W' GIAI PHAP M RONG DIEN BAO PHU BAO HIEM XAHOiTl/NGUYEN NGUYENTHJVANANH Bdo hiim xd hpi la mpt nhdng tru cpt cbinb eua hi tbdng diinh sddt an anhxdh^, la sU thay tAC bode bu ddp mpt phin tbu nhgp cho ngudi lao dpng hg gap pbii nhihig rdi TO cupcsdng Nghj quyit so 28-NiyTWdira mue tiiu: Phdn ddu den ndm 2021 dgtkho^g35%lUc lugng lao dpng dp tuoi tham gia bdo hiem xd hpi, trang nong ddn vi laa dpng khu vUc phi dilnh thdc tbam gia bio hiim xd hpi tu nguyen chiem khoing 1% lUe lugng lao dpng trang dp tua Be dgt dugc muc tiiu de ra, bdi viitpbdn tieh, ddnh gid nhimg hgn die da ehi dp bio hiem xi hpi tu nguyin biin vide xuat giii phip mdrpng diin bao phi bio bi^xa hpi tu nguyen, gdp phdn mi rgng dien bao phi bio Man xd hpi Tifkhda: Bao hiem xd hdi, bdo hiem xd hpi tu nguyen, bdo hiemyte, liic iiiong lao dpng lupng lao d p n g ciia V i | t N a m cd k h o a n g 55,8 trieu SOLUTION TO EXPANDCOVERAGE OF VOLUNTARY SOCIALINSURANCE \ '_ ngudi, cd k h o i n g 48,8 trieu lap d p n g dp tudi Tuy nhien, chi m d i cd 15,77 trieu n g u d i tham Nguyen Thi Van Anh gia BHXH, dgt k h o i n g 32,2%, g d m 15,2 trieu n g u d i Social insurance is one of the main pillars of the social security policy system, which replaces, or partially compensates workers' income when facing life risks Resolution No 28-NQlTWsets out the goals: Striving for 2021 to reach about 35% of the laborforcein the age group participating in social insurance, in which farmers and informal sector workers join voluntary social insurance accounts for about 1% of the labor force in the age group The article analyzes and assesses the limitations of the current voluntary social insurance regime and proposes solutions to expand coverage of voluntary social insurance, contributing to the expansion of social insurance coverage tham gia BHXH bat bupc {chiem 31,1%) va 573 nghin Keywords: Social insurance, voluntary social insurance, health insurance, labor force ngudi tham gia BHXH t y nguyen (tuong iing 1,17% lyc lugng lao dpng dp tuoi) Sau 10 n a m (ke tir cd Lugt BHXH nam 2007 d e n n a m 2017), so ngudi tham gia BHXH t y n g u y i n tang chgm, ehi dat 224 nghin ngudi Tir n a m 2018 d e n nay, so n g u d i tham gia BHXH t y n g u y e n t i n g d a n g ke (tir 224 n g h i n ngudi vao n a m 2017 len 277 n g h i n n g u d i vao n a m 2018 va 573 nghin ngudi vao eudi n a m 2019, d y kien dgt k h o i n g 770 nghin ngudi t h a m gia vao cuoi n a m 2020), trung binh tang h o n 30% mdi n a m tii n a m 2018 trd lai day Ket q u i trln dgt dupc d o c i c yeu to co b i n sau: - Nha n u d c da ban h a n h c i e co che ho trg ddi vdi ngudi tham gia BHXH t y nguyen Theo Dieu 14 N g h ; Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12/5/2020 dinh so 134/2015/ND-CP 29/12/2015, ngudi tiiam Ngdy hodn thiin biin tap: 20/5/2020 gia BHXH t y nguyen d u g c