TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 20

Unit 20 NOM PATER/PATR LEGA GREG FLU PREHEND/PREHENS TEMPER PURG MILL HEMI/SEMI Number Words Quiz 20-1 Quiz 20-2 Quiz 20-3 Quiz 20-4 Quiz 20-5 Review Quizzes 20 NOM comes from the Latin word for “name.” A nominee is a person “named”—or nominated—to run for or serve in office A binomial (“two names”) is the scientific name for a species: Felis catus for the house cat, for example A polynomial, with “many names,” is an algebra expression involving several terms: 2x2 + 9y – z3, for instance nominal (1) Existing in name or form only and not in reality (2) So small as to be unimportant; insignificant • The actor himself was the nominal author, but 90 percent of the prose was the work of his ghostwriter Something nominal exists only in name So the nominal ruler in a constitutional monarchy is the king or queen, but the real power is in the hands of the elected prime minister In the United Kingdom, the British monarch is also the nominal head of the Church of England; and those baptized in the Church who aren't really churchgoers might be called nominal Christians A fee can be called nominal when it's small in comparison to the value of what it buys So, for example, you might sell a friend a good piece of furniture for a nominal amount And the charge for a doctor's visit might be a nominal $20, since most of the cost is covered by an insurance plan nomenclature (1) A name or designation, or the act of naming (2) A system of terms or symbols used in biology, where New Latin names are given to kinds and groups of animals and plants • Naming newly discovered plants or animals requires close study of the system of nomenclature Various specialized fields have their own particular nomenclatures, or sets of terms In particle physics, for instance, the elementary particles known as quarks, which are believed to come in pairs, have acquired such names as “up” and “down,” “strange” and “charm,” and “truth” and “beauty”—which is all most of us know about quarks and all we need to know But nomenclature is used most often for the system of biological classification created by Linnaeus In Linnaeus's system, each species has its own twoword name, the first word being the name of its genus Thus, the genus Equus includes the horse (Equus caballus) and the mountain zebra (Equus zebra) But since broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage actually all belong to the same species (Brassica oleracea), they each need a third name to distinguish themselves ignominious (1) Marked with shame or disgrace; dishonorable (2) Humiliating or degrading • If Attila the Hun was truly murdered by his bride on their wedding night, it was a most ignominious death for a warrior The Latin nomen could mean both “name” and “good reputation,” and even today we can say that someone who has been disgraced has “lost his good name.” With its negative prefix ig-, ignominious indicates the “namelessness” that goes with shame or dishonor A person who suffers an ignominious fate may die nameless and forgotten In the former Soviet Union, party leaders who fell out of favor, even if they avoided being imprisoned or executed, became nonpersons Their names were removed from official records and history books and they were treated as if they had never existed misnomer A wrong name, or the use of a wrong name • Calling the native peoples of the western hemisphere “Indians” was one of the great misnomers in recorded history Historians have long noted that the Holy Roman Empire in its later years was neither holy, Roman, nor an empire The Battle of Bunker Hill was actually fought on nearby Breed's Hill And the famous Woodstock Festival was actually held in the town of Bethel But misnomers aren't limited to history The Pennsylvania Dutch are actually of German ancestry Koala bears aren't bears—they're marsupials And in the world of food, the Rocky Mountain oyster, as diners have sometimes discovered too late, aren't really oysters PATER/PATR comes from both the Greek and the Latin word for “father.” So a patron, for example, is someone who assumes a fatherly role toward an institution or project or individual, giving moral and financial support patrician A person of high birth or of good breeding and cultivation; an aristocrat • They passed themselves off as patricians, and no one looked too closely at where their money came from A patrician was originally a descendant of one of the original citizen families of ancient Rome Until about 350 B.C., only patricians could hold the office of senator, consul, or pontifex (priest) Later, the word was applied to members of the nobility created by the Roman emperor Constantine As time went by, other nobles, such as those in medieval Italian republics and in German city-states, also came to be known as patricians Today