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y RiTng tam linh Mot hinh thufc bao ton thien nhien cua cong dong dan too thieu so 6 huyen A LUdi, tinh Thî a Thien Hue T R A N HCTU NGHI* Mcf d a u Rimg cd vai trd dac bidt quan trpng dd''''i v d sU sd[.]
y RiTng tam linh - Mot hinh thufc bao ton thien nhien cua cong dong dan too thieu so huyen A LUdi, tinh Thi^a Thien Hue T R A N HCTU NGHI* Mcf d a u Rimg cd vai trd dac bidt quan trpng dd'i v d sU sd'ng cua edc lodi sinh vat vd ngud chflng ta Rflhg khdng cM giflp dilu hda khdng kM, ehe dp thuy vdn, ehdng xdi mdn, cung cap lam san, ma ebn Id khdng gian van hda Id cudc sdng tinh t h i n ciia cdc cdng dong ngUd ban dia d trdn thd' gidi ndi chung vd Viet Nam ndi ridng Tuy vdy, tff sau kM thd'ng nhat dat nUde den nay, v d sU gia tang ddn so, phdt triln kinh td', md rdng dat ndng ngMdp eung vdi nhitog ye'u kem quan ly eua edc cap, ritog d Viet Nam hi suy giam ngMdm trpng Mdt nhfli^ nguydn nhdn sdu xa nffa Id vai trb eua ede edng ding dia phfftfng ehffa dffge ehu trgng dung mffc sff ngMdp bao vd vd phdt triln rffng De khac phuc trang suy thodi rtfng, tff eudi nhuhg ndm 1990, CMnh phu Vi§t Nam da day manh eai cdch he thing ludt phdp vd chinh sdch nham thuc diy edng tdc xa hdi hda n g h i ritog, tdng cffdng sff tham gia aia edc edng ddng dia phffcmg vdo cdng tdc quan ly, bao vp vd phdt triln ritog Dae bi^t, Lugt Ddt dai sffa dli ndm 2003 va Ludt Bao ve vd Phdt triin riing sffa doi ndm 2004 da cho phep giao dat, giao iffhg cho edng dong quan ly vd sff dung lau dai vao mue dieh lam n ^ d p Dgy la mdt nhitog ctf sd phap ly quan trpng giup cho cdc cpng dong, ddc bi$t ia cae cdng ddng ddn tdc tMeu so d vflng niii, cd ctf hdi d l phuc hdi nhflhg phong tuc truyen thd'ng quan ly tdi ngiyen tMdn nMen Tuy nhidn, cd mdt loai hinh quan 1^ va bao tdn ritog kha phl bie'n d vitog ddng bao ddn tdc tMeu sd' da ton tai tfl r^dn d d nay, da g i n chat v d vdn hda truyin thd'ng vd lii$t tuc ciia dia phffemg da life giff lai dugc nhflhg khu ritog cd gia tri rat qu^, dd la "ritog tdm linh" BM viet gdp p h i n tam Meu loai Mnh quan ly rflhg tdm linh, mdt Mnh thffe quan 1;^ vd bao tdn tdi nguyen tMdn nMen ddc ddo cua tdc ngffd Ctf Tu vd Td Oi Id hai nhdm dan tde tMlu sd ehinh d huyen A Lffd, tinh Thffa TMdn Hue Ngtfoti T a di, Cd t u cf h u y ^ n A Ltfd, Thtfa Thi&n H u e Theo kd't qua dilu tra dan so vd nhd d nam 2009, ngud Td i d Vidt Nam ed ddn so 43.886 ngUdi, eU tru tdp trung tai cdc tinh: Thffa Thien Hue (29.558 ngffdi, cM^m 67,35%), Quing Tri (13.961 ngffd, cMlm 31,81%) Giffa hai tdc ngffd Td 6i * Ths Trdn Hifu Nghi, NCS Chuong tnnh Nghign cffu Lfim nghigp Nhigt ddi, Vigt Nam Trdn Hdu Nghi - Rdng ldm linh - Mgt hinh thdc bdo tSn thien nhiSn va Cff Tu tai dilm ngMdn cffu xet vl Uch sff tdc ngffd, v l trinh dp phat trien, v l i^dn ngtt, v l cdc ddc tntog vdn hda ed nhflhg dilm khdc Tuy vdy, sd'ng v d lau d d , lai eung chung