TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 24

Unit 24 MAND UND SANCT LOQU VIR VAL CRE/CRET FUS Greek and Latin Borrowings Quiz 24-1 Quiz 24-2 Quiz 24-3 Quiz 24-4 Quiz 24-5 Review Quizzes 24 MAND comes from mandare, Latin for “entrust” or “order.” A command is an order; a commandment is also an order, but usually one that comes from God And a commando unit carries out orders for special military actions mandate (1) A formal command (2) Permission to act, given by the people to their representatives • The new president claimed his landslide victory was a mandate from the voters to end the war A mandate from a leader is a command you can't refuse But that kind of personal command is rarely the meaning of mandate today; much more common are connected with institutions Thus, the Clean Air Act was a mandate from Congress to clean up air pollution—and since mandate is also a verb, we could say instead that the Clear Air Act mandated new restrictions on air pollution Elections are often interpreted as mandates from the public for certain kinds of action But since a politician is not just a symbol of certain policies but also an individual who might happen to have an awfully nice smile, it can be risky to interpret most elections as mandating anything at all mandatory Required • If attendance at the meeting hadn't been mandatory, she would have just gone home Something mandatory is the result of a mandate or order, which usually comes in the form of a law, rule, or regulation Today there seem to be a lot of these mandates, so mandatory seat belts, mandatory inspections for industries, and mandatory prison sentences for violent crimes are regularly in the news But mandatory retirement at age 65, which used to be common, is now illegal in most cases commandeer To take possession of something by force, especially for military purposes • No sooner had they started their meeting than the boss showed up and commandeered the conference room Military forces have always had the power to commandeer houses The Declaration of Independence complains about the way the British soldiers have done it, and the third Amendment to the Constitution states that the commandeering of people's houses shall be done only in a way prescribed by law Almost anything—food, supplies, livestock, etc.—can be militarily commandeered when the need arises But you don't have to be in the military for someone to “pull rank” on you: Your father may commandeer the car just when you were about to take it out for the evening, your teacher may commandeer your cell phone as you're texting in the middle of class, or your older sister may commandeer the TV remote to watch some lousy dancing competition remand (1) To order a case sent back to another court or agency for further action (2) To send a prisoner back into custody to await further trial or sentencing • The state supreme court had remanded the case to the superior court, instructing it to consider the new evidence Remand means “order back” or “send back.” After losing a case in a lower court, lawyers will frequently appeal it to a higher court If the higher court looks at the case and sees that the lower court made certain kinds of errors, it will simply remand it, while telling the lower court how it fell short the first time: by not instructing the jury thoroughly, for example, or by not taking into account a recent related court decision UND comes into English from the Latin words unda, “wave,” and undare, “to rise in waves,” “to surge or flood.” Undulations are waves or wavelike things or motions, and to undulate is to rise and fall in a wavelike way undulant outline, or surface (1) Rising and falling in waves (2) Wavy in form, • The man's undulant, sinister movements reminded her of a poisonous snake about to strike The surface of a freshly plowed field is undulant A range of rolling hills could be called undulant, as could the shifting sands of the Sahara A waterbed mattress is often literally undulant And a field of wheat will undulate or sway in the wind, like the waves of the sea inundate overwhelm (1) To cover with a flood or overflow (2) To • As news of the singer's death spread, retailers were inundated with orders for all his old recordings In the summer of 1993, record rains in the Midwest caused the Mississippi River to overflow its banks, break through levees, and inundate the entire countryside; such an inundation hadn't been seen for at least a hundred years By contrast, the Nile River inundated its entire valley every year, bringing the rich black silt that made the valley one of the most fertile places on earth (The inundations ceased with the completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970.) Whenever a critical issue is being debated, the White House and Congressional offices are inundated with phone calls and e-mails, just as a town may be inundated with complaints when it starts charging a fee for garbage pickup redound or reflect (1) To have an effect for good or bad (2) To rebound • Each new military victory redounded to the glory of the king, whose brilliance as a leader was now praised and feared throughout Europe Redound has had a confusing history Its original meaning was simply “overflow.” But since the prefix re- often means “back,” the later meaning “result” may have arisen because flowing back—on a beach, for example—is a result of the original flowing Redound has long been confused with other