NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT HIEN PHAP NAM 2013 VA SIT PHAT TRIEN TRONG TU TirOlNG NHA NUGIC PHAP QUYEN VE TINH TOI THI/0NG CUA HIEN PHAP VA THUONG TON PHAP LUAT' T6 Van Hoa* * PGS TS Trydng Pai hoc Luat Ha Noi Thong tin bai viet: Tie khoa: Nhd nudc phap quySn, toi thugng cua Hi@n phdp, thucmg tdn phap lu^t, Hien phap nam 2013 Lfch sir bdi viet: 15/4/2020 Ngiy nhan bai Bien t|ip 05/5/2020 Duyet bai 09/5/2020 Article Infomation: Keywords: Rule of law state; supremacy of the Constitution; law supremacy; the Constitution of 2013 Article History: Received 15 Apr 2020 Edited : 05 May 2020 Approved : 09 May 2020 Tdm t^t: Thu(;mg ton phdp lu|it la mot thuQc tinh kh6ng thS thi^u va la ygu t6 c6t loi nhat cila bSt cii mo binh nha nu6c phap quyin (NNPQ) ndo cho du Id mo hinh l;y luan hay mo hinh th^c tien Mpt dSt nuoc khong thg co NNPQ dung nghia neu tren dat nudc d6 khong CO sif thuong ton phap lu$t ma truoc tien la tinh t6i thirgmg ciia Hiln phdp Hien phap nam 2013 ciia Vi§t Nam da co nhiing quy djnh moi the hi?n dugc sif phdt triln khd ro n6t tu tudng va nhan thiic vl tinh toi thugng ciia Hien phap va thugng ton phdp lu^t a Vi?t Nam Abstract: The law supremacy is an indispensable attribute and the most essential element of any model of the rule of law state wherever it is theoretical model or practical model A country camiot be a truly proper rule of law state if it does not have any attribute of law supremacy, but first of all is the supremacy of the Constitution The 2013 Constitution of Vietnam has new regulations showing the clear developments of ideology and the awareness of the supremacy of the Constitution and the law supremacy in Vietoam Hiln ph&p nam 2013 vk sy pMt triln ly luan va su tuan thu nghiem chinh Hiln tir tirong nhik ninVc phap quyin ve phdp doi song chinh tri, doi s6ng nha tinh t6i thirgrng cua Hiln ph^p nu6c va xa hpi "Tmh toi thucmg ciia Hiln "Tinh tdi thuang cua Hien phap" co the phap" CO nghia la toan bp he th6ng hieu la su ghi nhan ve hi$u luc toi cao ciia chinh tri khong the co bat cu luc lupng nao Hien phap h? thong phdp lu^t vl mat dupc phep dung tren Hiln phap, cho du la Nghien ciiu ndy dugc th\rc hi$n khuon kh6 De tai 505.01-2018.03 d I Quy phat trien khoa hgc va cong ngh^ Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) tai trg , NGHllN CUU I s6l1(411)-T6ra)20\_lAP P H A P NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT theo quy dinh r5 rang hay an du Tinh toi thupng cua Hien phap dong vai tro c\rc ky quan trpng doi voi NNPQ ca ve ly luan va dai sing thuc tiln Hien phap dieu chinh cac moi quan he ca ban, quan nhat mot quoc gia, d^c biet la cac moi quan hp lien quan tdi each thuc to chiic thyc h i ^ quyin luc nhk nuac, each thiic to chiic, vln hanh cua cac ca quan nha nuac tu trung uang din dia phuang, cac moi quan he ca ban giiia Nha nuoc va cong dan Neu Hien phap th\rc sy giir vi tri toi thuang doi song nha nuac va ddi song xa hpi thi cac gia tri ca ban va tiln bg Hien phap se dupc tuan thu day du, bp may nha nuoc nhd mdi CO thi van hanh dupc va cac ly tudng ciia NNPQ mdi cd thS duac hipn thyc hoa NIU Hiln phap khong thyc sy ddng vai tro tli thupng thi Hiln phdp chi la biSu tuang, hinh thiic Khi do, se co nhung lyc lupng dumg trgn HiSn phap, dat nudc se dupc dieu hanh khong bdi phdp luat ma bdi y chi chu quan ctia cdc cd nhan nam giii chiic vu Hiln phdp nam 2013 da thi