Bình đẳng giới về quyền tài sản trong các gia đình dân tộc thiểu số thực trạng và một số giải pháp

X a hoi hoc thyc nghifm xahgihgc.sdi(i49).202o u BINH DANG GIOI VE QUYEN TAI SAN TRONG CAC GIA DINH DAN T Q C THIEU SO: THUC TRANG vA M O T SO YEU TO TAC D Q N G NGUYEN H C U M I N H ' Tom t&t: Dua tren sd lieu khdo sdt 2018-2019 cita di tdi cdp qudc gia "Mgt sd vdn di ca bdn vi binh ddng gi&i a vung ddn tgc thieu s6 nuac ta "', v&i miu 2.894 dgi di$n hg gia dinh tgi linh, bdi viet phdn tich thuc trgng ngudi dung ten s& hitu nhd, ddt vd vi^c phdn chia tdi sdn cho cdi a cdc gia dinh ddn tdc thiiu sd hi$n vd cdc yiu td tdc ddng Kit qud cho thay da co s^r thay ddi theo xu hu&ng binh ddng gi&i han vi^c dimg ten sa hitu nhd, ddt a vd cdch phdn chia tdi sdn cho cdi cdc gia dinh ddn tgc thiiu sd Tuy nhiin, xu huang bien ddi vdn de dimg ten sa hitu nhd, ddt khd chgm, ty 1$ cd hai vg chdng cimg dung ten sa huu nhd, ddt tuang ddi thdp Ddi vai vi$c phdn chia tdi sdn cho thi miic binh ddng tdng len nhanh han, cho du co nhitng truyen thong uu tien trai hay gdi phdn chia tdi sdn, chiem ty le cao nhdt vdn la cdch phdn chia cdng bdng cho cdc Phong tuc truyen thdng, thuc hdnh noi ddi a cdc ddn tgc vdn cdn cd vai tro quan trgng ddi vai khuon mdu sa hitu nhd, ddt vdphdn chia tdi sdn Tuy nhien, duoi dnh huang mgnh me cua yeu td hgc vdn, cdc phuang thuc truyin thdng vd xu huang hien dgi hda, mice bdo luu vdn hda vdn de ndy se ddn gidm bat Tir khda: dan tpc thilu sd, phu nir, binh ddng gidi, quygn tdi sdn Nhdn bdi: 03/02/2020 Gui phdn bi$n: 18/02/2020 Duyet ddng: 24/3/2020 Md dau Bdo vp quyen tdi sdn ciia phu nir bao gIm ddt dai, nhd d va nhiing tdi sdn c6 gia tri khdc, se tgo cdc lpi ieh ldn hon, bao gdm cdi thien sire khde, kinh te vd gido dye cho ca ph\! nu va cdi cua hp (Menon vd cpng su, 2014) DOmg tgn trgn giiy td su d\mg dat, sd hiiu nha d vd tdi sdn khae gdn liln vdi dit (trong bai se diing Id diing ten tren sd dd) va dupc cha mp chia tai san cdng bdng giup nang cao vai trd cua ngudi phy nii vipc md rdng kinh doanh ciia hp ciing nhu tang khd ndng huy dpng nguon lyc dat dai va ' Vi^n Nghien deu Gia dinh vd Gi&i ' Bdi vi^t id sdn ph^m ciia dk tdi c^p qu6c gia Mgt sd vdn di ca ban ve bmh ddng gi&i a viing ddn tgc thieu sd nuac ta thupc Chuong trinh KH&CN cdp qu6c gia giai dogn 2016- 2020 ve Nhung vdn de cdp bdch vi ddn tpc thiiu sd vd chinh sdch ddn tdc a Vi^t Nam din ndm 2030, mS so CTDT 21.17/16-20 12 Binh ddnz iddi vi guyen tdi son nguoi cho phit triln kinh ti-xi hoi (Ngan hang Tbi gioi, 2006; Bg Van h6a, Tha thao va Du lich va ca quan khac, 2008; USAID, ICRW va ISDS, 2015) Do d6, t?o diSu kien cho phu nft ViSt Nam noi chung va phy nO dto