat lugng song ciia ngudi dan tgc Ihieu s6 cang thap Bien tuong tac giiia tramyte va KBTN cho phep tinh them den sy tuong lac giiia yeu to y te va yeu to khac biet thu nhap Do van de da cgng myen, chung tgi loai bo bien tuang tac giiia truonghoc vdi KBTN Ngoai ra, dieu kien sd lieu, cac yeu to co the co tae dgng den chat lugng cugc song cua ngudi dan chang han nhu: co sd tang, dich vu nha a, ciing khdng duge dua vao mo hinh Gdp_perOO: GDP binh quan dau ngudi cua moi Trong / la chi so tinh, u^ la sai so ngau nhien tinh nam 2000, dugc su dung mo hinh de kiem Cac bien so yong mo hinh cu the nhu sau: soat anh hudng til' sy khac biet yong cac dac diem LQIjitts: Chi so chat lugng cuoc song ciia ngudi kinh te-xa hgi cua dia phuong den mirc song eiia dan tgc thieu so, bien phu thuge mo hinh hoi ngudi dan noi chung va dan tpc thieu so noi neng, quy, dugc tinh toan theo phirong phap eiia Nicoletti Nguon so iTeu tit Tong cue Thong ke; don vi: trieu & cgng su (2000) nhu da trinh bay d tren, vdi cac VND chi tieu phan gom nhom: (i) hgc van; (ii) 3.2.Md td so lieu siic khde; (iii) nha d; (iv) thu nhap; va (v) ve sinh LQIjitts CO gia tri nam khoang tir den Bp so lieu phan tich thyc nghiem dupe Truonghoc: Ti le trudng tieu hpc tren dia ban tong hop theo cap tinh tir nhieu nguon khac nhau, dugc cong nhan dat chuan quoc gia Bien dai bao gom: Khao sat miic song hp gia dinh Viet Nam dien eho chat lugng giao dye tai dia phuang, (VHLSS) theo cac nam tir 2006 din 2016; dilu tra • dia phuang nao c6 ti le tnrdng dat chuan cao hgn thong tm ve thyc trang kinh te - xa hgi eiia 53 dan dugc dy kien se co chat lugng giao due cao hon, tpc thieu so nam 2015; s6 lieu GDP binh quan dliu CO the tac dgng tich cue den chat lugng cugc song ngudi cap tinh nam 2000, dugc cung cap bdi Tong cue Thdng ke Trong do, bg so heu VHLSS dugc eua ngudi dan Don vi: Vo khai thac de tinh chi so chat lugng cugc song ciia Tramyte: Ti le yam y te xa co bac si, bien dai ngudi dan tpc thieu so, bp s6 lieu 53 dan tpc thiiu s6 dien eho vai tro eiia dich vu y le, su c6 mat dupe khai thac de tinh cac bien dai dien cho dam bao cua dgi ngu bac sT la yeu to quan trgng de dam bao dich vy xa hpi co ban doi vdi ngudi dan noi chung d chat lupng kham chiia benh d tuyen co sd, do co cac tinh va tren loan quoc Bp s6 lieu tdng the anh hudng den chat lupng song cua ngudi dan hgp diing phan tich co long cgng 48 quan sat, Don vi: % bao gom nhiing tinh va co ngu'di dan toe Cac bien tren the hien eae khia canh khae thieu so sinh song So 273 thdng 3/2020 liiiiliMaiim Bang 1: Cac phSn chinh va gia trj rieng Gia trj rieng Giai tliich dirffc Tong don 4.01 26,71 26.71 1.70 11,37 38.08 1.34 8.91 46.99 )han c)iinh 1.24 8.25 55.23 0.99 6,63 61,86 Ngudn Tinh todn ciia nhdm tdc gid tren bd sd lieu 4.Ket qua nghien ciru trd len, dugc trinh bay yong Bang 1, 4.1.Ket qud ve chat lucmg cugc song cua nguffi dan tgc thieu so vd ngwdi dan ndi chung d Viet Nam Theo Bang 1, c6 the thay phan chinh thir nhat giai thich dugc 26,71 % su thay doi ciia bg so lieu, va tuong tiJ nhu vay cho cae phan khae Tong hop eua phan chinh giai thich dupe 61,86% bg so lieu So lieu duge su dung de tinh cac chi so dugc trich tir Dieu tra miic