hien budc phdt triln mdi vl tinh toi thupng ciia Hien phap Vipt Nam, the hi?n qua cac quy djnh ve hipu lyc cua Hiln phdp, bdo ve Hiln phap va thu tyc s^a ddi, bo simg Hien phdp - Hipu lifc cua Hien phdp Hi$u luc cao nhlt ciia Hiln phap da dupc khing dinh tu lau ve m^t nhdn thiic va ly luan Trong ban "Yeu sdch cua nhan ddn An Nam", Nguyin Ai Quoc da yeu cau thuc dan Phdp ban hanh Hiln phdp va ap dyng chi dp cai tri bdng phap quyen d Vi^t Nam vdi cau ndi ndi tieng: "Bay xin Hiln phdp ban hanh Tram dieu phai cd than linh, phdp quyen" Tuy nhien, Hiln phap nam 1946, Hien phdp nam 1959 khdng cd quy dinh ve hieu lyc ciia Hiln phap Hiln phap nam 1980 ldn ddu tien quy dinh ve hieu lyc ciia Hien phap vdi npi dimg: "Hien phdp nudc Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Vipt Nam la luat ca bdn cua nha nudc, cd hieu lyc phdp ly cao nhat Mpi van bdn phdp luat khdc phdi phu hop vdi Hiln phdp"l Quy dinh sau dd dupc nhac lai Hiln phdp nam 1992 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001)^ Hiln phap nam 2013 tiep tuc phat huy tinh thdn tren day ciia Hiln phap nam 1980 va 1992 song d miic dp phat triln thera mpt budc Dilu 119 Hiln phdp nara 2013 quy dinh: "Hiln phdp Id luat ca bdn cua nudc Cpng hda xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam, cd hieu lyc phap ly cao nhat Mpi van ban phdp lu^t khdc phdi phu hpp vdi Hien phap" Nlu Hiln phdp nam 1980 vd 1992 Hiln phdp duac coi la "luat ca bdn cua nhi nudc" thi d Hiln phdp nam 2013 da ghi nhan Hiln phap la "luat ca ban ciia nudc Cpng hda xa hdi chu nghia Vipt Nam" (CHXHCN) Mpt chii khdc bipt song lai thi hien sy phat trien mdt budc ldn ve nh$n thiic Trong khoa hpc chinh tri va khoa hpc phdp ly, "nudc" Id thyc the bao gom ba yeu td hpp thanh: lanh thd, dan cu vd bp may qudn ly vdi mdt hp thdng phdp ludt bao triim tren pham vi lanh thd vd dan cu; dd, "nha nudc" dupc hieu la bp mdy, mpt bp phan hpp thdnh ciia "nudc" Nhdn danh "nudc CHXHCN Vipt Nam" tiic la nhan danh nhiing gid tri gi dupc gpi la cao ca nhat, ldn lao nhdt ton tai tren lanh tho qudc gia Hiln phdp la luat ca bdn cua nudc CHXHCN Vipt Nam cd nghia rdng Hiln phdp la luat ca bdn khdng phdi chi ddi vdi Dilu 146 Hien phip nam 1980 Xem Dilu 146 Hien phap nam 1992 (sira doi, bl sung nam 2001) I NGHllN CUU LAPPHAP 'S611(411)-T6/2020 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT Nha nudc ma cdn ddi vdi toan xa hpi vd cac chu the Chinh vi v$y, hipu lyc phdp ly cao nhat ciia Hiln phap doi vdi "nudc" thi Cling cd nghia la gid tri tdi cao doi vdi khdng chi bd may nhd nudc ma cdn ddi vdi bdt ky ngudi dan, td chiic hay chii thi ndo xa hdi Khi ndi Hiln phdp Id luat co ban cua nudc cdn cd nghia Hiln phap chiia dyng gia tri cao nhdt, nen tang nhdt cua ca qudc gia, dan tpc Hiln phdp, dd, cd hipu lyc tdi cao ddi vdi bdt ky hanh vi hay cdng cu phap ly nao cua cdc ca quan nha nudc cung nhu hdnh vi cua cac chu the khdc xa hpi - Vdn de bdo vp Hien phdp Bao ve Hien phdp ddng vai trd quylt dinh bdo dam tinh toi thupng ciia Hiln phap NIU cac vi ph£im Hiln phdp khdng xac dinh dupc va khdng cd bipn phdp xii ly, ngudi vi pham Hiln phdp khdng phdi ganh chiu chi tai thi Hiln phdp chi mang tinh hinh thiic De bdo vp Hiln phdp, cdc NNPQ dlu xay dung thiet che bdo vp m^nh me Nudc Diic cd Tda an Hien phdp lien bang, nudc Phdp cd Hpi ddng bao hien, nudc My cd Tda an tdi cao Cd the ndi rang, thieu ca che bdo ve Hien phdp thi se khdng the cd