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LUAN VE DONG TINH TIT NH&NG GOC NHIN LY THUYET Le Thi Thuy Khoa Ngu vdn - Khoa hoc xd hdi Email: thuylt@dhhp.edu.vn Ngdy nh^n bdi: 04/10/2019 NgdyPB ddnh gid: 30/10/2019 Ngdy duy?t ddng: 08/11/2019 TOM TAT: D6ng tinh luy6n khong la mpt hien tugng xa la voi cong chung Viec nghien cmi n6 mot each nghiem tue va he th6ng tren nhilu phucmg dien tiep can vong hai the ky trd I?i day dang diln tiSn tich cue Ngay tii cudi nhirng nam 1800, cac nha tam ly hgc da diSu nghien d6ng tinh tren cac thii nghiem lam sang Phan tam hgc c6 diln la minh chimg dien hmh nhat Trong nua sau thS ky XX, d6ag tinh tra d6i tugng quan tam dac biet cua nhung nha Lech pha hgc va Nu quySn luan Voi nhung goc nhin khac nhau, cac ly thuyet buac dau da trinh hien truac the giai nhijng kiln giai moi me \% dfing tinh Bai viSt cua chung toi xuat phat tir cac ly thuyet de birac dau xem xet va danh gia dong tinh luyen khong chi nhu mgt bieu hi?n tam - sinh ly dac biet ma nhu mgt phuong dien nhan hgc, xa hgi hgc - chinh tn Tij khoa: dong tinh, nir quyen lugn, ly thuyet thuyet lech pha, thuyet phdn tdm A DISCUSSION ON HOMOSEXUALITY PHENOMENON FROM THEORETICAL ASPECTS/ VIEWS ABTRACT: To day, homosexuality is no longer a strange phenomenon to the pubhc Its senous and systematic research on multiple approaches is still being earned on well in the last two centuries As early as the late 1800s, psychologists mvestigated homosexuality in clinical tnals Classical psychoanalysis is the most typical example In the second half of the twentieth century, homosexuality became the particular interest object of the queerist and the feminist With the different perspectives, these theories have been initially presented to the world their new interpretations/ views of homosexuality Derivmg firom those theories, our article is created initially to examine and to assess the homosexuality not only as a special psychological - physiological manifestation but also in terms of anthropology, sociology - politics Keywords: homosexuality, feminist, theory, queer theory, psychoanalysis DAT VAN DE no lire khSng dinh sir hien dien binh dSng D6ng hanh voiti6ntrinh phat trign loai 'J^ minh tnioc thS giai Dilu khiin nguai bat dau hi giai doan khai thuy, ding tinh luyin c6 mot lich su nhi8u thang tram Vi bi coi la di biet va thigu s6, d6ng tinh chi t6n tai lang le va thuong to \tv vL Tuy vay, no chua nao tir bo ? \ T ! ? f u ' ^ ^^^' ' ^ ' ^ ^^' ^^^' ^^• ^u fho khmh khi, nguai ta buoc phai nhm "^^" dong t.nh nhu mot doi tugng thuc su '"f '^°^^^'= ^ \ ^ ^ / ^ ^S^^^- Nhirng hieu ^'^' ^^ "^^^S, Jl"^ * ? / ' ^ P^^t da h-a nen Ur giac Mot thu khoa hoc ly luan ve 112 TRirCING BAI HOC HAI PHONG Men tugng ciing dugc khai xuat, d^n pha vo dirang hien giai h^n hi6u bi6t v'e d6ng thih Do co the coi la buac tiin dai ma nhan loai dat dugc tren hanh trinh thiu thi vS chmh ban than minh giii dugcti-angthai can bing Ngugc lai, vi ly nao day, due nang bi can tra, no se quay trcr lai xung dot voi trang thai tam ly