N h a n u d c h o trp 30% tren Ngdy duyit miic d d n g BHXH h a n g t h i n g theo miic c h u a n hg dang-4/6/2020 ngheo a i a khu v y c nong thdn doi vdi n g u d i t h a m gia thugc hp ngheo, 25% ddi vdi hp cgn ngheo va 10% ddi I.TInh hinh tham gia bdo h i l m xa hdi tU nguyen vdi eac doi t u p n g khie - C o che tai ehinh ddi vdi BHXH Viet N a m tir ndm Theo quy dinh tgi Lugt Bio hiem xa hpi (BHXH) 2019 d u g c dieu chinh theo h u d n g g i i m d a n ty le chi n a m 2014, doi tugng tham gia BHXH bat bugc la cdng phi q u i n ly, n h u n g van tgp trung u u tien p h i t tri&i dan Viet N a m tir d u 15 tud'i trd len va khdng thupc ddi hrpng tham gia BHXH h^ nguyen, tiiam gia bao doi t u g n g q u y djnh tham gia BHXH bat bupc So lieu hiem y te (BHYT) theo hg gia dinh va hgc sinh, sinh cua Tdng cyc Thong k l , tinh d e n cudi nam 2019, lyc vien Viec iru tien d u g c the hien thdng q u a v i | c nang t^ le chi phi thu toi da aia cic rihdm doi tupng tir 7%-7,5% so tien dong aia nguoi tham gia (khdng bao gdm sd thu ngan sich nha nude hd try), dd rilng miic chi thii lao cho td chiic lam dgi ly thu BHXH ty nguyen toi da bing 14% so tien ddng aia nguoi tham gia BHXH ty nguyin, eao hon 6,5% so vdi miic binh quan chung ciia nhdm - Cong tic tuyen truyen ve BHXH cang duge chii trgng, tang cudng Vi|e tuyen truyen da dupe doi mdi ci ve npi dung va hinh thiic Npi dung phong phii, lunh thiic da dgng gan giii, tiep can tryc tiep vdi doi tupng - Nd lyc day manh iing dyng cong nghe thdng tin va cai each thu tyc hanh chinh ciia nganh BHXH thdi gian qua giiip nguoi dan de dang tiep cgn, tham gia BHXH Trong nam 2017-2018, BHXH Viet Nam lien tyc xep vj tri thii bang xep hang Chi so san sang iing dung cong nghe thdng tin (Viet Nam ICT Index) danh cho cae bg, co quan ngang bd, co quan thugc Chinh phii cd dich vy cong BHXH Viet Nam dupe danh gii la "mgt nhiing don vj di dau cii each thu tyc hanh chinh, ling dyng cdng nghg thdng tin va xay dyng CO sd dii lieu quoe gia BHXH" Bin canh nhiing ket qui dgt duge, ehinh sich BHXH ty nguyen edn mgt sd ton tgi, hgn che sau: - Che dp BHHX ty nguyin chua hap dan Theo quy djnh, Lugt BHXH nam 2014, ngudi tham gia BHXH bat bupc dupc hudng che dd dai hgn va ngin hgn, gdm: Che dp om dau, ehe dp thai sin, ehe dg tai ngn lao dgng, benh nghe nghilp, che dg huu tri va che dp tir tuat Tuy nhiln, thuc te, ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyin ehi dugc hudng 02 che dp la huu tri va tii tuat, dieu lam giim tinh hap din va hgn che mong mudn tham gia BHXH tu nguyin - Lugt BHXH nam 2014 quy dinh, ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyen la cdng dan Viet Nam tir dii 15 tudi tid len va khdng thupe doi tuong tiiam gia BHXH bat bupc; Thdi gian ddng va hudng BHXH ty nguyen trln CO sd thu nhgp thing ddng BHXH ngudi lao ddng lya chgn Mac dii, phap lugt Men