sdng hp gia dinh Viet Nam (VHLSS) theo cac nam tii 2006 din 2016, bao g6m 13 bien so chiia dyng cac thong tin ve cac khia eanh khac cua ddi song ngudi dan (Phy luc I) Trong cac bien bao gom ca bien dinh tinh va bien dinh luang, vi vay phuang phap FAMD dugc su dung de tinh phan chinh Sau tinh toan, chiing toi giii lai phan chinh, vdi gia tri rieng xap xi tii Viec chuan hoa he so dugc thyc hien de long trpng so dong gop cua moi bien yong m6i phan chinh la bang 1, kel qua dugc bao cao Bang 2: Nhu vay cd the thay so lieu dugc gop chi so con, the hien cac khia canh khac cua chat lupng cuoc song, lan lugt la: (1) gido due (hgc Bang 2: H^ so chuan hoa va chi so wl w2 w3 w4 w5 Hoc vdn chu ho 0,35 0 0 Thu nhap binh gudn 0,00 0 0,35 Tteu hoc 28 0 0 Trung hoc CO so 0,37 0 0 Trung hoc thong 0 0 Nhd a 0 0,65 Chi khdm 0,28 0 Chi not trtt 0,37 0 Om ndng 0.34 0 Nuacsach 0 0 Ti vi 0 0,44 0 Dien thogi 0 24 0 Bep 0 0,33 0 Biln so Nguon: Tinh todn cita nhomldc gid tren bovo, lieu S6 273 thdng 3/2020 15 kiiilite,J'liiltlri™ Hinh 1: Chat lirgng cugc song cua ngu-oi d3n tgc thiiu s6 - — 07 LQI_ index 0,6 05 0,4 : - - 0-3 - 0,1 lI2006 2008 2010 • LQI chung 2012 2014 2016 LQI dtts Ngudn: Nghiin ciru cua nhdm tdc gid van chu hp, lieu hpc, yung hpc co sd, trung hgc thong); (ii) y ti (chi kham, chi ngi trii, gm nang); (iii) Ca sd vat chdt (ti vi, dien thoai, bep); (iv) kinh ti (thu nhap binh quan, nha d); va (iv) vi sinh (nudc sach) Hinh I eho thay, chat luong cugc song ciia ngudi dan noi chung va cua ngudi dan tpc thieu so noi neng dupe cai thien dang ke theo thdi gian, ngoai trir su sut giam nam 2010 so vdi cac nam eon lai Nhin chung, eo su chenh lech kha dang ke giira ngudi dan toe thieu so so vdi mat bang chung ve miic song, my nhien miic chenh lech cung dupe thu hep ke tir nam 2014 so vdi cac giai doan trudc Hinh mo la sy thay doi yong cae chi sd giiia cac nam 2006 va 2016 ciia ngudi dan toe thieu so Co the thay, su cai thien dupe the hien mot each ro net cae yeu to nhu nha d va ve sinh, dong thdi dugc ghi nhan d mot so ehi tieu nhu hpc van va thu nhap Yeu to siic khoe khong co su khae biet nhieu giai doan va la mpt nhimg chi tieu cao nhat so chi lieu cau chat iugng eugc song 4.2 Ket qud tdc dgng cda dam bdo dich vit xa hgi cff ban den chdt lug'ng cugc song ciia ngwdi Hinh 2: Cac chi so doi voi nguoi dan toe tieu so hoc van Ngudn Nghien ciru ciia nhdm tdc gid So 273 thdng 3/2020 MnhlAUricn Bang 3: Mot so thSng ke co ban cua cac bien s6 mo hinh h6i quy Bien so N Mean Std Dev Min Max LQI dtts 48 0,516 0.078 0.296 0.735 Truonghoc 48 40,783 19.413 12,4 93.443 Tramyte 48 71,132 21,595 15,888 100 KBTN 48 GDPjerOO 48 3,311 4.950 1.018 35,015 Ngudn: Tinh todn cua nhdm tdc gid tren bd sd lieu dan tpc thieu so ff Viet Nam Mot so thong ke ca ban cua eae bien so md hinh hoi quy de xuat duoc the hien yong Bang Theo Bang 3, gia tri trung binh cua bien LQIjitts la 0.516 vdi khoang bien thien tii 0.296 din 0.735 cho thay c6 sy khac biet ve chat lugng cugc sdng cua ngudi dan tpc thieu s6 giiia cac dia phuong, nhien dp phan tan eua bien khdng cao Dang chii y la phan tan ciia cac bien truonghoc, tramyte va GDPjyerOO la kha Idn so vdi gia tri trung binh tuang