someone's appearance, manners, or tastes can be described as patrician, whether the person is actually of high birth or not The actress Grace Kelly, an immigrant's daughter, was admired for her patrician beauty even before she became Princess Grace of Monaco, with classic features worthy of ancient Rome's finest sculptors patriarchy (1) A family, group, or government controlled by a man or a group of men (2) A social system in which family members are related to each other through their fathers • She spent the 1980s raging against the patriarchy, which she claimed had destroyed the lives of millions of women With its root -arch, meaning “ruler, leader,” a patriarch is a man who dominates something, even if it's just a family In Christianity, the term is used for a few leading figures who appear early in the Old Testament, including Methuselah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; in the Eastern Orthodox church, a patriarch is usually the equivalent of a bishop Outside of the field of anthropology, patriarchy didn't start to be used much until the 1970s, when the women's movement gained a huge following Many feminists have claimed that all Western societies are patriarchal—that is, that they systematically enable men to dominate women But there's plenty of disagreement about how this is done, and the word isn't discussed as often as it used to be expatriate A person who has moved to a foreign land • As he got to know his fellow expatriates in Morocco, he found himself wondering what had led each of them to leave America Expatriate combines the prefix ex-, “out of” or “away from,” with the Latin patria, “fatherland.” A famous colony of expatriates was the group of writers and artists who gathered in Paris between the two world wars, including Ernest Hemingway, F Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein Unlike an exile or an emigrant, an expatriate's residence abroad is usually voluntary and extended but not permanent, and expatriates—often called expats—generally keep their original national identity and eventually end their self-imposed exiles by repatriating themselves paternalistic Tending to supply the needs of or regulate the activities of those under one's control • Some still accuse the university of being too paternalistic in regulating student living arrangements A good father shows paternal concern about his children, just as a good mother often acts out of maternal feeling But paternalistic has a negative sound nowadays, since paternalistic people or institutions seek—often with decent intentions—to control many aspects of the lives of those under their control In the 19th century, mill owners actually often provided cheap housing for the mill's employees Today companies frequently have strict rules regarding personal appearance, or against marriages within the company Colleges and universities used to practice a kind of paternalism, especially in trying to keep men and women out of each other's dorms, but a changing society has mostly put an end to that B Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: place of misery a distemper unrestrained b purge remove offensive material c temperance mix or moderate d purgative purifying e temper moderation f expurgate remove impure elements g intemperate animal disease h purgatory Answers Number Words MILL means either “a thousand” or “a thousandth.” A millennium is a thousand years, and a million is a thousand thousands But a milligram is a thousandth of a gram, a milliliter a thousandth of a liter, and a millimeter a thousandth of a meter millefleur Having a pattern of small flowers and plants all over • She was painstakingly embroidering a millefleur pattern on a pillow casing Millefleur came into French from the Latin mille florae (“a thousand flowers”), and from French directly into English You may have seen the famed Unicorn Tapestries, in which the unicorn is seen frolicking, relaxing, being hunted, and being caught, all against a beautiful millefleur background Italian has given us the similar word millefiori; though fiori, like fleurs, means “flowers,” millefiori actually refers to a type of multicolored ornamental glass And the borrowed French word mille-feuille (feuille meaning “leaf”) is the name of a dish made with puff pastry, the kind of pastry whose flakes resemble thin dry leaves millenarianism (1) Belief in the 1,000-year era of holiness foretold in the Book of Revelation (2) Belief in an ideal society to come, especially one brought about by revolution • Millenarianism is one of the future-oriented beliefs common in the New Age movement Originally the millennium was not simply any thousand-year period, but instead the thousand years prophesied in the biblical Book of Revelation, when holiness will prevail on earth and Jesus Christ will preside over all Later, millennium