mdt muc dfch chinh phue tMdn nMen vd ddu tranh chd'ng ngoai xdm, ndn gifla hai tdc ngffdi Mnh thdnh nhflhg dde dilm chung khd gid'ng nhau, nhat la ve phdt trien kinh te, xa hdi citog mdt khu •vffc lich sffdan tdc hpc (Nguyen Qude Lde, 1984) Quan ni^m sof htfu t r u y i n thong v e dat c n g c d a ngtfdti Ta Oi, Ctf Tu Tdi nguydn dat edng Id mdt loai tai nguyen ludn g i n bd vdi sd hOfU tdp the edng ddng budn/ldng va Id mdt thdnh to khdng till tMd'u dffgc hffp thdnh khdng gian sinh tdn, hay cdn gpi la "^khdng gian xa hdi" (Ngi^ren Ngpc, 2008) dd'i v d vitog nui Chau A, cd Vidt Nam Tuy thd', loai tdi nguydn ndy thffdng khdng dffpc ndi nMlu trdn cde (Udn ddn khoa hpc va lai cd nhflhg each hilu khdc (Bfli Minh Dao va Khong Didn, 2003), dac bidt Id dd'i vdi rdng tam linh (ritog thidng, ritog ma) Trong mdt lang truyin thd'ng cua ngffd Ta Oi, Cff Tu (ddng bdo gpi la Vii, Val, Vel) ton tai hai hinh thffc sd hffu vl tdi nguydn ritog vd dat ritog: Sd hflU cd nhan vd sd hife cdng dong Hai Mnh thffc ndy tdn tai song song, phan dnh tfnh ehat "iffdng phdn" nhuhg Iai cd vi tri ndng nhe, cao t h i p khde quan mem sd hflu truyen thdng cdng ddng Vl etf ban, sd hflli ldn nhd't, bdo trum dd'i vdi ngffd Ta Oi, Ctf Tu trffdc day la sd hflU cdng ddng ldng (Nguyin Xuan Hdng, 2002) Cdng ddng Idng la chu sd hflu dfch thffc trdn todn bd lanh thd thude ldng, v d ranh g i d thffdng dffpe xac dinh b i n g ngpn nfli, ddng sudi, cay el thu, tang da Idn Nhflhg ranh g i d thffdng dugc xac lap b d 65 nhffhg ngffdi diu tidn de'n tim vung dd't mdi lap ldng hoac cd the sff thda thudn giffa cac ldng, chu ldng vdi Du cM ed tinh ehit ffde Id, quy dinh ngim nhff vdy nhffhg nd lai dfftfc cac thdnh vien ldng vd ngodi ldng thffc hien rat ngMdm tue Luat tuc cua ngffdi Td 6i, Ctf Tu quy dinh: Tdi nguydn rffng, dat ritog todn bd cdng ddng quan ly, sd hull, khdng dffge quyln ban, chuyln nhfftfng cho ngffd ngoai; kM mdt thdnh vidn chd't hodc rdi ldng tM ddt dai cua ngffd dd phai de lai cho cdng ddng lang Ngffdi ngodi ldng neu xam pham dat dai cua cdng ddng ldng dffd mpi hinh thffe diu bi xff phat Dat dai eua cdng ddng ldng "Td ngan xUa dd nhu vdy rSi, dugc td ti&n mudn dcn truyen lgi, dugc cdc ydng (thdn linh) giao/chia cho tiing ldng"quan ly (Nguydn Ngpc, 2008) Theo dd, ngodi chu sd hflu thuc/ddi la cdng dong lang, quan nidm eua ngud Ta 6i, Ctf Tu edn cd chii vd hinh, td'i thugng, dd la cac vi than Unh CMnh t h i n Unh m d la the' life kiem sodt toan bd dat rimg eua nhflng eU ddn chuydn sd'ng dua vdo kinh t l nfftfng rdy, phu thude nMlu vdo tff nMdn Nhu the trudc day, ddi v d ngud Ta Oi, Ctf Tu, todn bd dat dai, ritog nui, sdng sud'i, san vdt n i m pham vi cua ldng deu thudc ldng quan Iy, sd hito, deu Id tai nguydn ehung eho ta't ca mpi thdnh vien cua cdng ddng Mpi vidn deu dugc ddi xff binh ding quan hp hffdng dung d i t edng d&ng Tuy nMdn, Idii mudn phat mdt ddm r i y mdi, mud'n lam •vu m d , cdc