img, cho thay cac yeu to ve dam bao dich vu xa hgi eg ban la khac dang ke giiia cac dia phuong Do bien phu thupc nhan gia tri nam khoang (0-1) nen mo hinh dugc lya chgn la md hinh udc lugng ty le vdi phan ph6i logistic Dt kilm tra, nhom tac gia ciing da thyc hien hoi quy mo hinh vol phugng phap OLS, va kit qua thu dupe cung kha tuong dong (cac phu luc va 3) Sau thuc hien cac kiem dinh can thiet (phu luc 4), ket qua udc lugng mo hinh (1) theo phuang phap hoi quy ti le dugc bao cao Bang Ket qua udc lugng Bang cho thdy cac he so udc lupng deu c6 dau hgp vdi ky vgng va co y nghia thong ke Ket qua cho thay, dam bao cac dich vu xa hpi CO ban noi chung va dac biet la ITnh vyc giao due va y te noi rieng eo anh hudng dang kl den chat lupng cupe s6ng cua ngudi dan tgc thiiu so Viet Nam theo nhieu khia canh Cu Ihl nhu sau: He so ciia bien truonghoc la duong va eo y nghia thong ke d mirc 10% cho thdy: Khi ty le trudng dat chuan lang mpt diem phan tram thi chat lupng cuoc song tang them 0.0026 don vi Dieu phii hgp vgi ky vgng rang cd dugc giao due eg ban cang tot thi ehi so chat lupng eupc song ciia ngudi dan cang cao Khong chi hgc van la mpt phan quan trpng chi so chat lugng cugc song, ma hpc van CO tae dgng lan toa den cac chi so khae, chang han hgc van cang cao thi ngudi dan cang biet each cai thien nang suat lao dpng va nang cao thu nhap He so eua bien tramyte duong vdi miic y nghTa 1% ngu y rang neu dia phuang co chat lugng dich vu y te tot hem thi chat lugng cuoc song cua ngudi dan toe thieu so ciing cao hon Vdi sy eo mat ciia dpi Bang 4: KSt qua udc luong Bien doc ISp Truonghoc Tramyte Tramyte'KBTNJ Tramyle'KBTNJ Tramyte'KBTNJ GDP_perOO cons So quan sdt He so irdc Jircmg 0.0026* 0,0065"' -0,0014 -0 0034'" -0 0078"' 0,0069"' -0.3097'" Thong ke t 0,0015 0,0015 0,0013 0.0012 0.0015 0.0028 0909 1,71 4,37 -1,07 -2.84 -4.93 2.48 -341 Nguon • Kel qud nghien ciru cua nhom tdc gid SS 273 thdng 3/2020 kinliWIiiitlriM ngu bac si cac yam y tl cdp xa thi ngudi dan se de dang hon tiep can dich vu y te co cbSt lugng ma c6 the khong phai den cac benh vien tuyen tren, do lam tang eo hgi va chat Iugng kham chira benh, dieu giup cai thien chat lugng eupc s6ng ciia ngudi dan toe thieu so djcb vy xa hdi co ban noi chung va dac biet la dich vu yong cac ITnh vuc giao due va y te noi rieng la nhirng boat dpng co y nghia thilt tiiuc, c6 vai ho quan trpng de nang cao chat lugng cuoc song cua ngudi dan tpc thiiu s6 d Viet nam hien He so ciia bien tramyte ciing Idn mot each dang ke (0.0065) so vdi he s6 cua biln truonghoc (0.0026) va cae so deu co y nghTa thong ke, eho thiy viec tang chat lupng dich vu y te, thong qua viee nang ty le tram y te co bac sy, dong mpt vai tro dang ke viec nang cao chat lupng eupc song ciia ngudi dan toe thieu s6 boi eanh hien lai xuat chinh sach nhu sau: Mdt la, hien chat lupng cugc song ciia dong bao cac dan tpc thiiu s6 vIn thap hgn dang ke so vdi d6ng bao Kinh va kha khac biet giira cac dia phugng Vi vay, viee cai thien cac chinh sach nham nang cao chat lupng s6ng ciia d6ng bag dan tpc thiiu s6 la r§t can thilt Quan trpng hon, cac chinh sach ciing can quan tam den tinh dac thu ciia cac dan toe va cac dia phuong tir hoach