was extended to mean any period—always in the future— marked by universal happiness and human perfection On several occasions over the centuries, members of Christian sects have become convinced that the biblical millennium was arriving and gathered together to await it But nonreligious millenarians have also believed in a future society marked by human perfection Even if they regard this future as certain, they've generally been willing to help it along by working for a political, social, or economic revolution The millennium always seems to be approaching; to date, it hasn't arrived millipede Any of a class of many-footed arthropods that have a cylindrical, segmented body with two pairs of legs on each segment, and, unlike centipedes, no poison fangs • As they turned over rocks and bricks in their search for the lost bracelet, millipedes of various sizes went scurrying off The earth is home to about 10,000 species of millipedes Though they have no poison fangs, many of them can, when threatened, emit a liquid or gas poisonous to their enemies If their structure were true to their name, millipedes would have a thousand legs, but in fact they have far fewer Even so, a millipede in motion is a sight to ponder: How can it possibly coordinate all those legs so that it doesn't trip over itself? Like some tiny conga line or bunny hop, it scuttles away to a rhythm only it can hear millisecond One thousandth of a second • A lightning bolt lasts only about 20 milliseconds, though the image may stay in one's eye for much longer A millisecond isn't long enough for the blink of an eye, but a few milliseconds may determine the winner of a swim race or a hundred-yard dash With the ever-increasing speed of modern technology, even a millisecond has started to seem a little sluggish; computer operations are now measured in nanoseconds—that is, billionths of a second HEMI/SEMI means “half.” Hemi- comes from Greek, semi- from Latin A hemisphere is half a sphere, and a semicircle is half a circle (The French prefix demi-, which probably developed from Latin as well, also means “half”—as in demitasse, a little after-dinner coffee cup half the size of a regular cup.) semitone The tone at a half step • The ancient piano in the great music room had been allowed to fall terribly out of tune, with every note at least a semitone flat A semitone (sometimes called a half tone or a half step) is the distance from a white key to a neighboring black key on the piano keyboard—for example, from G to G-sharp or from E to E-flat In an octave (from G to the next G above, for instance), there are twelve semitones Semitones are the smallest intervals that are used intentionally in almost any of the music you'll normally hear Two semitones equal a whole tone—the distance from G up to A or from E down to D, for example semicolon The punctuation mark ; , used chiefly to separate major sentence elements such as independent clauses • Some young vandal had done a search-and-replace on Mr Marsh's computer file, and in place of every semicolon was the mysterious message “Hendrix RULES!” The semicolon was introduced into modern type by an Italian printer around 1566 But since it's actually the same symbol as the ancient Greek question mark, it's older than the colon (:), which first appears around 1450 Don't mix the two up A colon introduces something: usually a list, sometimes a statement A semicolon separates two independent but related clauses; it may also replace the comma to separate items in a complicated list hemiplegia Total or partial paralysis of one side of the body that results from disease of or injury to the motor centers of the brain • She's starting to regain the use of her right hand, and some of the therapists think her hemiplegia might eventually be reversed Hemi-, unlike semi, almost always appears in scientific or technical words, including medical terms such as this one A hemiplegic, like a paraplegic (who has lost the use of both legs), has usually suffered brain damage, often from a wound or blood clot Other conditions that affect one side of the body are hemihypertrophy (excessive growth on one side), hemiatrophy (wasting on one side), and hemiparesis (weakness or partial paralysis) semiconductor A solid that conducts electricity like a metal at high temperatures and insulates like a nonmetal at low temperatures • Silicon, which makes up 25% of the earth's crust, is the most widely used semiconductor, and as such has formed the basis for a revolution in human culture A semiconductor is a crystal material whose ability to conduct electricity rises as its temperature goes up That is, it sometimes acts as a conductor and sometimes as an insulator Its conducting ability can be much increased by chemical treatment A manufactured chip of silicon, less than half an inch square, may contain