dupc NNPQ dung nghia Trong lich sii ldp hiln cua Viet Nam, sy xuat hien cua Hien phdp khdng ddng thdi vdi nhu cau bao ve Hiln phdp Hien phdp nam 1946 chua cd dieu khodn nao quy dinh ve van de bdo vp Hien phdp Hiln phdp nam 1959 cung khdng de cap tdi vdn de bdo ve Hien phdp, song da cd mdt dilu khoan quy djnh ve tham quyen xii ly van ban phap lugt trdi vdi Hien phap Hien phdp nam 1980 ve ca ban giii nguyen quy dinh cua Hi6n phdp nam 1959, theo cung la Hdi dong nhd nudc cd tham quyen "dinh chi thi hanh va siia ddi hoac bai bd nhiing nghi quyet, nghi dinh, quyet dinh ciia Hdi dong bd trudng trdi vdi Hiln phdp, luat va phap Ipuh""* Hien phdp nam 1992 (siia doi, bl simg nam 2001) thdm quyen xu ly cdc van ban trdi vdi Hien phdp dupc bd sung dang ke Theo dd, ngogi tru cdc van bdn Qudc hdi ban hanh, van bdn phdp ludt trai vdi Hi6n phdp ciia tat cd cac ca quan nhd nudc d trung uong va cap tmh, tli Chii tich nudc, UBTVQH, Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chmh phu, TANDTC, VKSNDTC tdi HDND, UBND cdp tinh dlu cd the bj dinh chi thi hanh hoge bai bd (5 Hien phdp nam 2013, cdc quy djnh ve tham quyen va pham vi cdc co quan cd the bi xii ly van bdn phdp luat vi hien dupc ke thua hodn todn tii Hiln phdp nam 1992 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001)^ Ben canh do, Hiln phdp nam 2013 cung bo sung mpt sd quy dinh the hi6n quan diem, tu tudng mdi dang chii y ve bao vp Hien phap NNPQ XHCN Vipt Nara Dd la lan dau tien lich sii lap hien Vipt Nam, Hiln phdp nam 2013 de egp van de bao vp Hiln phdp vd ca che bao vp Hien phdp Khodn Dieu 119 Hien phdp nam 2013 quy dinh: "Quoc hpi, cdc ca quan cua Quoc hpi, Chu tich nuac Chinh phd, Toa dn nhdn ddn toi cao, Vipn kiem sdt nhdn ddn, cdc ca quan khdc cua Nhd nuac vd todn the Nhdn dan co trdch nhiem bdo vp Hien phdp" "Ca che bdo ve Hien phdp lugt dinh" Mac dli quy dinh tren vdn cdn khd chung chung d gdc dd giao trdch nhipm cu thi vipc bao ve Hien phdp Tuy nhien, dilu khodn da th^ hipn dupc ba diem phdt trien quan trpng nhdn thuc chung vl van de bao vp Hien phdp Thu nhdt, nd cho thay nhu cdu bao vp Hien phdp da duac the hien rat rd Thugt ngu Khoan Dieu 100 Hien phdp nam 1980 X e m khodn 10 Dilu 70, khodn vd Dilu 74, khoan Dilu 98 Hiln phap nam 2013 S6l1 (411)-T6/2020\ NGHllN CUU I LAP P H A P NHA NU6C VA PHAP LUAT "bao ve Hien phdp" lan ddu tien dupc dl cap Hiln phdp cho thiy nhdn thiic rd rang ve van de ndy Thir hai, trach nhiem bao ve Hiln phdp da dupc de cap Mac du trach nhiem van chua duac quy dinh cho mdt co quan cu thi song nd cho thay ro ban nhan thiic ddi vdi van de Thir ba, ca che bdo vp Hien phdp cung da duac de cap Mac dii Dieu 119 khdng quy dinh rd song ndi tdi ca che bdo ve Hiln phdp cd the hieu la phai cd cdc thiet chi chuyen trdch ve bdo ve Hien phdp ddng thdi cd cdc thu tuc de cdc cdo bupc vi pham Hien phdp dupc xem xet va ket ludn cdng khai Ro rang, quy dinh tren day la sy phdt trien mdi, dang ke nhan thiic va tu tudng chung ve vai trd tdi thupng ciia Hien phap va nhu cau ddi vdi viec xay dyng ca che bao vp Hien phdp d nudc CHXHCN Viet Nam Mdt quy djnh khdc cua Hien phdp nam 2013 cd tdc dung gidn tiep tdi van de bdo v? Hien phdp Dd Id quy dinh: "Tda dn cd nhiem vu bao ve cdng ly, bdo vp quyen ngudi, quyen cdng dan"* Can cii dieu khodn nay, Luat Td chiic tda dn nhdn dan nam 2014 quy dinh mot sd quyen hgn cua Tda dn qua tinh xet xu, cd quyen: "phdt hien va kien nghi