va tun each phong thoattironghoan canh, moi truang khac Viec tilp xuc vdi moi tnicmg xau chmh la nguyen nhan KET QUA NGHlfeN CUtJ dan dentiiaido ghe sg tmh due, trkm cam, bien thai, tam than hay d6ng tmh Voi quan 2.1 06ng tinh diroi mdt cua PhSn niem nay, phan tam hpc cua S.Freud da tam hoc co di^n cong khai chong lai quan diSm d6ng tmh Ehrgc coi la mgt ba hien titgng roi loan gene di truygn kha ph6 bign luc khoa hoc lam nen nhimg birac ngoat vT Cac gia thuygt khac vg nguygn nhan dai hong lich sir tien bg cua nhan loai, hoc dan toi dong tinh nhu tinh tu si (nacxit) thuygt Phan tam S.Freud khai xuang tur hay mac cam Odipe khong thoa man cuoi the ky XDC tir dai da gay nhiing giai doan day thi dgu la nhiing phat hien chan dpng manh het du luan va tra gay nhigu tranh cai La nguoi khong tan mot thii cong cu ly luan dac lire cho quan diem coi nghich dao gioi tinh nhieu nganh khoa hoc cho toi tan nhu mot "dau hieu thoai hoa than kinh bam Nghien cuu tien mot loai doi tugng khac sinh" [7,48], tu tac phim dautigndin biet, tir nam 1905, cong tiinh dat nguoi dpc dgn voi ly thuyet phan tam Ba tieu ludn ve ly thuyet tinh due, S Freud - cuon "Nhap mon phan tam hpc", quan da danh khong it sir quan tam cho nhung diem cua Freud da gay su sung sot Ong nguoi dong tinh Ong xep hg vao nhimg viet: "Het siic ro rang rang, tinh due dong ca lech lac ve tinh due, cu the la lech lac giai chi la su thay the muc dich gan hon va hen quan den doi tugng tinh due Ong ciing dg dat tdi hon ay a mpt nguai ban cung giai Imi y ve each dinh danh hien tugng cho tiiach thuc cuoi cung ma mpt nguai Thay vi goi bang khai niem homosexual ban khac gioi dua Doi voi dan ong, dan (dong tmh luyen ai), ong ua thich goi bang ba mang moi de dpa ciia mpt vii tru khong inversion (nghich dao giai tinh) hon Cac CO duong vat, vu tru ma duong vat co thg bi thuat ngu ong dung de chi doi tugng liy mit, theo mpt so hoang tiiang tie nhom nhu "nghich giai tuyet doi", Tir smh nhimg hoangtiiangve viec "nghich gioi luong tinh", "nghich giai duong vat bi am hp va am dao cua dan ba CO hpi" deu dugc goi dua tren nhiing lam t6n thuong cac quan he tmh due khuynh huong due nang libido cua ho Quan niem am dao co rang can (vagina Ong ciing dac biet thich thu voi nhiing ca dentata) doi chinh la co scf khien cho due nang libido nga theo huong dao gi6i mot nguai tmh due dong gioi dan ong ua tinh sau c6 trai nghiem dau kho vai thich mpt nguoi dan ong khac ban" [7,29] mpt ddi tugng thih due binh thudng Diitiongthai gian hoi phan giai dung Phat trign tii tuong tir tiong tam ve - sai, quan digm vl tinh due dong tinh ciia libido, Freud chi rSng, mot due phan tam hpc ciing vip phai su chi tiich nang libido dugc thoa man, nguoi se manh me cua cac nha nii quyen va dong T^P CHI KHOA HOC, So 39, thang nam 2020 113 tinh nii Hp khong la vi gia thuyet "am dao CO rang can" nhu mpt su cham chgc tinh ac, hp phan doi vi hp khong thay hmh anh, vai tro cua minh tu each la doi tugng nghien ciiu chinh cua Freud Freud - giong nhu nhigu nam hpc gia khac - da diem nhien dung