TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 18

Unit 18 CAPIT ANTHROP KINE DYNAM GRAD REG CRIT JUR PENT QUINT Number Words Quiz 18-1 Quiz 18-2 Quiz 18-3 Quiz 18-4 Quiz 18-5 Review Quizzes 18 CAPIT, from the Latin word for “head,” caput, turns up in some important places The head of a ship is its captain, and the capital of a state or country is where the “head of state” works A capital letter stands head and shoulders above a lowercase letter, as well as at the head (beginning) of a sentence capitalism An economic system based on private ownership, private decisions, and open competition in a free market • In the 1980s, the leaders of the free world had faith that capitalism and a free-market economy would solve all our problems Capital is wealth—that is, money and goods—that's used to produce more wealth Capitalism is practiced enthusiastically by capitalists, people who use capital to increase production and make more goods and money Capitalism works by encouraging competition in a fair and open market Its opposite is often said to be socialism Where a capitalist economy encourages private actions and ownership, socialism prefers public or government ownership and control of parts of the economy In a pure capitalist system, there would be no public schools or public parks, no government programs such as Social Security and Medicare, and maybe not even any public highways or police In a pure socialist system, there wouldn't be any private corporations In other words, there's just about no such thing as pure capitalism or pure socialism in the modern world capitulate To surrender or stop resisting; give up • At 2:00 a.m the last three senators finally capitulated, allowing the bill to move forward Capitulation often refers to surrender on the battlefield Originally it only referred to surrender according to an agreement, though that part of the meaning is often absent Today a teacher can capitulate to her students' cries of protest against a homework assignment, or a father can capitulate to his kids' pleas to stop for ice cream, when the only terms of the agreement are that they'll stop complaining decapitate make useless (1) To cut off the head; behead (2) To destroy or • The leaders of the uprising were decapitated, and their heads were mounted on long poles on London Bridge as a warning to the people Decapitation is a quick and fairly painless way to go, so it was once considered suitable only for nobles like Sir Walter Raleigh, Mary Queen of Scots, and two of Henry VIII's unfortunate wives The invention of the guillotine in the 18th century was meant to make execution swifter and more painless than hanging or a badly aimed blow by the executioner's sword recapitulate important points or stages To repeat or summarize the most • At the end of his talk, the president carefully recapitulated the main points in order Capitulation originally meant the organizing of material under headings So recapitulation usually involves the gathering of the main ideas in a brief summary But a recapitulation may be a complete restatement as well In many pieces of classical music, the recapitulation, or recap, is the long final section of a movement, where the earlier music is restated in the main key ANTHROP comes from the Greek word for “human being.” So an anthropomorphic god, such as Zeus or Athena, basically looks and acts like a human And in Aesop's fables and many animated cartoons, animals are usually anthropomorphized and behave exactly like furry, four-legged human beings anthropoid Any of several large, tailless apes • The chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and bonobos are all classified as anthropoids With its suffix -oid, meaning “resembling,” the word anthropoid means literally “resembling a human being.” Anthropoid apes are so called because they resemble humans more closely than other primates such as monkeys and lemurs Some even spend a good deal of time walking on their hind legs Anthropoids are, of course, highly intelligent (though maybe no more so than many monkeys), and some of them use sticks and stones as tools (But if you call someone an anthropoid, you're probably not complimenting his intelligence.) anthropology The science and study of human beings • By studying the cultures of primitive peoples, anthropology may give us a better understanding of our own culture Anthropologists, those who study the whys and wherefores of human existence, today look not only at the tribes of the Amazon but also at the neighborhoods of Brooklyn or Santa Monica Every group and every culture now seems to be possible material for anthropology Some anthropologists specialize in the study of human evolution, some study human language, some study archaeology, and some study human culture through the ages Unlike historians, they tend to focus less on what has been recorded in writings than on what can be discovered in other ways misanthropic Hating or distrusting humans • Few characters in literature are more misanthropic than Ebenezer Scrooge, who cares for nothing but money Jonathan Swift was famous for the misanthropy of works such as Gulliver's Travels which make fun of all kinds of human foolishness But in spite of his apparent misanthropic attitude, he spent a third of his income on founding a hospital and another third on other charities—certainly not the acts of a true misanthrope Today we often use synonyms such as cynic and grinch for misanthropic types—while hoping we don't meet too many of them lycanthropy (1) A delusion that one has become a wolf (2) Transformation into a wolf through witchcraft or magic • The local farmers avoided the residents of the village in the next valley, who had long been suspected of grave robbing and