djnh, cung nhu l6 ehiic thuc thi Dieu giiip phat huy tii da tac dpng tich cue va giam thieu lac dpng tieu cue ciia dam bao dich vu xa hgi eg ban len chat luong eugc song eua dong bao dan tgc thieu so Ve bien tucmg tac, ngoai trir he s6 ciia biln tramyte*KBTN_2, hau het d6 deu co gia tri am, giam dan va co y nghia thong ke Dieu ciing phii hgp vdi ky vong rang cac tinh co chenh lech thu nhap giii'a dong bao Kinh vdi dong bao dan tgc thieu so cang Idn thi kha nang hap thu dich vu y te de cai thien chat lugng song ciia dong bao dan tpc thieu so d tinh cang thap He so eiia bien Tramyte*KBTN_4 la am va eo gia tri tuyet doi Idn hon he so eua bien tramyte cho thay doi vdi nhom tinh CO miic chenh lech thu nhap Idn nhat thi dich vu xa hpi CO the anh hudng tieu cue den chat lupng cuoc sdng cua dong bao dan tpc thieu so Dieu ngu y rang, dam bao dich vu xa hpi it eo tac dpng tich eye, tham chi la tac dpng tieu cue den chat lugng cugc sdng neu kha nang hap thu dich vu eua ngudi dan thap va thy dpng He so eua bien gdpjjerOO duong va eo y nghTa thong ke d miic 1%, ngu y dac trung rieng khong quan sat dugc cua cae tinh ciing gop phan quyet dinh dang ke den chat lupng song ciia ngudi dan noi chung va dan tdc thieu sd ndi rieng Cac dac tnmg thudng phan anh su thuan Igi ve phat trien kinh te - van hoa xa hpi dugc mang lai dieu kien dia ly hoac lap quan van boa xa hgi Ket luan va kien nghi Bai viet da cung cap mpt nghien cim thuc nghiem nham danh gia chat lugng cugc sdng va phan tich vai tro eua dam bao dich vu xa hgi ca ban doi vdi chat lugng eupc song cua ngudi dan tpc thieu so Kel qua nghien eiiu cho thay, chat lupng cuoc song ciia ngudi dan tpc thieu so noi rieng da dugc nang len theo thdi gian, dac biet la cac yeu to nhu: ve sinh, nha d va hgc van deu duac cai thien mpt each dang kl Ket qua nghien ciru ciing cho thay, dam bao eae So 273 thdng 3/2020 Cac kit qua nghien ciiu ggi md cho mot so de Hai Id, ket qua cho thay vai tro cua cac dich vu CO ban nhu y te, giao due dong vai tro quan trgng viec giiip nang cao chat lupng song ciia dong bao dan Ipc thieu so Do cac chinh sach nham cai thien chat lupng dich vu xa hpi eo ban nhu gia tang ly le sd tram y te co bac sy hay cai thien dieu kien giang day hpc tap tai cac trudng hgc deu la nhiing chinh sach can xem xet Chang han, Khanh Hoa, Lai Chau hay Dien Bien la cac tinh co chi so chat lupng cugc song, ly le tru'dng dat chuan, ty le tram y te c6 bac sy deu thuoc nhdm thap nhat Do de cai thien chat lupng song ciia dong bao dan toe thieu so, can CO cac chinh sach tich cue cai thien y te, giao due ciing nhu kha nang hap thy cac dich vu xa hgi tai cac tinh Ba la, kit qua udc lupng cung cho tbdy, kha nang hap thu cac dich vu xa hgi co ban n6i tren - nhu y te hay giao due - nham nang cao chat lugng sdng eon phu thuge vao nang lye bSp thu ciia dong bao Do ngoai viec gia tang cac dich vy, thi viec tao ea che khuyen khich ngudi dan sir dung dkh vu cung la dieu hit sire quan trpng Chang ban can cd he th6ng thdng tin, myen truyin l6t ban din dong bao dan tpc thieu so de nang cao nhan thirc vl vai tro ciia giao due va phong, kham chira benh, cung nhu CO cac chinh sach tin dung de ngudi dan co dilu kien de