tien lap tnraog ciia dan ong dg ban ve nhiing van dg ciia gioi nam, dong tinh cung nam, noi chung la mpt quan digm khoa hoc CO sir phan biet gioi rat ro ret Chua hit, nam 1905, vin khao cuu gay nhieu tranh cai Ba tieu ludn ve ly thuyet tinh due, Sigmund Freud da liet ke thoi gid trang (mpt each gpi khac ciia dao trang gioi tinh (Transvestism/ Crossdresser) nhu mpt bieu hien ciia lech lac tinh due tren cac doi tugng la benh than kinh Ong nhan dinh : "Thoi gia trang, tiic thoi thich mac ao quan cua gioi tinh ngugc lai, muon mang can tinh mpt nguoi thupc gioi tinh ngugc lai a chon rieng tu ciing nhu a noi cong cpng" [7, 330] De dang co thg thay, day la each nhin nhan ciia mpt nguoi ngoai cupc, cho ngn tai thoi diem nhiing nam dau thi ky XX, cong bo xuat hien, no da vap phai nhieu chi tiich, la ciia du luan, dac biet tir phia nhiing nguoi cpng dong LGBT- nguai khong doi nao chiu im lang nhu mot su dong tinh Voi vi tri va tam anh huong ciia minh, nhiing ban luan ve hien tugng d6ng tinh luyen ciia Sigmund Freud khong chi dugc xem la ngn tang c6 gia tii cho cac nghien ciiu y hpc, tam ly vg dong tinh duong dai ma ggi huong cho cac nha van, nha phg binh suy nghT ve su doi ciia nhirng diia tinh than tuong lai ciia minh Phan tam hpc co dien va 114 TRlTCfNG DAI HOC HAI PHONG cac nhanh chi c ^ no sau da bo m.^eu thai gian dl di tun cau ti-a loi xac dang cho cau hoi: ddng tinh co phai la mpt "roi loan dinh dang giai" (bilu hien cua benh ly) hay la cai gi khac? Sir phan giai doi chiia nhiiu mau thuan cho thiy su thuc la ca cha de cua hpc thuyit cung khong hoan toan tin chic vao kha nang "ciiu roi" ciia hpc thuyit minh tao nen 2.2 Thuyit Lfch pha (Queer theory) hay hoc thuyit vl su giSng co giira Kien tao luan (Constructionism) va Ban chat luan (Essentialism) Neu nhu nhiing nghien cuu tren cac loai dpng vat cho thay bieu hien dong tmh o chiing la mpt giai phap ve tign hoa de giam thieu sir xam chiem lanh tho, dac biet la giiia nhiing due, thi o loai nguai, hanh vi phuc tap hon nhieu Nhiing phat hien cua nganh bao thai hpc da chi rang loai ngudi, ve mat sinh hpc, vua la dong giai vua la di gidi Mac du hien tugng dong tinh luygn da song ton Ciing nhan loai tir rat lau nhung mai den the ky XIX, viec nghien cuu mot each nghiem tiic de dua nhiing luan diem khoa hpc ve no moi dugc tien hanh Trong mpt thdi gian dai, nhiing nha nghien cuu chia se moi quan tam din chii dl ddng tinh da tranh cai gay gat de nga ngii ve dinh de: dong tinh luygn la mpt can tinh tu nhien hay la san pham cua xa hpi? Kit qua ciia nhirng tianh luan khdng chi hinh nen hai tmdng phai tu tudng doi lap ma cdn tao tiin dl ddi cho mpt hpc thuygt ma su ddng gop ciia no vao lich sii tinh due cua nhan loai la khdng thi phii nhan: thuyit Lech pha (Queer theory) (co nhieu tai lieu dich la Ddng tinh luan) Cung v6i khai mem "bah aang tinh due" (sexual identity) duac Karl Heinrich Ulrichs khoi xuit, nhimg tranh luan v6 nguon goc cua dong tinh luyen chinh tlnic cham ngoi cho su phan re hai thai cue quan diem: nhiing nguai de xuSt thuyet