lycanthropy The Greek word for “wolf,” lykos, combines with the anthro- root to produce the meaning “wolfman.” In European folklore, dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, there are men who change into wolves at night and devour animals, people, or graveyard corpses before returning to human form at dawn Werewolves, or lycanthropes, may be evil and possessed by the devil, or may instead be the victims of a werewolf bite and thereby cursed to change into wolf form at the full moon The werewolf's evil intention is shown by its eating only part of the animal or corpse, rather than all of it like a truly hungry wolf Number Words PENT comes from the Greek word for “five.” The Pentagon in Washington, D.C., the world's largest office building, has five sides just like any other pentagon And a pentatonic scale in music has only five notes, rather than the seven notes of the major or minor scale pentathlon An athletic contest in which each athlete competes in five different events • The modern Olympic pentathlon includes swimming, cross-country running, horseback riding, fencing, and target shooting The Greek word athlos means “contest or trial,” so to be an athlete you had to compete in physical contests The ancient Greek pentathlon tested warriors' skills in sprinting, long jumping, javelin throwing, discus throwing, and wrestling, none of which are part of today's Olympic pentathlon But a pentathlete must still have muscles and reflexes suited to almost any kind of physical feat See also decathlon Pentateuch The first five books of the Old Testament, traditionally said to have been written by Moses • The Pentateuch takes us from the creation of the world up to the Israelites' arrival in the Promised Land Pentateuch means simply “five books.” In Greek, the Pentateuch (which Jews call the Torah) includes the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy These contain some of the oldest and most famous stories in the Bible, including those of Adam and Eve, Jacob and his brothers, and Moses, as well as some of the oldest codes of law known, including the Ten Commandments pentameter feet A line of poetry consisting of five metrical • Shakespeare's tragedies are written mainly in blank verse, which is unrhymed iambic pentameter In a line of poetry written in perfect iambic pentameter, there are five unstressed syllables, each of which is followed by a stressed syllable Each pair of syllables is a metrical foot called an iamb Much of the greatest poetry in English has been written in iambic pentameter; Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton used it more than any other meter Robert Frost's line “I'm going out to clean the pasture spring” is an example of it; his “And miles to go before I sleep” is instead an example of iambic tetrameter, with only four accented syllables Pentecostal Of or relating to any of various fundamentalist sects that stress personal experience of God and vocal expression in worship • Their neighbors belonged to a Pentecostal sect and, homeschooled their daughters, who never wore clothes more revealing than floor-length skirts and long pants In ancient Greek, pentekoste meant “fiftieth day”—that is, the fiftieth day after Easter (counting Easter itself) On that day, Christians celebrate an event described in the Bible that took place fifty days after Christ's resurrection, when the apostles heard the rush of a mighty wind, saw tongues of fire descending on them, and heard the Holy Spirit speaking from their own mouths but in other tongues (languages) “Speaking in tongues,” when everyone in a congregation may begin talking in languages that no one can understand, is the best-known practice of Pentecostals Pentecostals belong to many different denominations; with growing numbers especially in Latin America and Africa, there may be over 500 million Pentecostals worldwide QUINT comes from the Latin word meaning “five.” Quintuplets are babies that come in sets of five; about 60 U.S families increase in size by that number every year quincentennial celebration of such an event A 500th anniversary, or the • In 1992 Americans celebrated the quincentennial of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the New World The United States is such a young country that it will be quite some time before we reach our quincentennial as a nation: 2276 A.D., to be exact Some American cities will celebrate their quincentennials long before that, but even St Augustine, Florida, the nation's oldest city, will have to wait until 2065 Meanwhile, many young people can look forward happily to our national tricentennial in 2076; and their grandchildren may be around for our quadricentennial in 2176 quintessential example of something Representing the purest or most perfect • As a boy, he had thought of steak, eggs, and home fries as the quintessential Saturday breakfast The philosophers and scientists of the ancient world and the Middle Ages believed that the world we inhabit was entirely made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water Aristotle added a fifth element, the aether or ether, by which he meant the material that fills the rest of space, mostly invisibly but sometimes taking the form of stars and planets Many writers described the element as a kind of invisible light or fire In the Middle Ages, it was referred to as the quinta essentia (“fifth element”) It isn't surprising that the quinta essentia came to stand for anything so perfect that it seemed to surpass the limitations of earth Today we generally use quintessential rather freely to describe just about anything that represents the best of its kind quintet (1) A musical piece for five instruments or voices (2) A group of five, such as the performers of a