vdi cdc ca quan cd tham quyen xem xet sua ddi, bd sung hoac hiiy bd van bdn phdp ludt trdi vdi Hien phdp, lugt, nghj quylt ciia Qudc hpi, phdp lenh, nghi quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi de bdo dam quyen va lpi ich hpp phap ciia cd nhdn, co quan, td chiic; co quan cd thdm quyen cd trdch nhiem tra ldi Tda an ket qud xu ly van ban phdp ludt bi kien nghi theo quy dinh ciia phdp lugt lam co sd de Tda an gidi quyet vy an"' Quy dinh ndy cho phep bat ky Tda an ndo phdt hien cdc van bdn trdi vdi Hien phdp, cho du dd Id lugt Qudc hdi ban hanh, cd quyin chua dp dyng van ban dd dl giai quylt vu dn ma minh dang thy ly va kiln nghi cac ca quan cd tham quyen sua ddi, bd sung hoge hiiy bd van ban Cdc co quan nhgn kiln nghi phdi tra ldi cho Tda an va Tda dn cd quyen chi tiep tuc gidi quyet vy an sau da nhgn dupc cau trd ldi Nhu vgy, mac dii khdng tryc tiep quy dinh Tda an cd quyen xem xet tinh vi hien cua cdc van ban phdp ludt, song cd thi ndi, quy dinh da cho phep Tda an "tam dinh chi" hipu lyc ciia van bdn phdp ludt, ke cd cdc dao lugt, cd dau hieu vi hien hoge khdng hpp phdp Cd the coi day nhu budc khdi dau, cho quyen bao hien ciia Tda dn Vi^t Nam - Thd tuc sira doi, bo sung Hien phdp "Quy trinh lam Hien phdp cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng boat dpng lap hien Mdt bdn Hien phdp dupc xdy dyng theo m^t quy trinh, cdng nghp dan chii, khoa hpc, hoan hdo cdc budc, cdc thu tyc quy dinh chgt che, logic thi chac chdn se cho ddi mpt sdn pham la Hien phap cd chat lupng tdt"* Tuy vdy, quy trinh ldm, sua ddi Hien phap khdng chi cd tdc dyng bao dam chat lupng ciia bdn Hien phdp ma nd cdn phdn dnh quan niem ve hieu lyc ciia Hien phdp Hien phap la lu|t ca bdn, cd hieu luc phdp ly tdi cao ciia mpt qudc gia thi nd ciing phai cd thu tyc lam, siia ddi, bd sung tuang ting Nguoc lai thdng qua cac budc, cac thu tyc quy trinh lap phdp ciing cd the ddnh gia dupc quan niem, quan diem ve sy coi trpng Hien phap ddi sdng mpi mat cua mdt qudc gia Quy trinh, thu tyc Hien phdp dupc thiet ke cang chat che, vdi sy tham gia va quyen quyet dinh ciia ngudi ddn cdng rpng rai thi uy tin Khoan Dieu 102 Hien phdp nam 2013 Khoan Dilu Luat t6 chuc toa an nhan dan nam 2014 Hodng Thi Lien, Hiln phdp nam 2013 - Nhiing diem mod mang tinh dpt phd, Nxb Tu phdp, 2015, tr.285 e " iNGHllNCUU LAP / P H A P ^ S A I I (411}-T6/2020 NMA INUUU VA f h l A f LUAI chinh tri dem lai cho Hiln phap cdng cao va tuang ling vdi dd la sy coi trpng tinh tdi thupng cua Hien phap cang rd ret Trong Uch sii lgp hiln Via Nam, bdn Hien phdp ddu tien - Hiln phdp nam 1946 da cd quy dinh vl thu tyc siia ddi Hiln phdp, cho den bdy gid vdn dupc ddnh gia Id rit uu vipt Trudc tien, thii tyc siia ddi Hiln phap chi dupc khdi dpng cd hai phin ba tdng sd vien ciia Nghj vien yeu cdu; sau Nghi vien biu mpt Ban dy thdo nhiing dilu thay doi Hiln phdp; cudi cung, nhung dieu thay ddi sau dupc Nghi vipn ung thudn thi phdi dupc todn dan phiic quylt^ Phiic quylt dupc hilu la sy quylt dinh cudi cung cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi npi dung dy kiln thay ddi cua Hiln phdp thdng qua thii tyc trung cau y dan Hiln phdp nam 1959 khdng kl thura quy trinh siia ddi Hien phdp tren ddy cua Hiln phdp nam 1946 Hien phdp ndy quy djnh rit dan gidn vl vipc siia ddi Hiln phap vdi hai npi dung: chi cd Qudc hdi mdi cd quyen sua doi Hien phdp, vipc siia ddi phai duac it nhdt la hai phdn