ban chat, benh vuc y ki8n cho rang sinh ly ciing su khac biet gioi tinh la "TrM sinh", mang tinh vinh eta Do do, dong tinh cung la mot phan cua ban chit tu nhien ciia ca nhan, khong thay doi dugc Cho dua cua thuyet ban chit chinh la nhiing cong bo y khoa ciia cac niia di trayen hoc tai MT (dai hoc Illinois, Chicago) va Y (dai hoc Padova) vi tac nhan di fniySn ben dong ho me va su tham gia cua nhirng chuoi DNA bo gene ngucri Xet vS ban chit, su khac biet giiia yen tinh luan va kien tao luan cung ro rang nhu hai khai niSm giai tinh va phai tinh Ban than thuat ngii gicri tmh (mang phim chit smh hpc) da thS hien tinh ban chit luan cua no, va nhu vay, gioi tinh thii ba nSn/phai dugc thua nhan binh dang vai hai gioi tinh lai Phai tinh, ngugc lai, sinh tit cac pham tru van hoa, khong chju su bo huge cua cac dac tinh sinh hgc bam smh, tham chi co luc gat giai tinh ngoai IS dS chi tuan theo cac quy chuin xa hpi - noi nhu mgt dinh d6 n6i tijng ciia Simone de Beauvoir: "On ne nait pas femme, on le devient" Cac nha ki6n tao lujn nhu M Foucault to hoai nghi voi cai gpi la ban sSc, boi suy dSn cimg, mgi lliu theo ong deu diln ngon quy dinh Ben lich sii - v6n van la dinh lugng mang tinli tin cay, bit biSn quan difim ciia so dong, cung chi t6n tai qua cac diln iig_6n Oai oam hon, d6n ban than liien ngon ciing chi la san phim cua mgt giai doan, mgt thoi dai, mgt hoan canh xac djnh va CO gidi han Trang bi nhan quan giai cau tnic iy, co thi noi ring, ciing mgt Men tugng, thoi dai ggi la d3ng tinh (vai ham y khinh miet), thoi khac lai xem nhu mgt bilu hien binh thuong ciia tinh due tu nhien, tham chi ton vinh no Bat chip nhimg quan dilm trai chiiu, dong tinh luyin cang thach thiic nhan loji no cimg mot luc, mang ca hai bieu hien ciia giai tinh va phai tmh, tiic vita la ban s5c vita la kiln tao Ban sac no thugc ve bam sinh, kiln tao truang hgp no dugc tao tir nhiing hoan canh dac biet ma a xac lap su dgc ton ctia dan gioi: nha tu, trai linh, trudng ngi tni, truang dong, nha ta kin, ganh hat nhirng moi truang nay, ding tinh dugc xem nhu mgt hanh vi tap nhilm Thoat ly khoi hoan canh, dac tinh ding tinh (tap nhiem) se bien mat (trir tmong hgp hoan canh khong phai la nguyen nhan ma chi la tac nhan mang tinh ggi thirc nhiing yiu tl dong tinh san co bi "ngu dong") Tuy vay, dua tren ly cho ring thien huong tinh due la phirc tap, da chiiu nen phan Ion hgc gia hien dai van thien ve quan diem xem dongtinhla ket quii cua qua trinh lich sir - xa hgi, cu the la "san phim cua vo so cac ma van hoa va the luc chinh tri khac cac giai doan khac nhau" Voi cac lap thuyet mang tinh kien tao linh vuc dong tinh hgc, hg trg nhiing dai bieu tien phong cua tnrong phai Kien tao luan Co the ke mot so ten tuoi lay liing CO nhieu cong trinh lien quan den quan diem kien tao ban dang gioi nay, tieu bieu nhu: David M Halperin, Michel Foucault, Judith Butle, John D'Emilio Mgt nhirng tuyen bo noi bat cua cac nha kiln tao luan la tim mli lien he giiia ding tinh voi chii nghia tu ban TAP CHi KHOA HQC, S6 39, thang nam 2020 