hanh quy dinh thu nhap thing ddng BHXH ngudi lao ddng lya chon, nhien, thye te, cd rat nhieu ngudi thupc tud'i lao dgng khdng cd thu nhap hang thing, hoac cd lao dpng nhung thu nhap hang thing qui tiiap, khdng cd nang tham gia BHXH ty nguyen Do dd, ve nguyen tac, nhiing ngudi khdng cd thu nhap hien tgi khdng ed co hpi dupc hudng che dp BHXH tuong lai - Chinh sich hd try ddi vdi nguoi tham gia BHXH chua thu hiit ngudi tham gia va tao dpng lye giii hp tham gia BHXH lau dai Hien nay, ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyen dupc ngan sich nha nudc hd trg tien ddng tham gia BHXH ty nguyen, cy the: Miie hd trg doi vdi ngudi thupc hd ngheo la 46.200 dong/thang, ngudi thugc hp ngheo la 38.500 ddng/thing, doi vdi eic doi tupng cdn Igl la 15.400 dong/thing Thuc te cho thay, ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyen duge lya chgn miie ddng BHXH, nhien, ty II hd trg tir ngan sich nha nudc chi tinh tren miic ddng thap nhat ma ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyin lya chgn, nen miic hd trg ehua du hap dan d^ thu hiit ddi tugng tham gia BHXH ty nguyen Do do, viec phat trien doi tupng mdi nhimg nam qua cdn hgn ehe va so kinh phi ho trp edn khiem ton Nam 2019, tdng kinh phi ngan sach nha nudc da thye hi|n hd trp cho hogt ddng la 102 ty dong So lieu bio eao cua BHXH Viet Nam cho tiiay, hien cdn khoang tren 25 trigu ngudi (tuong duong hen 95%) thupc doi tupng chua tham gia BHXH ty nguyen Gidi phdp tdng mtfc bao phO bdo hiem xa hoi tU nguyen De khic phyc nhiing ton tgi, han che tren, trudc het ein nhgn diln doi tupng tham gia BHXH ty nguyin dl" ed eac chinh sich phii hgp Theo quy djnh HlNH 1: Mtfc N G BHXH B A T BUdC VCfl NCtfdl LAO D d N G l Q 1/1/2019 1 8% 32% Dfn lumg thing Ung bkhlfm d hV* nfnlmnglMng ding bio l i l f a i i l h r 21,5 | % jnRiKin; H U HMC ngail! % nift Abig nil H U m t Ham: **'ô*.ôô'.*' ã Qu^Anaoitmalitn ã Ocf UoAMni M n^n MB tfpnft ^^M u OutbtolHtmltlnQnlaoaiiv, ^ ^ H aOuPWaMmMtnoMM • Oi^MaMfniylf ^ ^ B 6j5 mOafUohUn-ylt ;1 ^ 'M •M-^JL \m\ O t^ j J i l 'mâ ^ jHo NO/HSSDUHGLB ^ ôe _ , n n f n knng Hdng U t g b k Mdn H 1)41 Ik - liW hnm^ tiTi^ cif liranq vl dr Uuln b6 ung Uiit Ki/asSimiLo ^^s (Q]flfO/nlMiidongi0si>i)n}la!^^tiN -ndiUong OiH nndi, M c d p b k q d * U m d d c khoin pbvclpv, (im d * thtai ntfniuti Hiun( fliv tip NmnHn ii)h(lnfu(fl Catall»iMl*HltiMKfM • minmilcliMnguiA ™^'"""*'"°"^'"'*' (t6ititiill!M}>loaiinXUnfaai3%_ 'm tgi Lugt BHXH nim 2014, doi tupng tham gia BHXH ty nguyin chu yeu li ngudi lao dgng khdng cd hgp ddng lao dpng, lao dpng miia vy hogc cic edng viec nhat dinh, nhung khdng qui thing Nhu vay, doi tugng tham gia BHXH tu nguyin chii yeu la ndng dan va nguoi lim linh vyc lam, ngu, diem nghiep, ngudi lao dpng ed viec lam khdng CO dmh, la nhiing ngudi cd thu nhap thap, khdng on dinh Ben cgnh do, chua cd quy djnh