words such as resound and rebound, so today “rebound” is another of its standard meanings As examples of its usual meaning, we could say that the prohibition of alcohol in 1919 redounded unintentionally to the benefit of gangsters such as Al Capone—and that Capone's jailing on tax-evasion charges redounded to the credit of the famous “Untouchables.” redundancy (2) Needless repetition (1) The state of being extra or unnecessary • A certain amount of redundancy can help make a speaker's points clear, but too much can be annoying Redundancy, closely related to redound, has stayed close to the original meaning of “overflow” or “more than necessary.” Avoiding redundancy is one of the prime rules of good writing ““In the modern world of today” contains a redundancy; so does “He died of fatal wounds” and “For the mutual benefit of both parties.” But redundancy doesn't just occur in language “Data redundancy” means keeping the same computer data in more than one place as a safety measure, and a backup system in an airplane may provide redundancy, again for the sake of safety Quiz 24-4 A Choose the closest definition: excrescence a disgust b outgrowth c extremity d garbage suffuse a overwhelm b flow c spread through d inject accretion a agreement b eruption c decision d buildup effusive a emotional b gradual c continual d general increment a entrance b slight increase c construction d income transfusion a revision b change c transfer d adjustment crescent a semicircle b pastry c sickle shape d buildup profusion a distinction b abundance c addition d completion Answers B Indicate whether the following pairs of words have the same or different meanings: effusive / gushy same _ / different _ crescent / pinnacle same _ / different _ transfusion / improvement same _ / different _ excrescence / ugliness same _ / different _ suffuse / fill same _ / different _ increment / excess same _ / different _ profusion / amount same _ / different _ accretion / destruction same _ / different _ Answers Greek and Latin Borrowings apologia or actions A defense, especially of one's own ideas, opinions, • His resignation speech was an eloquent apologia for his controversial actions as chairman An apologia and an apology usually aren't the same thing An apology includes an admission of wrongdoing, but an apologia rarely apologizes in this sense, instead seeking to justify what was done So, for example, in 1992 some of the books published for the 500th anniversary of Columbus's voyage were apologias explaining why European powers such as Spain acted as they did in the New World: because, for example, the Aztecs were a cruel people, practicing human sacrifice in grotesque ways (victims were skinned, and their skins were worn by the high priests), and Christianity hoped to reform them Of course, the Spanish Inquisition was torturing and executing nonbelievers at the same time—but that would be the subject of other apologias atrium (1) An open rectangular patio around which a house is built (2) A court with a skylight in a many-storied building • Best of all, their new home had a large atrium, where they could eat breakfast in the fresh air in spring and summer In malls and grand office buildings today, the enclosed atrium, often with full-size trees growing in it and high indoor balconies with hanging vines, has become a common architectural feature But the original atria (notice the unusual plural) were open to the sky and occupied the center of a house or villa in ancient Rome The open Roman courtyard allowed air to circulate and light to enter, and even its plantings helped cool the house Situating the cooking fireplace in the atrium was another way of keeping the house itself cool Still today, houses around the Mediterranean Sea and in tropical Latin America often have internal courtyards oligarchy small group A government in which power is in the hands of a • The population was shackled by an iron-willed oligarchy that dictated every aspect of their lives and ruthlessly crushed any hint of rebellion Oligarchy combines roots from the Greek words oligos, meaning “few,” and archos, meaning “leader or ruler.” In ancient Greece, an aristocracy was government by the “best” (in Greek, aristos) citizens An oligarchy was a corrupted aristocracy, one in which a few evil men unjustly seized power and used it to further their own ends Since at least 1542, oligarchy has been used in English to describe oppressive governments of the kind that serve the interests of a few very wealthy families encomium of such praise Glowing, enthusiastic praise, or an expression • The surprise guest at the farewell party was the school's most famous graduate, who delivered a heartfelt encomium to the woman he called his favorite teacher of all Encomium comes straight from Latin Mark Antony's encomium to the dead Caesar in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears”) is one of the most famous encomiums of all time, while Ben Jonson's encomium to the dead Shakespeare (“He was not of an age, but for all time”) has also been widely read and discussed The British poet laureate is expected to compose poetic encomiums to mark special events or to praise a person honored by the state And any awards banquet is thick with encomiums, with each speaker trying to outdo the last in praise of those being honored neurosis A mental and emotional disorder that is less severe than a psychosis and may involve various