115 coi chu nghTa tu ban la ngudn gdc sinh ddng tinhti-ongtu each la mot dac tmh xa hpi O cdng trinh Chu nghia tu bdn vd ddc tinh dong tinh, John D'Emilio da di tii cac dac tnmg co ban cua chu nghia tu ban (lao ddng tir do, su bien ddng cua cau tnic gia dinh hat nhan lam tang cudng sd lugng ca nhan sdng ben ngoai gia dinh, su "giai phdng" tinh due khdi muc dich sinh dg, anh hudng cua Thi Chien H) de dien giai vl cai gpi la dac tinh ddng tmh cua nhan loai Tren ca sd bac bd "huyen thoai vg tinh due dong gidi vTnh cmi" [1,101], tac gia da lan lugt chi mdt sa dd tidi day ciia nhiing ngudi ddng tinh, theo dd, he thdng lao ddng tu phat trien nhu mdt he qua tit yeu ciia qua trinh phmh rpng tu bdn - tien dg tao nhieu tien hon thi nd ddng thoi tao mpt su chuygn hda sau sac md hinh va chiic nang ciia gia dinh truyen thdng: ca nhan co xu hudng tach khdi gia dinh, gia dinh khdng cdn la "don vi ly tudng" cho su san sinh cac the he ndi tiep cd mot cupc each mang ngam ve quan niem tinh due ddi vdi su sinh de Mat khac, chign tranh xay ra, nd da tach hang trieu nign nam nii nhirng ngudi ma dac tinh tinh due chi viia mdi hmh khdi gia dinh, khdi moi trudng tinh due khac gidi ciia gia dinh va nem hp vao hoan canh thuan nhit vl gidi tinh - nhu la trai linh, cdng xudng, cac hpi nu binh, tinh nguyen vien, cac khu nha d cho nii cong nhan, nha tii, trai tap trung Chinh tai nhung noi nay, nhirng ngudi da mang santiongminh can tinh dong tinh se CO dip gap ga nhiing ngudi gidng hp, cdn nhiing ke khac cd dugc su tu tam thdi viec kham pha nhiing xiic cam tinh due mdi me chua tiing trai nghiem - hp trd cac ddi tugng dong tmh co hpi 116 TKirdNG DAI HOC HAI PHONG Ndi tdm lai, mpi xac quyci u»-" - ^ - - g din chd chi dich danh trach nhiem, vai trd cua chu nghia tu ban ddi vdi su ddi va phat trien cang rdng rai cua hien tugng ddng tmh luyin Ong ciing ndi, sd dl nam gidi ddng tinh nhieu han nu gidi vi chu nghia tir ban da ldi keo nhieu dan dng vao luc lugng lao ddng hem phu nil, ddng thdi vdi miic luong cao han, dan dng de dang tao dung mdt cupc sdng ca nhan ddc lap vdi su rang huge cua gidi tinh khac phu nu "cd ve nhu van phu thudc dan dng ve kinh te" [ 1,106] Tu nhixng phan tich ay, J Emilio cd gang tra ldi cho cau hdi tai chu nghia tu ban, cd cau true khien cho su xuat hien ciia dac tinh ddng tinh va su hinh cua cdng ddng ddng tinh thi trd nen kha thi, dudng nhu khdng the chap nhan dung chiia cdng ddng dd long nd, bieu hien la no ludn td thai thu dich, gat hp ngoai le va nhin hp nhu nhung ke thieu sd? Nhiing tu tudng bai viit ciia John D'Emilio ciing nhan dugc su ddng tinh cua ngudi ddng nghiep d Paris la Michel Foucault dng khing dinh: "thien hudng tinh due vg thuc chit la mdt "sang che" cua cac nha nude hien dai, ciia cupc Cach mang cdng nghiep va chu nghia tu ban" Ciing chinh Foucault - vdn dugc biit den nhu mdt nha giai ciu tnic tni danh da triim anh hudng cua minh len y hudng cua cac nha lech pha/ddng tmh (queer) hpc dng myen bd, tinh due la mdt san pham cua diln ngdn han la mdt dilu kien tu nhign, nd