phii tham gia BHXH bat bude nln doi vdi nhdm doi tupng la hp kinh doanh ci the bao gom chii hg va lao dpng cua hp kinh doanh ca the (dudi 10 ngudi) Nhdm ddi tupng hien ed khoing 5,3 trieu ngudi Ve co bin, cd the phan chia doi tugng BHXH ty nguyen 02 nhdm doi tupng de cd chinh sach phii hgp Nguyin tac cua BHXH la miic hudng BHXH dupe tinh trln co sd miic ddng, thdi gian ddng BHXH va cd chia s6 giiia nhiing ngudi tham gia BHXH Do dd, de md rpng ddi tugng tham gia BHHX, can nghiin ciiu, quy dinh BHXH bit bugc ddi vdi cae doi tuyng hien dang li doi tupng BHXH ty nguyen; dong thdi can doi hd trg tii ngan sich nha nude doi vdi cic doi tugng gip khd khin mpt thdi gian nhat dinh Tur ndm 2018 din nay, s6 ngiiiti tham gia bdo hi^m xa h6l t ^ nguydn d nvtdc ta tdng nhanh ch6ng {ttt 224 nghin ngitm vdo ndm 2017 l£n 277 nghtn ngUdi vdo ndm 2018 vd l£n 573 nghin ngOfri vdo cu6i ndm 2019 vd da ki^n tfat khodng 770 nghin ngifdrl tham gia vao cuoi ndm 2020), trung binh tang hem % mAi ndm tU ndm 2018 trdlaitfay Ddi vdi ddi tugng chii hp kinh doanh ca the, viee bd sung nhdm doi tupng vao ddi tugng tham gia BHXH bat bupc la phii hpp Ddi vdi cic ddi tupng BHXH ty nguyin cdn Igi, chii yeu la ndng dan va ngudi lam linh vyc lam, ngu, diem nghiep, ngudi lao dgng khdng cd viec lam on djnh chu yeu la nhiing ngudi cd thu nhgp thap, nlii tham gia BHXH, miie ddng BHXH hang thing se la moi quan tam ldn nhat aia hp Do do, can cd sy hd trp tir phia Nha nude dl' khuyen khich nhdm doi tupng tham gia, de dam bio cugc song ve gia Theo quy djnh hien hanh, hang thing, ngudi lao dgng (trir nguoi lao dgng di lim viec d nudc ngoai) tham gia BHXH bit bupc ddng 8% trln mire tien luong thing vao Quy Huu tri, hi tuat, ngudi HlNH 2: RUI RO KHI K H O N G T H A BAO HIEM XA H d i TtT NGUYEN NgaSif Vk gii IW19 fKp sir dyng lao ddng ddng 17,5% tren miie tien luong thing, gdm 14% vao Quy Huu tri, hi tuat, 3% vao quy dm dau, thai sin vi 0,5% vao quy tai ngn lao dgng b|nh nghe nghiep Trong dd, ty 11 hudng luong huu hang thing aia ngudi tham gia BHXH bat bugc va ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguygn tuong duong nhau, hiy nhiln, miic binh quan thu nhgp thing ddng BHXH ty nguyen dl" tinh luong huu la miic binh quan thu nhgp thing da ddng BHXH aia toin bg thdi gian ddng, cdn miic binh quan thu nhgp de tihh luong huu ngudi tham gia BHXH bat bugc chi tinh binh quan tien luong thing ddng BHXH ciia 5-20 nam cudi trudc nghi huu, tiiy thdi gian tham gia BHXH Rilng ngudi lao dgng tham gia BHXH hi 01/01/2025 trd di thi tinh binh quan aia tien luong thing ddng BHXH aia toin bd thdi gian Nhu vgy, xet ca ve khia eanh dong va hudng, chinh sich ddi vdi ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyen deu ehgt che hon ddi vdi ngudi ttiam gia BHXH bit bugc Do dd, can "ndi ldng" chinh sich ddng BHXH de thu hiit ddi tugng tham gia