tham gia sir dung cac dich vu Kinlild'hallnrn Loi thura nh^n/Cam on' Nghien ciru la san pham ciia De tai CTDT 19.17/16-20 dupe tai yp bdi Chuong trinh khoa hpc va cong nghe cap quoc gia giai doan 2016 - 2020 "Nhiing van de ca ban va cap bach ve dan tpc thieu so va chinh sach dan tgc d Viet Nam din nam 2030" Phu luc 1; Cac bien dutrc sir dung tinh chi so chat Iirvng cugc song cua nguoi dan Ten bien Hoc vdn chii hd Djnh nghTa Hpc van chii hp, bien gia vdi pham trii: I -tmng hpc ca sd; 2-tir trung hpc CO sd den trung hgc thong; 3-tir sa cap nghi din cao dang chuyen nghiep; 4-dai hpc trd len Thu nhap binh qudn Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi (don vi: nghin VND/thang) Tieu hgc Ti le ngudi tir 11 tuoi trd len co bang tieu hpc (dan vi: %) Trung hgc ca sd Ti le ngudi tu 15 tuoi yd len co bang trung hgc co sd (don vi: %) Trung hgc phd thong Nhd d Ti le ngudi tir 18 tuoi trd len co bang trung hpc thong (dcm vi- %) Tinh trang nha d, bien gia vdi pham tru: 1-nha lam; 2-ban kien co, 3kien co) Chi phi kham benh (ngi/ngoai tru)/t6ng vien Chi khdm Chi ngi trii So lan kham benh npi trii/tong vien Om ndng Hp co ngudi 6m nang nam mot cho phai cham soc Nudc sach Ti le ho sir dung nudc sach an uong Ti vi Hp CO li vi, bien gia: l-c6, O-khong Dien thoai Hg co sir dung dien thoai co dinh/di dgng, bien giii: i-c6; O-khong Bep Hp CO sir dung cac loai bep ga, bep dien hoac bep tir, bien gia: l-c6; 0khong Ngudn Nghien ciru cua nhdm tdc gid Phu luc 2: Ket qua irdc lu'png mo hinh bang phtro^g phap hoi quy ty le voi phan phoi logistic Fractional logistic regression Number of obs = 48 Waldehi2(7) 70.71 Prob > chi2 0.0000 Log pseudohkelihood = -32.903882 Pseudo R2 = 0,0103 I LQI_dtts I Robust Coef Std En" z P>|z| [95% Conf Interval] hnonghocj 0025938 0015169 1.7! 0.087 -.0003791 0055668 tramyte] 0065037 0014893 4.37 0.000 0035848 ,0094226 kbtn#e,tramyte | -.0014475 0013471 -1.07 0.283 -0040878 0011928 -.0033964 0011951 -2.84 0.004 -.0057387 -.0010541 I -.0077576 001573 -4.93 0.000 -.0108406 -.0046746 gdp_per00| 0068896 0027788 2.48 0.013 0014433 0123359 cons -.3097178 0908722 -3.41 0.001 -.4878241 -.1316116 S6 273 thdng 3/2020 iviiiiiiiyiiiitti'ii' Pliu luc 3: Ket qua u-ffc lu'tmg mo liinh bang p l i u o n g phap lioi quy O L S N u m b e r of obs Linear regression 48 F(6,41) 10.62 Prob > F 0,0000 R-squared 0,5958 Root M S E ,05317 Robust LQLdtts] Coef, Std Err t P>lt| [ % Conf Interval] truonghoc ,0006373 0003969 1.61 0.116 tramyte I ,0016111 ,0003885 4,15 0,000 -.0001642 0014389 0008266 0023957 I kbm#c,tramyte | I -.0003544 0003514 -1,01 0,319 -,001064 ,0003551 I -.0008368 0003106 -2.69 0,010 -,0014641 -.0002095 -.0019206 0004096 -4.69 0,000 -,0027478 -.0010935 I gdpjerOOl _cons| 0017094 ,4232778 ,0007287 ,0238869 2,35 17,72 0,024 0,000 ,0002378 3750372 ,003181 4715184 Phu luc 4: K i i m djnh Phuomg sai sai so thay doi Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity H o : Constant variance Variables: fitted values of L Q l d t t s chi2(l) 0,08 Prob>chi2 = 0,7730 Tai lieu tham khao; Abbate, R Giambalvo O, &, Milito, A, M, (2001) 'Ser\'ice and life quality The case of Palemio', Social indicators research, 54(3), 