millions of microscopic transistors, which can serve control and memory functions when installed in a computer, automobile, cell phone, DVD player, or microwave oven Quiz 20-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a millefleur b semiconductor c millisecond d semitone e semicolon f millenarianism g hemiplegia h millipede _ increased dramatically as the year 2000 approached In most integrated circuits, silicon is used as the _ The poison from the largest tropical centipedes can be lethal to small children, but a _ could never kill a human Seeing that the highest note was out of her comfortable range, she asked her pianist to play the whole song a _ lower For the baby's room they chose wallpaper with a dainty _ design A childhood disease had resulted in the crippling _ that had confined him to a wheelchair for ten years Some Olympic races have been extremely close, but no one has ever won by a single _ The meaning of a clause rarely depends on whether it ends with a colon or a _ Answers Review Quizzes 20 A Complete the analogy: repulsive : attractive :: ignominious : _ a favorite b honorable c horrible d disgraceful obnoxious : pleasant :: egregious : _ a boring b bothersome c unpleasant d unnoticeable milliliter : volume :: millisecond : _ a distance b weight c time d mass enthusiastic : eager :: intemperate : _ a calm b amused c restrained d uncontrolled paraplegia : legs :: hemiplegia : _ a paralysis b stroke c lungs d left or right side erase : delete :: expurgate : _ a confess b read c censor d scrub allow : permit :: apprehend : _ a accept b ignore c figure out d examine split : separation :: confluence : _ a breakup b division c flow d merging repair : fix :: purge : _ a purify b smooth c weaken d support 10 present : gift :: legacy : _ a ownership b legal settlement c will d inheritance Answers B Choose the closest definition: patrician a patriot b aristocrat c father d grandfather congregation a anthill b gathering c hearing d church temperance a wrath b modesty c moderation d character nominal a trifling b important c by name d serious legate a heritage b gift c ambassador d letter comprehend a misjudge b confirm c grasp d gather effluent a discharge b effort c excess d wealth purgative a secret agent b bleaching agent c road agent d cleansing agent semicolon a small intestine b punctuation mark c low hill d small bush 10 reprehensible a understandable b reptilian c disgraceful d approachable 11 distemper a anger b hysteria c disease d weakness 12 millipede a thousand-year blight b many-legged arthropod c hundred million d obstacle 13 purgatory a near heaven b place of punishment c evacuation d place of earthly delights 14 semitone a soft sound b half note c shade of color d half step 15 aggregate a nuisance b assembly c pile d sum total Answers C Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a mellifluous i temper b expatriate j misnomer c millefleur k semiconductor d paternalistic l legacy e affluence m prehensile f purge n millenarianism g nomenclature o delegation h segregate Thousands of microscopic transistors partly made of the same _ are embedded in each chip Each generation hopes to leave the next a _ of peace and prosperity Each time a new insect is discovered, strict rules of _ help determine what its name will be We sent a two-person _ off to the restaurant to choose supper for everyone The hands of even a newborn infant are _ and surprisingly strong Let's _ the bad fruit from the rest to prevent the rot from spreading The company's _ attitudes toward its employees were at times helpful and at times just irritating The _ tones of a Mozart flute concerto poured from the window “Panama hat” is a _, since the hats have actually always been made in Ecuador 10 Imperial Rome was a city of great _ as well as terrible poverty 11 Many of us take milk or cream with our coffee to _ its acidity 12 The outburst seemed to _ the crowd of its anger 13 Since everyone interprets the Bible's prophecies differently, _ has broken out at many different times through the centuries 14 She soon realized that she wasn't the only American _ in her Kenyan village 15 A design with a detailed _ background is a challenge for even a needlepoint expert Answers ... to that Quiz 20- 1 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a patriarchy b misnomer c expatriate d nominal e ignominious f paternalistic g nomenclature h patrician It's a community pool, and... ancient Crete may have used human sacrifice as a way of purging the entire community, which is fine for the community but rough on the victims In many cultures, people periodically purge themselves... monarchy is the king or queen, but the real power is in the hands of the elected prime minister In the United Kingdom, the British monarch is also the nominal head of the Church of England; and those