Kinh nghiem eua Trung Quoc ve thye hien Chuong trinh huu hi xa hgi ndng thdn mdi vdi doi tiigng tham gia la nhung ngudi cd hp khau d khu vyc ndng tiidn tir 16 hjoi h:d lln, khong phai la sinh viln va khdng tham gia vao cic ehuong trinh huu tri khac Cac doi hrpng cd the lam viec d khu vyc ndng thdn hay thj, lam thui hay h/ tgo vi|e lam va cd the lam vile de ddng phi hay khdng lam viec Ngudi tham gia bio hiem cd the lua chpn mpt h:ong miie ddng nhu sau: 100,200,300,400, hoac 500 nhan dan te va dupc chinh quyen dia phuong hd tig it nhat 30 nhan dan tl- Den het nam 2013, cd 73% doi tugng dang dp tud'i lao dgng va 27% doi tupng dang d dp tuoi nghi huu tham gia Chuong trinh Mpt nhiing cdng aia Chuong tnnh ndy chinh la miic hd tip hi ngan sich nha nudc dit ldn de doi tupng ty nguyin tham gia So lieu thdng kl cho thay, den nam 2014, ty 1| bao phii BHYT d dgt 71,3% vdi miic tang binh quin mdi nam giai dogn 2010-2014 la 2,7%/nam Tir nam 2016, Lugt sua doi, bd sung Luat BHYT cd hieu lyc, dd quy djnh BHYT la hinh thiic bao hiem bat huge; dong thdi, doi vdi tat ci cic ddi tugng tham gia theo hg gia dinh dupc ddng BHYT theo miic giam dan can ngheo can xem xet hen co sd djnh hudng ve dieu chinh miic chuan hg ngheo, hg can ngheo, dy kien so hp ngheo, hp can ngheo giai dogn 2021-2025 va 20252030 va kha nang ngan sich nha nudc Nam Id, tiep tyc ddi mdi cdng tic tuyen truyen va cii cich thii tyc hanh chinh mgnh me hon niia ve vai trd ciia BHXH ddi vdi viec dim bao cupc song eho ngudi dan sau ve huu hogc ve gia, ciing vdi viee ho trg tir ngan sich nha nudc de ngudi dan chii dpng thaib gia BHXH ty nguyen, dpng thdi, hgn che ngudi dan da tham gia BHXH nit BHXH mgt lan Sdu la, nghiin aiu vi|c ket hpp giiia BHXH vdi BHYT dl' tgp mpt che dg bio hie'm toan dien, eham sdc siic khde cho ngudi lao dgng ngan hgn vi dim bio cugc song cho hg sau ve huu V Tai lieu tham khio: / Nghi quyet so 28-m/TW ngdy 23/5/2018 ciia Hdi nghi tdn th(! Ban Luat Bdo hiem xd hdi ndm 2014 quy dinh, n g u ^ tham gia bdo h i l m xa hoi tU nguydn Id cong ddn Viet Nam t ^ du 15 tu6t trd len, khdng thuoc doi tacmg tham gia bdo h i l m xa hoi bdt budc; thdi gian dong, hUdng bdo h i l m xd hdi tiT nguyin tren ctf sd thu nhdp thdng ddng bdo h i i m xd hdi ngifdl lao ddng loa chon Tuy nhiSn cd rat nhieu ngifdi thudc dd tuoi lao ddng khdng c6 thu nhdp hdng thdng, hoac c6 lao ddng nhOng thu nhap hdng thdng qud th^p, khong cd khd ndng tham gia bdo h i l m xd hdi t ^ nguydn chap hdnh Trung ifong Dang khdo XII ve cai cdch ehinh sdch bdo hiem xa hdi; Ludt Bdo hiem xd hgis65S/2014/QH13 ngdy 20/11/2014 cua Quoe hdi; 3.l^ghiquyetso528/2018/UBTVQHUngdy26/S/201Scdal)ybanThitilngvu Qude hoi ve chi phi qudn ly bao hiem xa hdi, bdo hiem thdt nghiep giai dogn 2019-2021; Quyet dinh so 51/2018/OB-TTg ngdy 25/12/2018 cOa Thd tUdng Chinh phu ve chi phi qudn ly