275-308, Brinkerhoff, M, B., Sc Frideres J, S, (1997), 'Basic minimum needs, quality of life and selected correlates: Explorations in villages in northern India', Social Indicators Research, 42(3), 245-281 Chinh phii (2011), Nghi dinh 05/2011/ND-CP ve cong tdc ddn tdc.hnnhanhngiy Cummins, R,A,(]992),The 14 thang nam 2011, Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale: Intellectual disability, Deakm University, Melbourne Dasguta, P and M Weale (1992), 'On Measuring the Quality of Life', IVorld Development, 20(1), 119-131, Felce, D & Perry, J (1995), 'Quahty of Life: Its Dcfiniuon and Measurement', Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 51-74 Gao, Q , Zhai, F,, & Gaitinkel, I (2010), 'How Does Public Assistance Affect Family Expenditures? The Ca.se of Urban China', World Development, 38(7), 989-1000 Greylmg, T,, & Tregenna, F (2017), 'Construction and analysis of a composite quality of life index for a region of South Africa', Social Indicators Research 131(3), 887-930 Jost, J- T„ & Banaji, M K (1994), 'The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness', British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1—27 Kim, K & Kim, , (1977), 'Korea's "Saemaul Undong": social structure and the role of govemment in imegrated rural development" Bulletin of the Population and Development Studies Center 6, 1-16 Sd 273 thing 3/2020 20 killllll'.J'llil| ln(i|| Mai, N A., Do, T H H., & Nguyen, T N H (2012), 'Income and life quality of farmer households suffering social exclusion" Journal of Economics & Development 13(3), 63-87 Malley, J & Fernandez, J L (2010), 'Measuring quality in social care services' theory and practice' Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 81(4), 559-582 McGregor, J A., Camfield, L., & Woodcock, A (2009), 'Needs, wants and goals: Wellbeing, quality of hfe and public pohcy\ Applied research in Quality of Life, 4(2), 135-154 Meesapya, K (1994), 'Quality of Life and the basic minimum needs program in Thailand', InternalionalJounial of Menial Health, 23(3), 76-88 Mehrotra, S (2006), 'Governance and basic social services: Ensuring accountability m service delivery through deep democratic dscentralizmon' Journal of International Developmeni, 18, 263-283 Mehrotra, S , Vandemoortele, J., & Delamonica, E (2000), Basic Services for All? Public Spending and ihe Social Dimensions of Poverty, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence Moller, V, & L Sehlemmer (1983), 'Quality of Life in South Africa: Towards an Instrument for the Assessment of Quality of Life and Basic Needs', Social Indicators Research 12(3), 225-279 Nicoletti, G., Scarpetta, S, & an extension Boylaud, regulation with DOI 10.1787/215182844604, O to employment (2000), Summary protection from indicators legislation, of product and market retneved on August 8"*, 2018, OECD (2008), Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide, OECD Publishing, Pans Phung Diic Tiing, Nguyen Viet Cuong, Nguyen Cao Thinh, Nguyen Thi Nhung, Ta Thi Khanh Van (2017), Tong quan thuc trgng kinh te - xa hdi ciia 53 ddn tgc thiiu soddn tdc thieu so, Bao cao thuoc tieu du an Ho tro Giam ngheo PRPP- Uy ban Dan toe va Irish