chiu anh hudng nang nl cua cac quan he quyin lire xa hdi, chiu sir cam doan, lic chl lan su cho phep cua cac quan he dd ddng thdi tao nhiing y nghia mdi cho hoat ddng tinh due Tilp thu tu tuong cita M t oucault, cac nh^ lech pha hgc nhin giai tuih cai nhin tuong dii: khong c6 cai binh thuong lin cai bit thucmg, cai ky quai (nghia phai sinh cua tit "queer") ciing chi la khai niem ao, cai ggi la "gicritinh"hay "ban sic" lai cQng chi nhu mgt "san pham hu ciu cua viin hoa, mgt su each dieu hoa dugc lap di lap lai thuong xuySn ciia th^n thi" "luc nao ciing a tien trinh dugc kiln tao, mpt cai gi dang dugc hinh thanh" [6] Khi mai xuit hien lin diu tien tai Anh, My vao dau thap nien 90 cua thi ky XX, thuygt Lech pha nhanh chong dugc don nhan va phg bien rgng rai, tro tam dilm giang day cac truang dai hpc ciing nhu chii de nong cua cac tap chi Me de cua hgc thuyit - ba Teresa de Lauretis, dugc xem la trucmg hgp diln hinh cho su chuyen tach tir chii nghia nii quyin sang mgt pham vi nghien ciru hep hon, hen quan den phong trao diu tranh giai quyen luc nam giai Ban diu, thuyit dong tmh chi gioi han pham vi nghien eta cua no hong hai Imh vuc ding tinh nam va ding tinh nil (Gay/lesbian Stiidies), vl sau, quan tam toi ca Chuyin gioi tinh hpc (Transgender Studies) Su phat triin ciia thuyit Lech pha chinh la minh chiing hiing hIn nhit cho vi thi ap dao cua cac nha Men tao luan vdi yiu tinh luan, mrac het vi nen tang hgc thuyet la cac quan diem mang tinh kiln tao vl phai tinh Nhimg phat bilu ciia M.Foucault, Judith Butle, Susan S.Lanser co thi coi la "tuyen ngon moi" cua D6ng tinh luanti-onggiai doan phat triin ciia dgt song thii ba Noi tai cac chuyen gia diu nganh linh vvtc Lech pha hgc, khong thi khong ke den Annamarie Jagose - giang viSn cao cap cua Dai hgc Melbourne, tac gia cua cong trinh nii tiing Ddn nhap ly thuyit lech pha (Queer theory - An introduction) Cong trinh da tro mgt tai Ueu tham khao quan trgng cong tac nghien eta va tim hiiu vl ding tinh khong chitirongpham vi nuoc My ma da lan anh huong sang ca cac nuoc khu vuc A, Au Nhu ten ggi cua ng, congti-inhdua each hieu khac vl tinh due ding tinh cimg cac ban dang ciia no thong qua Uiuat ngii mang mgt ngi ham da nghia "queer", voi quan niem gian di la "pham tm bao hiim vl lien minh tu dinh danh tinh due ben le van hoa - mgt thii mo hinh ly thuyit moi doi da ly khai khoi thuyit ding tinh tiuyin thing" [2,1] 2.3 Phe binh nir quyin fling tinh luyin - luan thuyet cua thieu so va cho thieu s6 Nhu da noi, chu nghia nii quyen va dong tinh luan c6 moi quan he vo cimg khang kbit Phong tiao nii quyin dien soi noi vao giira nhirng nam 1970 dugc xem la khcti nguon sinh cua nganh dongtinhnam va dong tinh nu tai cac nucrc phat trien nhu Anh, My Mgt so ly thuyet gia vgn xuiit than tir phong trao diiu tranh da ehii dgng chuyen hucmg nghien eta sang linh vuc dcng giai nhu mgt each khang cu khac ciia nguai nir Hg - cimg chu truang ta tacmg nii quyen "thach thirc dilu mgi nguai deu biet ve tinh due, due tinh, giai tinh, su song hanh va doi nghich