bao hiem xd hoi, bao him that nghiep, bdo hiem y teglai dogn 2019-2021; Quyet dinh so 38/2019/QB-TTg ngdy 31/12/2019 cua Thd tudng Chinh phd si^a 3oi, bo sung Quyet dmh so 60/2015/OS-TTg 27/11/2015 Nhu vgy, de tang miic bao phu BHXH ty nguyen tgi Viet Nam, can trien khai dong bp cic giii phap sau: Mgt la, bd sung mpt so ehe dp ngan hgn doi vdi BXH ty nguyen Trudc het che dg om dau, thai sin vi che dp tic dpng tryc tiep den Ipi ich trudc mat ciia ngudi tham gia, nhat la ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyin, chu ylii li ngudi thugc nhdm ddi tupng khd khan, cd thu nhgp thap Hai Id, quy djnh BHXH bat huge doi vdi cic doi tupng hi|n dang la doi tupng BHXH ty nguyen, trudc mat la ddi tupng chi hp kinh dpanh ci the Ba la, nghien ciiu viec giim miic ddng BHXH doi vdi cic hp gia dinh tham gia BHXH ty nguyen mpt khoing thdi gian nhat dinh (5-10 nam); dong thdi khuyen khich hg tham gia nham dim bio cudc song ve gia Bon Id, nang ty Ig hd trg tir ngan sach nha nudc ddi vdi ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyen vdi miic thu hiit ngudi ehua tham gia vao h | thong vi giii nhirng ngudi da tham gia tiep tyc d lai he thong Ty le ho trp cy the ddi vdi rihdm doi tugng thugc hp ngheo, hp quy dmh ca che qudn ly tdi chinh ve bdo hiem xd hpi, bdo hiem y te, boo hiem that nghiep vd cht phi qudn ly bdo hiem xd hdi, bdo hiim y ti, bao hiem that nghiep; Mai Thi Hudng (2019), Bdo cao thiic trang vd de xuSt cdc gidi phdp md rgng dien bao phd bdo hiem xa hoi d Viet Nam; Biii Sy Loi (2019), Ughien cHu md rang dien bao phu bao hiim xa hdi doi vdi lao dong phi chinh thiic d Viet Nam; Ketqudtongdieutrakinhtendm2017(liesultofthe2017economiccensus)Tong cue Thong ke; IL01952 Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention No 102; 10.IU)2015.TmnsitionSielnfymialtothefonnalEconomyRecommendationNa204 11 World Bonk (2020), Doing business 2020, http://documents.worldbank.org/ cuwted/en/688761571934946384/pdf/Doing-8usiness-2020-ComparingBusines5-Regulation-ln-190-Economies.pdf) 12 http'//vneconomy.vn/khong-nen-ep-53-trieu-ho-ca-the-len-doanhnghiep-20190710175248716.htm Thdng tin tic gii: ThS Nguyen Thi Van Anh ViJ Tai chinh hanh chinh si/nghiep-Bp Tai chinh Email: nguyenvananh1@mof.gov.vn ... bao hiem that nghiep; Mai Thi Hudng (2019), Bdo cao thiic trang vd de xuSt cdc gidi phdp md rgng dien bao phd bdo hiem xa hoi d Viet Nam; Biii Sy Loi (2019), Ughien cHu md rang dien bao phu bao. .. chi phi qudn ly bao hiem xa hdi, bdo hiem thdt nghiep giai dogn 2019-2021; Quyet dinh so 51/2018/OB-TTg ngdy 25/12/2018 cOa Thd tUdng Chinh phu ve chi phi qudn ly bao hiem xd hoi, bao him that nghiep,... ty 1| bao phii BHYT d dgt 71,3% vdi miic tang binh quin mdi nam giai dogn 2010-2014 la 2,7%/nam Tir nam 2016, Lugt sua doi, bd sung Luat BHYT cd hieu lyc, dd quy djnh BHYT la hinh thiic bao hiem