Aid tai tra, truy cap lan cuoi 14 thang 11 nam2019, tu Polacek, R., McDaid, D., Fernandez, J., Matosevic, T., Penn, H., Korintus, M., Verheyde, M., Wynne, R., Cullen, K., Dolphin, C , Bauer, E ,Czischke, D.,Hegedus, J., Teller, N., Pittini,A (2011), Study on social services of general interest, Final report Study on Social Services of General Interest DG for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels, Belgium Scutella, R., Wilkins, R., & Hom, M (2009), Measuring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Australia- A Proposed MultidimensionalFrame-workforIdentifyingSocio-EconomicDisadvantagc'WotkingPaperNo 4/09,Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series, Melbourne Sidamus, J., & Pratto, F (1999), Social dominance - An inlergroup theoiy of social hierarchy and oppres.sion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Tajfel, H (1978), The socialp.fychology across cultures Minority Rights Group, London Tajfel, H (1981), Human groups and social categories Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Thii tudng Chinh phii (2001a), Quyet dinh 23/2001/QD-TTg phi duyet Chuong trinh hanh dgng quoc gia vi ire em Viet Nam giai doan 2001-2010, ban hanh 26 thang 02 nam 2001 Thu luong Chinh phu (2001b), Quyit dinh so 143/2001/QD-TTg phe duyet chirang trinh muc lieu quoc gia xod doi gidm ngheo vd viec lam giai doan 200! - 2005, ban hanh 27 thang nam 2001 Verkuyten, M (2004), The social psychology of ethnic identity, Psychology Press, New York S6 273 thang 3/2020 21 kinlllcJ'llili IrJCII Phu luc 3: Ket qua vac lirong mo hinh bing phinmg phap hoi quy OLS Linear regression Number of obs 48 F(6,4!) = 10.62 Prob > F 0.0000 R-squared = 0.5958 Root MSE I Robust LQI_dtts| truonghoc] 05317 Coef Std Err t 0006373 0003969 tramyte I 0016111 0003885 P>|t| [95% Conf Interval] 1.61 0.116 4.15 0.000 -.0001642 0008266 0014389 0023957 kbtn#c.tramyte | I -.0003544 0003514 -1.01 0.319 -.001064 0003551 I -.0008368 0003106 -2.69 010 -.0014641 -.0002095 I -.0019206 0004096 -4,69 0.000 -.0027478 -.0010935 gdp_perOO| 0017094 0007287 2.35 0.024 0002378 003181 cons| 4232778 0238869 17.72 0.000 3750372 4715184 Phu luc 4: Ki4m djnh Phmmg sai sai so thay doi Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for heteroskedasticity Ho: Constant variance Variables: fitted values of LQI_dtts chi2(l) 0.08 Prob > chi2 = 0.7730 Tai lieu tham khao: Abbate, R., Giambalvo, O., & Milito, A M, (2001) 'Service and life quality: The case of Palermo', Soda/mJ/ca/ora research, 54(3), 275-308 Brinkerhoff, M B , & Frideres, J S, (1997), 'Basic minimum needs, quality of life and selected correlates: Explorations in villages m northern India', Social Indicators Research, 42(3), 245-281 Chinh phii (2011), Nghi dinh 03/2011/ND-CPvi cong tdc ddn tgc,hanhaahnga-y Mthang nam 2011 Cummins, R A (1992), The Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale Intellectual disability, Deakin University, Melbourne Dasguta, R and M Weale (1992), 'On Measuring the Quality of Life', World Development, 20(1), 119-131 Felce, D & Perry, J, (1995), 'Quality of Life: Its Definition and Measurement', Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 51-74 Gao, Q., Zhai, F., & Garfinkel, I (2010), 'How Does Public Assistance Affect Family Expenditures'' The Case of Urban China', World Development 38(7), 989-1000 Greyling, T., & Tregenna, F (2017), 'ConstmcUon and analysis of a composite quahty of life index for a region of ^onXh Muca\ Social Indicators Re.