tgc thilu s6 (DTTS) n6iri6ngduoc huing mot each trpn v?n cdc quyen tai san gia dinh co y nghia v6 cimg quan trpng s\r phat triln cua ban than nguoi phy ntt noi rieng va toan xa hpi noi chung Co hai chi bao quan xem xet ve quyln tii san la quyln dilng ten trSn so va quyln dupc b6 me chia tai san cong bang Theo LuSt Dit dai nam 2003 cua Nha nuoc Viet Nam (va tilp la Luat Dit dai 2013), khong co su phan bipt dli xir voi ngucri six dung dat la nam hay nu, giSy chiing nh$n quyln sii dung dSt, nha phai ghi ten cua ca ch6ng va vp Day la mpt chinh sdch co y nghia cue ky qttan trpng nham cdi thipn tinh trang bat binh ddng gioi tilp can cac nguIn luc xd hOi, dam bdo quyen binh ddng ciia phu nu sd hiiu nha, ddt Qui dinh mod cua Ludt Ddt dai 2003 dang timg buoc dupc th\rc hipn doi vin ding bao DTTS Vac thai dilm 2006, dli vdi gia dinh DTTS phy hp, ty 1$ nguiri chlng diing ten sl la 90,0% va ca hai va chong diing ten chi la 1,4% a dan tpc KhmerthuSc nh6m song h$, ty 1$ tuong ring la 85,9% va 1,4% (Bp Vdn hoa The thao vd Du lich va cdc tdc gid khdc, 2008)^ Din nam 2013, nghien ciiu cua Hodng Cdm vd cpng s\i (2013) thuc hi$n t£ii 10 tinh, thdnh phi cua Vipt Nam cho thdy ty lp cd hai vp chlng nguai DTTS dung ten a so da tang len, voi gia dinh dan tpc phy hp la 6,8%, mlu hp la 9,5% va Khmer la 16,3%^ Vipc phan chia cac tai sdn gia tri cho cdi cung Id m0t chi bdo quan trpng vl binh ding giai Theo Dilu tra Gia dinh ViSt Nam 2006, ty 1^ chia deu tai sdn cho cdc ciia gia dinh DTTS ph\i he la khodng 41% trong.khi cua gia dinh Khmer la khodng 72% Neu bo sung hinh thiic phdn chia "Tuy hodn cdnh" vao nhom chia deu cho thi t^ 1§ tirong ling ciia ddn tpc phu he va Khmer la 55,4% va 81% Vdo gan 10 ndm sau, nghian cuu ciia Hodng cim vd cpng sif (2013) cho thay nhom phy hp (khong tach ngucri Kinh) c6 ty lp chia theo hinh thiic tren giam di (khodng 42,8%), nh6m mau he la 12,3% vd Khmer Id 98,4% Tir Luat Ddt dai 2013 c6 hieu luc din chua c6 them cupc khdo sdt 16n ndo doi voi cdc gia dinh dan tpc thieu so ve van de so hitu nha, dat a va phan chia tai san Vai qud trinh phdt tri^n kinh tl-xa hpi manh me thdp ni6n qua, c6 cd viing dan tpc thieu so, viec ddnh gid tinh hinh thyc hien ve quyen binh ding gioi scr hChi nhd, dit ciing nhu vin d^ phan chia tdi sdn cho trai va gdi la rat quan trpng Dya tren nguon sl lipu co quy mo Ion vl cdc gia dinh ddn tpc thilu so thin gian gin ddy, cdc phdn tich a dual tap trung lam r5 hon sy thay dli vl vin dl vd cac yeu tl c6 lien quan ' K^t qua vi d5n tgc thiSu s6 Nguyin Hiiu Minhtv tinh to4n tii so lif u Dieu tra Gia dlnli Vi^ Nam 2006 s6 li^u da dupc gia T6ng s6 c6 1.101 gia dinh phy h§ vi 145 gia dinh Khmer ^ K^t qua Nguyin