ba tdng so DBQH bilu quylt tan thanh'" Hiln phap nam 1980 va Hien phap nam 1992 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001) ke thua toan bp quy djnh tren day cua Hien phdp nam 1959 vS van de siia ddi Hien phap" Hiln phdp nam 2013 thay doi gin nhu toan bp quy djnh ve siia ddi HiSn phdp cua ba ban Hien phdp trudc Thie nhdt, Hiln phdp nam 2013 ldn ddu tiSn tdch bipt giira "ldm" Hien phdp va "sira ddi" Hiln phdp, mac du chi quy djnh radt quy trinh chung cho cd thii tyc "ldm" vd "sua 10 11 12 13 14 ddi" Hiln phap Vl mgt ly lugn, "ldm Hiln phdp" dupc bilu Id viec ban hanh mdt bdn Hiln phdp mdi tren ca sd chdm dut hipu lyc cua bdn Hiln phdp cii; "siia doi Hiln phdp" la vipc thay ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu khodn bdn Hiln phdp cii tren co sd tilp tyc tri hipu lyc cua ban Hien phdp dd'^ Thir hai, quy trinh ldm, sira ddi Hien phdp dupc quy dinh kha rd rang Hiln phap Quy trinh dd duac bdt diu bdi mpt sd cdc chiitiiScd quyen de nghi lam, sira ddi Hiln phap, bao gdm Chu tjch nudc, UBTVQH, Chinh phu hoge it nhit mpt phin ba tong sd dgi bilu Qudc hdi (DBQH) D I nghj lam, siia ddi Hien phdp phai dupc it nhdt hai phdn ba tdng sd DBQH bieu quyet tdn - mpt quy dinh dupc ke thira tu Hiln phdp nam 1946 Sau tdn thdnh, Qudc hdi thdnh lapraptUy ban dy thdo Hien phdp Trong qua trinh dy thdo, Uy ban du thdo Hien phap phdi td chiic lay y kiln Nhdn dan trudc trinh Quoc hdi xem xet, thdng qua vdi ty 1? it nhat hai phan ba tdng sd DBQH bieu quyet tdn thanh'^ Ve ca ban, quy trinh lam, sira doi Hien phdp theo Hien phdp nam 2013 ke thira cdc quy djnh tucmg ling cua Hien phdp nam 1946 Thic ba, su thara gia cua ngudi dan vdo quy trinh Idm, siia ddi Hien phdp la khd dang kl Quy trinh yeu cau it nhit phdi cd su tham gia gdp y cua Nhan ddn vao dy thdo Hiln phdp trudc du thdo ndy dupc trinh Quoc hpi''* Hien phdp nam 2013 cung quy dinh kha nang Nhan dan ddng vai trd la chu the quyet djnh tdi vi^c cd hay khdng ban hanh du thao Hien phdp thdng qua thu tyc tnmg ciu y ddn Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh cua Hiln phdp nam 2013, thu tuc tnmg cau Dilu thii 70 Hiln phdp nam 1946 Dilu 112 Hiln phdp nlm 1959 Xem Dilu 147 Hien phdp nlm 1980; Dilu 147 Hiln phdp nam 1992 (sua d6i, bo sung nam 2001) Khodn Dieu 120 Hien phdp ndm 2013 Dieu 120 Hien phdp nSm 2013 Khodn Dilu 120 Hiln phdp n5m 2013 ^ NGHllN Cl^ | S6 11 (411) - T6/2020^ L A P PHAP NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT y dan vl Hien phap khdng phdi la thu tuc bdt budc va chi dupc tien hdnh theo quylt djnh cua Qudc hpi'^ Nhu vgy, cdc quy dinh cua Hiln phdp nam 2013 cho thdy, quan niem ve tinh tdi thupng ciia Hien phdp da khd hodn chinh Vj tri tdi tupng cua Hiln phdp da dupc khang djnh khdng chi ddi vdi Nhd nudc md cdn ddi vdi todn the dat nudc Mdt dieu dupc khang djnh chic chan la mpi chu the he thong chinh tri, tir chii the quyen luc nhat la cdc td chirc cua Ddng, cdc Ddng vidn tdi tdt cd cdc ca quan nhd nudc deu phdi thupng tdn Hi£n phap Trong thu tuc ldm, sira ddi Hien phap cd sy tham gia rpng rai ciia Nhan ddn Dieu tao sy gan ket tryc tiep giiia ddn chu va Hien phdp, giua chii quyen nhdn ddn vd tinh tdi thupng cua Hien phdp Sy xuat hien cua cdc quy djnh ve bdo vp Hien phap, ca che bdo vp Hien phap, mac dii cdn khiera tdn nhung da cho thay sy nhdn thiic ban ddu vS tara quan trpng cua co che bdo ve Hien phdp Cd the thay rang cac quy dinh mdi cua