ed nhdn, hd gia dinh vl danh nghia phai xin phdp chu lang, phai dffge sff ddng f ciia than Unh (Nguyen Xudn Hdng, 2002) Dd'i vdi ddng bao, dat dai, san vdt nui ritog la cua ehung, eua lang nhffng ngudi ndo da khai phd hay phdt Men diu tien tM diu dUtfc tdn trgng, dl cao, khang dinh "Khi toi tim diiac mgt ddm ddt mdi phii hgp cho viec ldm rdy, tim dUgc mgt cdy to 66 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, sd 12/2015 tr&n dd co nhieu to ong, tim dilgc cdy gd ngffd ed the trUc gide duge Trong thd' gidi quy phgm vi ritng cda ldng qudn l^, cua sU sd'ng tM sU sd'ng eiia ngudi tdi chi cdn ddnh ddu sd hdu (i kdm) b&ng cMd'm p h i n trpng ye'u nhat Nhuhg eon nhiiu cdch khdc nhu budc hai cdy ngud lai cW la mOt phan vd la mdt phin nhd lgi, ho&c ditng dao chdt uai nhdt vao rdt nhd cua tu nMen bao la, dfl tgn ndn eon thdn cdy ±hi ddm ddt, cdy dd Id cila tdi ngffd phdi phuc tung tff nMdn, thu|ai theo Nhiing thdnh viin khdc ldng dd simg bai tU nMen thdy cdc ddu hieu xtic dinh chd sd hdu thi "Coi nudc" (Xd dak): Coi nffde Id ph&i se khdng xdm phgm vd coi dd nhU Id mdt khdng gian sinh tdn eua cdc lodi tdm ca, le diOmg nhiin Do cdng Id "dgo ddC rdng" ddc bidt dd citog Id n d tni ngu cua ma nude cua ngudi ddn tdc chung tdi" (Tu dd) Ngffd Ta Oi, Ctf Tu rat sg ma nffdc (Dgng Vdn Quyet - ldng Aram) Theo ddng bdo, nhuhg ngud ehit dudi Id Nhu t h i , hai Mnh thffc sd hito: Sd hflU ma nffde b i t va la Mdn tffgng chet xiu ndn edng ddng lang vd sd hCfu cd nhan v l tdi phdi thffc M§n nMlu kieng cff theo luat tue, n ^ y e n dat cdng Id hai hinh thffe sd hffu khdng dugc chdn vdo rffng ma g i n bd lau dai v d xa hdi truyin thdng cua "Coi chit" (Behdrde): Cdi chet la phan ngffd Td Oi, Ctf Tu trffdc ddy, mdt hlnh khdng gian dUd mdt dat, n d trfl ngu ciia thffc sd hflu da gdp p h i n khdng nhd vdo Unh hon nhOhg ngffdi da chit (ar vai), ]k vide lam ndn thd' can bang gifla hd tU the g i d ciia ma quy - Iffc Iffffng gay ndn nMen va hd nhdn vdn nhitog tai hpa, kho dau cho ngffd; ri thd', mudn cd dffgc cudc sdng binh an, Dang dSit dac t h u c u a ngtfcfi Ta Oi, manh khde, eon ngffd phai eung, phai Ctf Tu: DlTt rtfng t a m Unh eung phung, cMa cua cho ngffd da chet (Nguydn Xudn Hong, 2002) 3.1 Quan nipm vi vu tru, ve riCng Ke't qua phdng vaii sdu nhdm cde gia tdm link xUg cua ngU&i Td Oi, Ccf Tu Ngud Td Oi vd Ctf Tu Id nhflhg cff ddn ldng d thdn Parinh da eho chung tdi biet sdng phu thudc nMlu vao tff nMen ndn rat dfftfc ngffd Ctf tu cd nhflhg "ydng"/than sau simg bdi tff nMdn Dflhg trffdc cde Men ddy: "Ydng" dat (Ca tid'c), nffdc (Dak), cay tfftfng 1^ vy eua tif nMdn (mdy, mife, siin, (Alloong), sdng (Caruung), niii (Ca koong), chdp, sud'i sdu, nui cao, cay to,,.), eon ngffdi ritog (Arih), t r d (Barbang), mdy (Tiiuc), khdng gidi tMch n i i ndn da Unh tMdng s i m (Gram), ehdp (Cdmmld) Trong cac hda cdc Men tugng dd Ddng bdo Ta i , Ctf ydng/thin dd tM yang/than t r d va yang