Hitu Minh tu tinh to4n, d\ra vie kit qui cung c ^ d bing 22 ciia nh6m t4c gii Hoing cim vi cpng s\i (2013) Ting s6 mSu DTTS li 430 hj ii dSn tOc phu h# li 124 mlu h{ li 183 vi Khmer li 123 Nguyen Hitu Minh 13 Cau hdi nghifin ciiu ddt la thuc trgng ngudi dimg ten sd hiiu nhd, dit d va viSc phan chia tdi sdn cho cdi d cdc gia dmh dan tdc thiSu sd hipn nhu thS ndo vd nhiing y^u t6 ndo cd anh hudng den thuc trgng nSu tren? Nguon s6 li^u, each tiep c^n \k phinmg ph^p phan tich Ngudn so lifu Bai via d\ra tren s6 li$u khao sat ndm 2018-2019 cua Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vd Gidi th\re hipn de tdi cip quoc gia "Mot so vin d6 ca ban v6 bmh ddng gidi d vung dan tOc thilu s6 nude ta" thu$c Chucmg tiinh KH&CN cip qu6c gia giai dogn 2016-2020 vl "Nhimg vin dl cip bach vl ddn tpc thilu s6 va chinh sdch dan tpc d Vipt Nam din nam 2030" Phdng vin bdng hdi thuc hipn vdi mau khao sat g6m 2.894 dai dien hp gia dinh DTTS d dia ban nong thdn, tai tinh bao gdm Lang Son, Ha Giang, DiSn BiSn, Thanh Hda, Thira Thien-Hul, Ddk Ldk, Soc Trdng, dai dipn cho 14 nhdm DTTS thude cdc viing mien mii phia Bdc, Trung Bd, Tay Nguyen vd Tdy Nam Bp Sd lupng nam gidi dupc phong vin Id 1.414 ngudi (chilm 48,9%) vd ph\i nil la 1.480 (51,1%) Tiiy thupc van de phdn tich, miu sii dung se co dimg lupng khdc va dupc gidi thich ro d tung vdndl Cdch tiep cgn Cau hoi nghien ciiu ddt Id thuc trang ngudi diing t6n sd h&u nhd, dit d vd vipc phdn chia tai sdn cho cdi d cac gia dmh dan tpc thieu so hien nhu the nao vd nhiing yeu t6 nao cd dnh hudng din th\rc trang neu tren? Cdch tiep can vdn hda dupc van dpng de trd ldi cau hdi nghien ciiu tren Cach tiep cdn ddi hoi phai quan tdm din cdc ylu tl van h6a phdn tich m^t vdn d6 cy th£, trudng hpp ndy Id quyen sd hiiu nhd, ddt va gin vdi nd la vipc phan chia tdi san gia dinh d vung DTTS Theo UNESCO (2001), "Vdn hda cdn dupc coi Id mpt tap hpp cac d^ic trung v6 tinh than, vdt chit, tri tup va tinh cdm ciia mpt xa h^i hode mpt nhdm ngudi, vd ring ben canh nghe thuat va vdn chucmg, nd cdn bao hdm cd ldi sing, each sing cpng ding, hp thdng gid tri, truyen thong vd tin ngudng" Noi each khac, dl hiiu bilt dupc thirc trang sd h&u nhd, dit va viec phdn chia tdi sdn cdc gia dinh dan tpc thilu sd thi can phai phdn tich nhiing tgp quan truyen thong gdn vdi vdn dS d6 Khudn mlu gidi vipc diing ten sd hiiu nha, dit d vd phdn chia tai sdn ehinh Id th\rc hanh vdn hda noi doi va phong t\ic sing theo ddng chong hay ddng vp Dilu dd giiip bao dam cho s\r sd hihi nhd, dit d cua mpt gidi la hpp vdi dao ly ma khong gdp phdi s\r phan khdng nao tir gidi b^n (Bp Vdn hoa The thao vd Du lich va cac tdc gid khdc, 2008; Tran Thj Van Anh vd