cua nir va nam, dong tinh va di tinh, dan ba va dan ong" [4, 220]- da mo duong cho su phat triin eiia ly thuyit nir quyin dong tinh hien Phe binh nii quyen trai vai ao taong va ngg nhan vl no, khong bo hep pham vi TAP CHi KHOA HpC, So 39, thang nam 2020 117 nghien cuu nii tmh va phai tmh nhu ban chat nguyen thiiy ca ban ciia ngudi nu ma quan tam nhiiu han din cap bieu hien cua hai yeu td Phg binh nii quyen xuat phat tir Imh vuc van chuang nen nd ciing chii y den nhiing canh khia dac tiimg: co thg, su till hien tam hon ngudi nii (vigt nii) Co sd triet hpc cua phe binh nir quyen chinh la tu tudng cua Jacques Lacan - vdn la mdt nhanh cua phan tam hpc Triet gia kiem nha tam ly cd xu hudng tid vg vdi cai gdc ban dau ciia phan tam hpc cd dien nhung thay vi giai thich cac hien tugng tien ca sd lam sang, dng lay ngdn ngu lam digm tua Ket hgp giira phan tam hpc va ngdn ngu hpc cau tnic, Lacan chi su bat toan ciia gidi nii chinh la nguyen nhan thiic giuc hp phan khang de ddi dugc quyen lam chii ca the cua minh (tir phd dien, budng tha) Cac nha nii quyen da xuat phattiiphan tam hpc Lacan dg phan ddi lai chinh Lacan bang each chiing minh cho the gidi thay phu nu hoan toan tu chii vetigngndi vatiianthi Manh dat tu do, tu tri nii quygn chinh la nai khdng gidi han quyen phd dien khoai lac due vpng cua ngudi nii Tham chi, hp cho rang, cang nhiing ham mudn cd ve phi chuan muc, trai tu nhien cang cd gia tri khieu chign manh me vdi chu nghia nam quyen ciing cac ap chl ciia nd Dd la CO sd ly tudng de nhiing nha nii quyin ddng tinh luyin cdng khai len an tinh due di tmh nhu mpt "chl dp chinh tri tiong dd nam gidi phii dinh tinh due ciia nir gidi, budc phu nii phai tiep nhan tinh due cua minh, han chg va ngan can nhiing h^nh ddng nhuc the ciia phu nil, biln ho mdn hang trao ddi giiia nam gidi vdi nhau" [3,7] Hp dinh nghTa: "Ddng tinh la due vpng hudng tdi gidi tinh cua minh, ddng thdi ciing la due vpng ddi vdi 118 TRlTCfNG BAI HQC HAI PHONG digu gi khac Ichong augc oau HB— - \ vpng, dd chinh la sir chong lai cai chuan muc", "Ddng tmh nii la nin van hda qua dd ngudi ta cd thi chit vin ve mat chinh tri vdi xa hdi di tinh vl nhirng ph^m hii tinh due, ve y nghia ciia dinh che ve su le thupc ca nhan hon nhan da ap dat len ngudi phu nil ndi rieng" [3,8] Vdn la mdtti-ongba loai hinh ca ban ciia thuyit phe binh nii quyen, phe binh nii quygn ddng tinh luygn thuc te la mpt nhanh phai sinh ciia phe bmh nii quyen da den Nd nd rd vao giai doan cao trao cua chii nghia nii quyen tiong van hpc, bat dau tii cac nude phat trien d phuang Tay rdi lan rpng anh hudng toan the gidi Ke thiia nhung tu tudng tien bd cua cac nha phg binh nii quyen da den, khdng kign, chdng ddi vdi di tinh luygn (bieu hien cue doan thudng thay d phai phe binh nii quyen da tiang), phe binh nir quyen ddng tinh luyen chu yeu "len an su rang budc ciia nam quyen quy dinh hanh vi tinh due nil chi dugc cd mdt dang thiic la di tinh cd Igi cho hp, khdng tdn trgng su lira chpn khac cua phu nu cd hoan canh sdng dac thu, hoac la "trdi sinh" nhu vay" [ 