-iearch, 131(3), 887-930 Josl, J T., & Banaji, M R (1994), 'The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness', British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27 Kim, K & Kim, (1977), 'Korea's "Saemaul Undong" social structure and the role of govemment in integrated rural development', Bultelin ofihe Population and Development Studies Center 6, 1-16 Sd 273 thang 3/2020 20 jUHJliy'lial lri('|| Mai, N A., Do, T H H., & Nguyen, T N H (2012), 'Income and life quahty of farmer households suffering social exclusion', Journal of Economics & Development, 13(3), 63-87 Malley, J & Fernandez, J L (2010), 'Measuring quality m social care services: theory and practice' Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 81(4), 559-582 McGregor, J A., Camfield, L., & Woodcock, A (2009), 'Needs, wants and goals: Wellbeing, quality of life and public policy' Applied research in Quality of Life, 4(2), 135-154 Meesapya, K (1994), 'Quality of Life and the basic minimum needs program in Tha.ilanii\ International Journal of Mental Health, 23(3), 76-88 Mehrotra, S (2006), 'Governance and basic social services: Ensuring accountability in service delivery through deep democratic decentralization' Journal of International Development, 18, 263-283 Mehrotra, S., Vandemoortele, J., & Delamonica, E (2000), Basic Services for AU? Public Spending and the Social Dimensions of Poverty, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, Florence M0ller, V & L Sehlemmer (1983), 'Quality of Life in South Africa: Towards an Instrument for the Assessment of Quality of Life and Basic Needs', Social Indicators Research, 12(3), 225-279 Nicoletti, G., regulation DOI: Scarpetta, S., & Boylaud, O with an extension to employment 10.1787/215! 82844604, fi-om (2000), Summary indicators of product and market protection legislation, retrieved on August 8'^ 2018, OECD (2008), Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide, OECD Publishing, Paris Phung Diic Tiing, Nguyen Viet Cuong, Nguyen Cao Thinh, Nguyen Thi Nhung, Ta Thi Khanh Van (2017), Tong quan thuc trgng kinh te - xa hdi cua 53 ddn Igc thieu soddn toe thieu so, Bao cao thuoc tieu du an Ho tra Giam ngheo PRPP - Uy ban Dan toe va Irish Aid tai trg, truy cap lan cuoi 14 thang 11 nam 2019, tir Polacek, R., McDaid, D., Fernandez, J., Matosevic, T., Penn, H , Korintus, M., Verheyde, M., Wynne, R., Cullen, K , Dolphin, C , Bauer, E., Czischke, D , Hegedus, J., Teller, N., Pittini, A (2011), Study on social services of general interest Final report Study on Social Services of General Interest DG for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels, Belgium Scutella, R , Wilkins, R , & Hom, M (2009), Measuring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Australia: A Proposed Multidimensional FrameworkJdrldenti/yingSocio-EconomicDisadvantage,'WoTk\ngPaper}