Nguyin Huu Minh, 2008; Hodng Cam va cdc tdc gid khdc, 2013; USAID vd cdc tdc gid khae, 2015; v.v.) Ddi vdi dan tpc phu hp, nam gidi la ngudi ndi ddi, se la ngudi ke tuc ddng hp va thd ciing to tien Vi vdy hp se Id ngudi dupc nhgn dit d vd tdi sdn dS sau thyc thi chiic trdch thieng lieng cua hp Vi du, doi vdi dan tpc Ca Tu d Thiia Thien-Hue, "Trudc day vd cd hipn dat dai eua bd mp deu dupc de lai cho trai Vi trai phdi d lai de trdng nom bd mp nen ddt phdi de cho trai, 14 Binh ddng gi&i vi quyen tdi son gdi da CO nhd chdng lo, dilu la hpp ly, khdng co gi sai cd" (D5 Thi Binh vd Hodng Thi Sen, 2005:32) Tuang tu, dli vdi ngudi Mong, Dao vd Giay d Sa Pa, Ldo Cai (Nguyin Thi Thanh Tdm, 2006), chi trai mdi co quyln thira kl tai sdn vd se gi& ^ san cho gia dinh Doi vdi ddn toe mau he, ngudi phu nu: cd nhilu quyln lire hon ddi vdi tai sdn eua gia dinh Vdi cdc dan tpc nay, gdi dupe cho la ngudi cd trach nhipm ddi vdi thuc hdnh ddng hp Trach nhiem doi vdi cha me vd to tien ciia nhung ngudi gai la nuoi cha me ve gia, chiu ehi phi th\rc hien cdc nghi le cha me qua ddi vd cdc nghi le tiep noi sau Vd vay, gdi ciing la ngudi dupc thira hudng tai sdn tir cha mp Cac ddn tpc Cham, Ragiai, C'il, Lgeh hay Ma, M'nong truyen thdng vl gia thudng d chung vdi gdi, va thudng la gdi lit, la ngudi lap gia dinh sau cimg cdc chi em, ngudi dd se dupc chia nhilu tai sdn nhdt (Hoang Cam va cdc tdc gia khdc, 2013; Hong Anh Vu, 2010) Ddi vdi dan tdc Khmer (thuc hdnh song hp), quan diem khdng uu tien gai hay trai nen tdi sdn dupc chia diu phin nhu khong phdn biet gidi va tnrdng thii Viec thira kl gdn liln vdi trach nhi$m cua ddng hp cung khdng bi yeu td gidi chi phoi (Hoang Cam vd cac tac gid khdc, 2013) Nhihig ylu tl truyen thdng ndy c6 the ddng vai tro quan trpng ddi vdi cdc th\rc hdnh gidi sd hiiu nhd, ddt d vd phdn chia tdi sdn cho cai hien Mpt each tiep can khdc cho phep ly gidi nhimg th\rc hdnh ve quyen sd hGu nhd, ddt vd viec phdn chia tdi sdn la tdc dpng ciia cac yeu td hipn dgi hda Ly thuyet Hi^n dgi hoa (Goode, 1963; 1987) ehi ro rang, qua trinh cdng nghiSp hda vd hi^n dai hda tac dpng din tat ea cae xa hpi vd ldm bien chuyen cdc gia dinh hudng tdi khudn mau gia dinh hien dgi vol cap vp chong la trung tam (conjugal family) Binh ding gidi !a mpt xu hudng cua xa hpi hien dgi Hpc van Id mdt y6u t6 thiie day qua trinh bien chuySn Nhihig ngudi c6 hpc vdn cao hem thudng ed diSu kipn tiep can vdi xu hudng binh ding gidi, ding thdi tilp nhan thudn loi hon eac chinh sdch, lugt phap vl quyln sd hihi dat dai Hpc van cao han cung giiip ngudi phu nu: t\r tin hem giao tiep Van dyng ly thuyet ndy co thi dua gia thuyet ring, nhung ngudi cd hpc van cao han se thuc