Hien phdp nam 2013 da khang djnh vd phdt trien themraptnpi dung tu tudng ve NNPQ XHCN ciia Viet Nara dd Id coi trpng gid tri va tinh tdi thupng cua Hiln phdp doi vdi Nha nudc vd xa hdi Hiln phdp nam 2013 va sir phat trien tu tudng nha nudc phdp quyen ve thirprng ton phdp lu^t "Thuang tdn phdp ludt" hay "phdp quyin" chi mdi quan he giua nhd nudc va phdp ludt, theo dd phdp ludt cdc ca quan nhd nudc dat song nd phdi giu vai trd thupng tdn ddi vdi nha nudc va cdc ca quan nhd nudc Day Id npi dung mang tinh cdt ldi cua khdi nipm phap quyen vd NNPQ ly luan vd thuc tien Trong nha nudc khdng cd sy thupng tdn phap lugt thi tat yeu khdng cd NNPQ Cdc quy dinh cua Hiln 15 Khoan Dieu 120 Hian p P I NGHllN CUU L A P P H A P ^ S A 11 (411)-T6/2020 phap nam 2013 da the hien kha rd net sy phdt trien nhan thiic vd tu tudng chung ve thupng tdn phdp ludt, the hien qua mdt sd khia cgnh sau Thu nhdt, Hiln phap nam 2013 de cap tdi mdi quan he giiia Nha nudc - Phap lugt - Xa hpi vdi cdch tiep can cd sy ddi mdi co bdn Khodn Dilu Hiln phdp nam 2013 quy djnh: "Nha nudc dupc td chiic va hogt dpng theo Hiln phdp va phdp lugt, qudn ly xa hpi bang Hien phdp va phdp lugt, thyc hien nguyen tac tap trung dan chu" Nhd nudc vdn qudn ly xa hpi bang Hien phdp va phap lugt song quy dinh khdng cdn nhdn manh tdi sy tuyet ddi tuan thu phdp ludt tii phia xa hpi Khdng phdi vi dieu Id khdng can thiet raa cd le bdi vi dd Id dieu duang nhien Diem mdi quan trpng d day chinh la ve ddu ciia quy dinh nhan manh tdi vipc Nha nudc phdi duac td chiic vd hoat ddng theo Hien phdp va phap luat Theo dd, phdp lugt cdc CO quan nhd nudc ban hanh da trd thdnh cdng cy de kiem sodt lai chinh Nhd nudc Cdi khudn khd phap ly raa Nhd nudc dgt ciing chinh Id khudn khd phdp ly ma ban than Nha nudc phdi tudn thu Cdc Hien phdp trudc khdng cd quy djnh tucmg ty Cd the hieu, "Nha nudc dupc td chiic theo Hien phdp vd phdp luat" cd nghta Id sy hinh thdnh ciing nhu mpi tham quyen cua cdc co quan nhd nudc deu phdi duac quy dinh Hien phdp va phdp luat "Nha nudc hogt ddng theo Hiln phdp vd phdp ludt" cd nghia Id Hien phap va phdp lugt phai tgo lap khung phdp ly hoan chinh cho boat ddng ciia cdc co quan nha nudc Mpi quyet dinh, hoat dpng, hanh ddng cua cdc co quan nhd nudc d cdc cap, cdc ngdnh deu phdi cdn cir vdo quy djnh cua Hien phap, phap ludt; neu khdng cd can cii phdp Iy cu the thi ca quan nhd nudc khdng dupc tiln hanh hogt dpng hoge boat ddng se bj coi la vi hien hoac trdi phdp ludt NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT Ben canh quy djnh tai khoan Dilu 8, cac dieu khodn cdn lai cua Hiln phdp ndm 2013 da khdng cdn nhdc tdi phdp chi xa hdi chii nghia Nhu vdy, mdi quan he giiia Nhd nudc - Phdp lugt - Xa hdi khdng cdn dupc nhin mdt cdch don thudn qua lang kinh phdp chi XHCN Ndi cdch khdc, tu tudng phap chi XHCN da dupc ndng len d tira miic cao han - phdp quyen XHCN Thie hai, Hiln phdp nam 2013 cd cdi nhin todri dipn each tilp can "phap quyin" yl mdi quan he giira phdp ludt vd cdc thilt chi quyin luc He thdng chinh tri cua Viet Nara cd dac thu Id nguyen tdc Ddng lanh dao Nhd nudc va xa hpi Nguyen tdc ndy da dupc xdc lap tren thuc tl tir nhiing nara dau cua Nhd nudc Viet Nam ddn chii cpng hda vd dupc chinh thiic hien dinh kl tir Hien phdp nam 1980^^ Theo dd, he thdng chinh trj tdn tai hai he thdng thiet chi tryc tiep chi phdi quyen luc: he thdng td chiic Dang Cdng san va he thdng cdc co quan bp rady