quintet or a basketball team • The team's five starters are considered one of the most talented quintets in professional basketball A classical quintet is usually written for strings (usually two violins, two violas, and a cello) or woodwinds (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn), but brass quintets (two trumpets, horn, trombone, and tuba) have also become popular in North America recently In jazz, Miles Davis led two famous quintets In pop music, the Miracles, the Temptations, and the Jackson were immensely popular vocal quintets In rock, one of the most common instrumental lineups has been a quintet consisting of two guitars, a bass, a keyboard, and drums; famous rock quintets have included the Grateful Dead and the Beach Boys quintile One or another of the values that divide a tested population into five evenly distributed classes, or one of these classes • According to the tests, their one-year-old boy ranks high in the second quintile for motor skills Americans love statistics about themselves, whether they inform us about our income, ice-cream consumption, or trash production And any such rating can be divided into fifths, or quintiles The fifth or lowest quintile would include the 20 percent of the population who make the least money or eat the least ice cream or generate the least trash, and the first quintile would include the 20 percent who make, eat, or generate the most Quiz 18-5 Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: evangelically Christian a quintet most typical b quintile event with five contests c Pentateuch 500th birthday d pentathlon composition for five e quincentennial poetic rhythm f Pentecostal first books of the Bible g quintessential one fifth of a group h pentameter Answers Review Quizzes 18 A Choose the correct synonym: degrade a praise b outclass c lose d lower capitulate a nod b yield c resist d fall in hypercritical a pretended b complimentary c underdeveloped d overly harsh criterion a argument b scolding c standard d critical review retrograde a failing b forward c sideways d backward abjure a take up b damn c reject d include perjury a cleansing b lying under oath c theft d court decision misanthropic a humanitarian b wretched c antisocial d monumental de jure a by a judge b by a lawyer c by law d by a jury 10 pentathlon a five competitions b five-note scale c five-month period d fivesided figure Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a decapitate i recapitulate b anthropology j hyperkinetic c dynamic k criterion d gradient l quintessential e regency m hematocrit f critique n pentathlon g Pentecostal o quintet h quintile Her main _ for a boyfriend was a great sense of humor In Japan, the track for a mountain cable car climbs at a _ of an astonishing 31 degrees Our professor is always careful to _ her main points at the end of each class He would write a lengthy _ on every term paper, though he suspected few of the students ever read them For her, The Night of the Living Dead remained the _ horror film, against which she judged all the others The _ lasted several years, as the boy king passed through an awkward preadolescent stage to emerge as a serious and dignified 20-year-old The concert ended with a string _ by Beethoven For his graduate work in _, he's been doing research on societies in India's tribal areas She's having her bloodwork done and is waiting anxiously to hear her _ 10 In their harsh justice system, the standard practice was to lop off the hands of minor offenders and _ serious criminals 11 The test results placed her in the highest _ of the population 12 By all accounts, he was a _ and forceful individual 13 At 25 he was still as _ as a 14-year-old, constantly fidgeting at his desk, with his leg bouncing up and down 14 They grew up attending a _ church, watching their father speak in tongues on most Sundays 15 Track stars with superb all-round training usually try out for the _ competition Answers C Choose the closest definition: anthropoid a tapirs and antelopes b cats and dogs c chimpanzees and gorillas d salamanders and chameleons gradation a step in a series b show in a series c novel in a series d speech in a series quintile a fifteenth b five-spot c group of five d one fifth quintessential a fifth b being c ideal d important Pentateuch a New Testament books b five-sided figure c Old Testament books d five-pointed star capitalism a free-enterprise system b common-property state c socialist democracy d controlled economy dynamo a explosive b missile c generator d electric weapon quincentennial a 5th anniversary b 15th anniversary c 50th anniversary d 500th anniversary pentameter a five-line stanza b five-word sentence c five-beat poetic line d five-sided shape 10 regalia a monarchy b official costume c regularity d solemn dignity 11 criterion a dinosaur b mourning c criticism d gauge 12 jurisprudence a legal philosophy b legal agreement c senior judge d cautious ruling 13 regimen a daily plan b strict order c ruling family d officers' club 14 perjury a suing b cursing c misleading d lying 15 critique a mystique b commentary c argument d defense Answers ... meaning “power.” A dyne is a unit used in measuring force; an instrument that measures force is called a dynamometer And when Alfred Nobel invented a powerful explosive in 186 7, he named it dynamite... boaters, hydrodynamic often means “hydrodynamically efficient.” Quiz 18- 2 A Choose the closest definition: dynamo a powerhouse b force unit c time interval d power outage kinesiology a science of planetary... Louis XV In Britain, the years from the time when George III was declared insane until his death (181 1? ?182 0) are known as the Regency period, since in these years his son, the future George IV, served