hanh mpt khuon mau binh ddng hon viec sd hiiu nhd, ddt vd phan chia tai sdn cho cai Nhiing ngudi tre tudi, ket hdn thdi gian gin ddy dupc xem Id nhimg ngudi di tien phong viec tiep nhan xu hudng binh ddng gidi dang dupc biln d dit nude vd quoc te Vi vgy hp dupc ky vpng se thuc hdnh mpt hinh thiic sd h&u nhd, dit d vd phdn chia tai sdn cdng bdng hon Thuc te ciing cho thdy, nhom hpc vdn cao han cd ty lp hai vp chong cimg diing ten s6 cao hem so vdi cac nhom hoc ^'dn thdp hon vd co xu hudng chia diu tdi sdn cho cac hon Dong thdi, nhdm ngudi Ui uoi cd xu hudng chia deu tai sdn cho cdc hon so vdi cac nh6m ldn tudi (Bp Vdn boa, he thao vd Du lich vd cdc tdc gid khdc 2008; Hodng Cim va eac tdc gid khdc, 2013; Houg Anh Vu, 2010) Nguyen Hiru Minh 15 Ngoai nhang ylu t6 ca bdn neu tren, cac nghi6n ciiu trudc cung da neu len vai trd cua vi^c tdng them kiln thiic vd su tu tin cho phu n&, tim quan trpng ciia truyln thdng va cac trp giiip phdp ly dli vdi phu n& viec khdng dinh quyln tai san cua hp (Hoang cim vd cac tdc gid khdc, 2013; USAID va cdc tac gia khac, 2018) Dd la nhung vin dl cdn dupc quan tam phdn tich vin dl binh ddng gidi vl quyln tai sdn ciia ngudi dan cdc gia dinh DTTS Phirang phdp phdn tich T& gpi y ciia cdc cdch tilp can neu tren, bai vilt sii dung cac biln sd phu thupc vd dpc lap sau ddy de phan tich vin de dimg ten quyln sd huu nha, dit d va phan chia tdi san va cdc ylu tl tdc dpng din cdc thuc hdiUi dd ciia cdc gia dmh DTTS Bien so phu thugc 1) Ngudi diing ten giiy td sd h&u nha, dit d hipn gia dinh dang sing Ngudi trd ldi se chpn mot phuang dn la chlng, va, ca hai va ngudi khac Bk tap trung vdo mdi quan h0 gi&a vp vd chdng, phan tich hai biln se su dung biln sd vdi phuang an la chong, vp, cd hai 2) Thuc hdnh phan chia tdi san cho cdc con: Cd cac phuong dn sau: Chia deu cho cac con; uu tien trai; uu tien gdi; chia theo hodn canh cua cac Do nghien ciiu ndy tap trung vao mii quan he gifta hai gidi nen qua trinh phdn tich, phucmg dn chia deu cho cdc vd chia theo hodn cdnh cua cac se dupc nhdm gop, coi day la phuang an phan chia binh ddng gidi Bien so dgc lap 1) Cac bien s6 liSn quan den y^u t6 van hda: Dan tpc ciia ngudi trd ldi la phu h$; mau he; vd song hp'' 2) Cac bien sd khdc: Hpc van ciia ngudi tra ldi (vdi nhdm: mil chu; tieu hpc; trung hpc ca sd; tnmg hpc phd thdng trd len); thdi ky kit hon (3 nhom: 1969-1993; 1994-2003; 2004-2019)^ Cdc phdn tich hai bien se dupc thuc hien nhdm nhdn dien sir tuang ddng vd khdc biet gi&a cac nhdm xa hpi ve quyen sd hiiu nhd, dat d vd phdn chia tdi sdn Dong thdi, mo hinh da biln dupc sir dung nhdm xdc dinh r5 vai tro ciia tiing yeu td tao nen khuon mau "* Nhom dSn tQC Phv he gom: Tay, Niing, Dao, Thai, Mucmg, Mong, Kha Mii, Pu Peo, L6 L6, B6 Y, Co Tu, Van Kilu Nhom dan tpc Mau h^ gom: Ta 6i, Xa D3ng, Ba Na, E DE, Cham Nhom dan tgic Song h? gom: Khmer, * Bien so thoi k^' ket hon co tuong quan chSt vdi bien so tuoi Trong nghiSn cmi nay, bien s6 then ky ket hon du?c chpn vi co Uen quan tr\rc tiSp hon den van de so huu nha dat va tai san Ngoai ra, cac mo hinh phan tich cung cho thay ve co bin ket qud phdt hi?n tu bien so va bien so tuoi la nhu Cac th&i ky ket hon dupc chpn c5n cii vao thii gian lien quan d^n vi^c ban hanh Lu3t Dat dai 1993 - bit diu dang ky so hiiu nha, dfit nhung chua de cSp dfin gioi; Lu?it Dat dai 2003 dS dfi cap d^n vi^ ca hai vp ch6ng cin dupc c6 ten s6 16 Binh dang gi&i ve quyen tdi sdn trons thi^c trang gidi vl sd htm nha, dit d vd phan chia tai sdn, ddy la mot dilm thieu hut a cae nghien ciiu trudc Quyen sd hiru nhd, dat or Kit qua phdn tich mdu gIm 2.885 hp cd dang ky sd huu nhd/dit cho thay, tinh chung cd 53,7% ngudi diing ten sd h&u nhd, dit d Id ngudi chlng, ty le ngudi vp dung ten cd 5,9% vd 8,4% Id ca hai cimg diing ten Cho dii nguIn gle nha dit la mua sau ket hon, dupc thua kl, hay dit nhd nude cip, t^r khai pha, ty le ngudi dimg ten sd h&u nha, ddt cao nhit vdn la ngudi chlng, chilm tu 52,6% d loai nhd dupc thua kl din 73% d loai nha mua sau kit hdn (Hmh 1) Hinh Ngirdi dung ten sif hihi nhk, ddt a theo nguon gdc nhk dat Mua sau ket hon ThCra ke N=1780 Ngu'fri khdic N=310 N=509 NN c^p, ty lo N=285 Chung N=2885 Ghi chu: NN: Nhd nude; Bdng chi bao gom nhitng hd dd co sd sd hihi nhd, ddt Ngudn: Di tdi CTDT 21.17/16-20 Do viec dimg ten gidy td sd h&u nhd, dat d cd the bi anh hudng bdi phong tuc song ve dang vp hay dang chdng sau ket hdn, tir ngudi chdng hay ngudi vp cd thi la thua hudng quyen thua ke tu cha me, nen de hieu chinh xac hon mdi tuong quan gi&a hai vp chong ve quyen sd him, phan tich tiep theo chi dp dung ddi vdi cac trudng hop nhd, dat d CO nguon goc cap vp chong mua sau ket hdn hoac nha nude cSp/tu khai pha Dong thdi sd h&u ngudi khdc diing ten cung dupe loai khoi phan tich Vdi cac nhd CO ngudn goc nay, vai trd chii ddng cua cap vp chong se ldn ban so vdi d nhd ciia bo me Vdi tong so ciia nh&ng ngudi co nha, dat mua sau ket hdn hoac ddt nhd nude cip, tir khai pha (739 ngudi, khdng tinh nh&ng trudng hpp sd huu ngudi khac dung ten), ty le nha, ddt d ngudi chong dung ten la 78,3%, ngudi vp dimg ten Id 9,9% va ca hai cimg dimg ten la 11,8% (Bang 1) Van dyng each tiep can vdn hda va hipn dai hda, ty 1? ngudi dimg ten sd huu nha dit da dupc so sanh theo cac nhom dan tpc hpc vdn vd thdi ky ket hdn (Bang 1) So sanh Nguyen Hiru Minh 17 gitta cdc nhom dto toe cho thiy, b bit )i.