5, 209] Mdt vudng mic Idn la xac dinh npi ham cua khai niem "nu ddng tinh luyin ai" the nao dg cham diit su tranh cai vl viec cd nen danh ddng hanh vi giao hoan vdi "nhiiu hinh thiic tinh cam manh liet vdn cd giiia phu nii vdi nhu cung chia se ndi tam phong phu, lien kit dl chdng lai nhung bao quan nam quyin, cho va nhan nhung giiip da vat chit va ung hd vl chinh tii" [5, 210] hay khdng Su tranh luan vin chua di din hdi kit mac di sau dd mpt dai bilu ciia nhdm "nir quyin mdi" la Lillian Faderman da dua mdt giai phap mang tinh chiet trung: "Nir ddng tnih luyin mieu ta mpt loai quan he tinh cam yeu manh liet giiia hai phu nii, it nhiiu cd the cd hoac co ban khdng cd quan h? tinh due Ciing ygu quy lihau lam cho hai ngudi dung dai bp phan thdi gian chung sdng va cung se chia phan Idn ndi dung ciia ddi sdng" [5,210] Dg Cling cd vi tri cua minh "dai gia dinh" nu quygn luan, phe binh nii quygn ddng tinh luyen mat khac van khong ngiing suu tam, khai quat, tdng ket lich sii ttoi day cua van hpc nii ddng tinh vdi mong mudn xda bd nhung thien kien, cong kich da tdn tai dai ding va xac lap mpt vi thg ngang hang, binh dang vdi cac "chi em" cua nd chua hdi, ddng tmh luyin hien vin dang chiing minh nd cd mpt luc "hip din chet ngudi" - khdng chi ti-ong ddi sdng ma cdn cac ITnh vuc khoa hpc xa hdi nhan van Luan vl dong tinh, vi thi mdi chi la nhiing budc di ban dau TAI LIEU THAM KHAO D'Emilio J (1983), "Capitalism and Gay Identity", Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, Monthly Review Press, New York, pp.lOO-IU Iran Thien Khanh (2012), "Khang cu tinh trang mat tieng noi: tieng noi nhu m^t than phan va nhu mot hanh dong", Bao cao &k din Tga dam "Van xuoi nu boi canh van hgc Viet Nam duong dai", Vien Van hpc, Ha Noi KET LU^N Ba ly thuyet trgn la ba gdc nhin ciia the gidi hien dai ve mgt hien tugng ddi song tir liic xuat hien dgn van khdng thoi la dau mdi cua nhieu tranh cai: ddng tinh Tuy xuat phat tu cac gdc kien giai khac nhau, cd khdng tranh khdi han che nhung nhiing ly thuyet da thuc sir dat nhan loai vao mdt cupc ddi thoai nghiem tiic vg tinh due, nhan quyen va gia tri cua thieu sd Theo thdi gian, kien giai vl ddng tinh da di tii hiiu biit thudng thuc tdi til khoa hgc, vay gpi nhiing tu tudng mdi Bat chap su tranh luan cdn JagostA.(2001), Queer theory An introduction New York University Press, New York Lorber J (2005), "Su da dang ciia chu nghia nil quyen va nhiing dong gop vao sii binh dang gioi", Ho Lieu trich dich tir cuon Bat binh ddng gi&i: nhimg li thuyet nir quyen vd chinh tri, NXB Dai hgc Oxford, Oxford, http://phebinhvanhoc.com.vn Truy cap thang nam 2017 Phuong Luu (2011), Ly thuyet vdn hoc hdu hien dgi, NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi Nguyin Hung Quoc, Cdc ly thuyet phi binh vdn hoc (9) ThuySt lech pha, www.tienve.org/ home/literature/view.Tmy cap thang nam 2015 D6 Lai Thiiy (2003), Phdn tdm hgc vd tinh yeu, NXB Van hoa thong tin Ha Npi T4.P CHi KHOA HOC, Sh 39, thang nam 2020 119
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