nhd nudc He thdng td chiic Ddng giii vai trd true tiep lanh dgo he thdng cac ca quan nha nudc Tren thyc te, mdi ca quan nhd nudc, he thdng co quan nha nudc deu cd td chiic Ddng tuong ling dS lanh dgo, vi du d Qudc h^i cd Ddng uuAn, d Chinh phii, cac Bd, ca quan ngang bd vd Uy ban nhdn ddn tinh cd Ban cdn su Dang Ngodi ra, cdn cd cdc td chiic Dang ddc lap vdi cdc ca quan nha nudc song cd the tryc tiep chi dgo hogt ddng cua cdc ca quan nha nudc vi dy Bd Chinh trj Ban bi thu, cac ban Dang d trung uong va dja phuong Diing dau cac td chiic Dang Id cdc dang vien giu chiic vy lanh dao cd dpc lap, cd ket hpp ca chiic vu lanh dao chinh quyen Vai trd lanh dgo ciia Dang vien va vai trd lanh dao cua ngudi giii chiic vu ca quan nha nudc khd cd dupc sy phdn djnh rd rang Ngay cd cac td chiic Ddng dpc lap vdi cac ca quan nhd nudc thi ndo dang vien lanh dao cdc ca quan nhd nudc hanh ddng dpc lap vdi tu cdch nhd nudc vd ndo hdnh ddng dudi sy lanh dao cua td chiic dang cip tren tuang iing ciing khdng duac phdn djnh rd rang Chinh vi vay, neu a cdc qudc gia khdc, ndi tdi NNPQ chi cdn nhdn manh tdi vai trd tdi thupng ciia Hiln phdp, thuang tdn phdp ludt, thi d Vipt Nam nhu vgy van chua trpn ven Bdi vi, neu chi chu trpng tdi yeu td thi chua bao gdm dupc cd he thdng td chiic Ddng va cdc ddng vien vdn Id cdc chu the tryc tiep chi phoi qud trinh td chiic thyc hien quyin lyc nhd nudc Neu nhu vay,raptphdn quan trpng cua qua trinh thyc hipn quyen lyc nhd nudc se khdng chiu sy dieu chinh cua Hien phdp vd phap luat Chinh vi vay, tir Hien phdp nara 1992 da quy dinh "mpi td chiic ciia Ddng boat ddng khudn khd Hien phdp vd phdp ludt"" Tuy nhien, quy djnh chi de cap tdi cdc td chiic ciia Dang vd nhu vdy thi chua de cap dupc het tdi cdc dang vien, dac bipt la cdc ddng vien giii chiic vu tryc tiep lanh dao vipc thyc hien quyen lyc nha nudc bdi cac ca quan nha nudc Hien phap nam 2013 da khac phyc dieu ndy Khodn Dieu Hien phdp nara 2013 quy djnh: "cac td chirc cua Dang vd dang vien Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam hoat dpng khudn khd HiSn phdp va phdp lugt" So vdi quy djnh tuang iing cua Hien phap nam 1992, quy djnh ciia Hien phdp nara 2013 chi bd sung them tir "ddng vien" song y nghia ciia nd Id rdt ldn Vdi quy djnh ndy, bit ky chii the nao he thdng td chiic cua Dang, cho dii la td chirc Ddng hay cd 16 Xem Dilu Hien phdp nam 1980, Dilu Hiln phdp nam 1992 (siia dli, bl simg nam 2001) va Dilu Hiln phdp nam 2013 17 Dieu Hien phdp nam 1992 (sura doi, hd sung nam 2001) NGHllN CVU I S6 11 (411) - T6/2020^ L A P P H A P NHA NU6C VA PHAP LUAT nhdn ddng vien, cho du d bdt ky cdp nao, dlu phdi hoat dpng khudn khd Hien phdp va phap lugt Nhm rdng hon, sy bd sung da lam hodn chinh biic tranh ve moi quan hS giua cdc chil the chi phdi qud trinh thyc hipn quyen luc nhd nudc, bao gdra cd hp thdng td chiic cua Dang va bdradynhd nudc vdi Hien phap vd phdp ludt, theo dd khdng rapt chii thi nao chi phdi qua trinh thyc hien quyen lyc nhd nudc ma khdng phdi tudn thu Hien phdp va phap ludt Ndi cdch khdc, Hien phdp va phdp ludt ddng vai trd tdi thupng ddi vdi bit ky hoat dpng nao du tryc tilp hay gidn tilp thuc hipn quyin lyc nhd nudc Dilu ndy Id vd ciing cd y nghia bdi le cho du cd rapt logi chu thi nao dd to chiic Ddng khdng chiu hoac coi thudng tinh thugng tdn phdp ludt thi tlic Id da diing trSn phdp lugt vd dd, ehdc chin se cd nhiing qud trinh thyc hipn quyin lyc chinh tri nam ngodi sy dieu chinh ciia phdp lugt, tiic Id nam ngoai sy dieu chinh cua y chi chung - y chi ciia Nhan dan NIU dilu dd xdy ra, phdp ludt se khdng thi phdt huy dupc vai trd thupng tdn ddi vdi bd rady nhd nudc ndiriengva toan bp qud trinh thyc hipn quyin luc nha nudc ndi chung Kiln nghi Nhung phan tich tren cho thiy, quy djnh cua Hiln phdp nam 2013 da thi hien budc phdt triln mdi vl tinh tdi thuang ciia Hien phdp vd thupng tdn phap ludt NNPQ XHCN Vi^t Nam hien Tuy nhien, dl bdo ddm cho tinh tdi thupng ciia Hien phdp va sy thypng tdn phap ludt hien dipn thudng tryc ddi sdng ciia Nha nudc va xa hdi, chung tdi cho rang, can thyc hien mdt sd gidi phap sau: 3.1 Thiit lgp eg che bdo vpHienphdp Nhu da phdn tich d tren, vipc Hiln phdp trao nhipm vy bdo vp Hiln phdp cho nhilu chu thi dan tdi khdng cd chii thi ndo thuc sy chuyen trdch dl bdo vp Hien phdp Ben cgnh dd, cho din nay, co che bao ve Hien phdp van chua dupc cy thi hda Vipc thieu vdng ca che i n I NGHllN CUU '*' / L A P P H A P _ V S * 1 (411)-T6/2020 bao vp Hiln phdp din tdi hp lyy sau: Hien phap se trd n£n hinh thdc vd se khdng phdt huy dupc vai trd tdi quan trpng ciia nd ddi sdng Nha nudc vd xa hpi; cdc gid trj tdt dpp ciia Hiln phap khdng dupc bdo v$ se khdng thi phat huy tdc ddng tich cyc ciia nd ddi sdng xa hdi; tinh trgng xem nhe Hiln phdp tu phia ngudi dan vd cdc ca quan nhd nudc tit yiu ddn tdi tinh trgng coi thudng phdp lugt vd Igm quyen De loai bd nhung nguy ca ndy, thdi gian, chung ta can phdi xdy dung dupc mpt ca che bdo vp Hien phdp Vipc djnh h\rh ca chi ndo la phu hpp se cin nhirng nghi&i ciiu thSm cd tu gdc dp ly lugn vd thyc tiln dl lam co sd Song, cd thi xem x6t mpt hai phuang dn, dd la trao thdm quyin bdo ve Hien phap cho TANDTC tren ca sd ndng cap tham quyen ma hi§n Tda an dang cd theo quy djnh tai khoan Dieu Ludt Td chiic tda dn nhan dan nam 2014 hoge thdnh lgp Hpi ddng Hiln phdp nhu dy thdo Hiln phdp sua doi Hien phdp nam 1992 (bdn ldy y kiln nhdn ddn tir thang nam 2013 din hit thdng nam 2013) 3.2 Khdng dinh mgnh me han sif thugng ton phdp ludt Hien phdp Mac du Hien phdp nam 2013 da cd nhixng quy djnh nham de cao vai trd cua phdp ludt ddi vdi Nhd nudc va xa h^i, song nhin mpt cdch bao qudt hon, quan diSm phdp luat ddng vai trd thupng tdn ddi vdi Nhd nudc vd xa hpi vdn chua dupc thi hipn thyc sy ro rdng D I khdc phyc bit egp ndy vd hoan thidn tu tudng NNPQ XHCN Vipt Nam vl sy thupng tdn phdp ludt, can siia ddi Hien phdp nam 2013 theo hudng, quy dinh rd phdp lugt giii vj tri thuang tdn ddi song Nha nudc vd xa hpi, mpi ca quan nha nudc pbdi tuyet ddi tudn thu phdp lugt va hogt ddng theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt Ben canh dd, Hien phap can quy djnh yeu cdu ddi vdi phdp luat NNPQ XHCN Dd Id yeu cdu vl tinh rd rang, de hieu, de tiep can ddi vdi ngudi dan • ... nam 1992 (sua d6i, bo sung nam 2001) Khodn Dieu 120 Hien phdp ndm 2013 Dieu 120 Hien phdp nSm 2013 Khodn Dilu 120 Hiln phdp n5m 2013 ^ NGHllN Cl^ | S6 11 (411) - T6/2020^ L A P PHAP NHA NUOC VA... (bdn ldy y kiln nhdn ddn tir thang nam 2013 din hit thdng nam 2013) 3.2 Khdng dinh mgnh me han sif thugng ton phdp ludt Hien phdp Mac du Hien phdp nam 2013 da cd nhixng quy djnh nham de cao vai... phdp nam 2013 cung bo sung mpt sd quy dinh the hi6n quan diem, tu tudng mdi dang chii y ve bao vp Hien phap NNPQ XHCN Vipt Nara Dd la lan dau tien lich sii lap hien Vipt Nam, Hiln phdp nam 2013 de