pains, anxieties, or phobias • He has a neurosis about dirt, and is constantly washing his hands A neurosis is a somewhat mild mental disorder; unexplained anxiety attacks, unreasonable fears, depression, and physical symptoms that are mentally caused are all examples of neurotic conditions A superstitious person who compulsively knocks on wood or avoids anything with the number 13 might be suffering from a harmless neurosis But a severe neurosis such as agoraphobia (see agoraphobia) can be very harmful, making a person a prisoner of his or her home Neurosis is based on the Greek word for “nerve,” since until quite recently neurotic behavior was often blamed on the nerves Neurosis is usually contrasted with psychosis, which includes a considerably more serious group of conditions opprobrium (1) Something that brings disgrace (2) A public disgrace that results from conduct considered wrong or bad • The writers of the New Testament hold the Pharisees up to opprobrium for their hypocrisy and hollow spirituality Witches have long been the objects of opprobrium; in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries, women thought to be witches were burned by the thousands The opprobrious crime of treason could likewise result in the most hideous torture and execution In The Scarlet Letter, the sin of adultery in Puritan times brought opprobrium on Hester Prynne Today the country of Israel is the object of opprobrium in many countries, while the Palestinians suffer similar opprobrium in others And mere smokers, or even overweight people, may sometimes feel themselves to be the objects of mild opprobrium referendum (1) The referring of legislative measures to the voters for approval or rejection (2) A vote on such a measure • The referendum on the tax needed for constructing the new hospital passed by seven votes Referendum is a Latin word, but its modern meaning only dates from the 19th century, when a new constitution adopted by Switzerland stated that the voters could vote directly on certain issues Thus, a referendum is a measure that's referred (that is, sent on) to the people Since the U.S Constitution doesn't provide for referenda (notice the common plural form) at the national level, referenda tend to be on local and state issues In most locales, a few questions usually appear on the ballot at election time, often involving such issues as new zoning ordinances, new taxes for schools, and new limits on spending ultimatum A final proposal, condition, or demand, especially one whose rejection will result in forceful action • The ultimatum to Iraq in 1991 demanding that it withdraw from Kuwait was ignored, and a U.S.-led invasion was the response An ultimatum is usually issued by a stronger power to a weaker one, since it wouldn't carry much weight if the one giving the ultimatum couldn't back up its threat Near the end of World War II, the Allied powers issued an ultimatum to Japan: surrender completely or face the consequences Japan rejected the ultimatum, and within days the U.S had dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing some 200,000 people Quiz 24-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a encomium b ultimatum c neurosis d atrium e apologia f oligarchy g referendum h opprobrium His particular _ was a fear of heights The country has a president, of course, but everyone knows he's just the front man for a shadowy _ The committee voted to submit the new zoning plan to the voters in a special _ The new office building was designed around a wide, sunlit _ with a fountain and small trees His book is an _ for his entire life, which may cause his enemies to rethink their opinion of him _ has been heaped on the school board from angry parents on both sides of the issue When peace negotiations fell apart, an angry _ was issued by the government Most of her speech was devoted to a glowing _ to her staff members Answers Review Quizzes 24 A Complete the analogy: church : temple :: sanctuary : _ a destination b parish c destiny d refuge relaxed : stiff :: colloquial : _ a conversational b talkative c casual d formal portion : segment :: increment : _ a inroad b inflation c increase d instinct reprimand : scolding :: encomium : _ a warm drink b warm thanks c warm toast d warm praise truce : treaty :: ultimatum : _ a decision b negotiation c threat d attack donate : contribute :: remand : _ a pass over b send back c take on d give up monarchy : king :: oligarchy : _ a dictator b ruling group c emperor d totalitarian cavity : hole :: excrescence : _ a growth b deposit c residue d toad rare : scarce :: prevalent : _ a unique b commonplace c thick d preferred 10 evaporate : dry up :: inundate : _ a flood b drain c wash d irrigate 11 order : demand :: commandeer : _ a allow b seize c rule d lead 12 vamp : sexy :: virago : _ a loud b attractive c powerful d elderly 13 generous : stingy :: effusive : _ a emotional b thoughtful c restrained d passionate 14 release : restrain :: sanction : _ a disapprove b request c train d decide 15 femininity : man :: virility : _ a female b girl c woman d lady Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a referendum i apologia b profusion j opprobrium c crescent k transfusion d validate l equivalent e virtuosity m loquacious f colloquium n sacrosanct g redundancy o redound h mandate Although he was shy the first time he came to dinner, he's usually downright _ these days Three new young staff members were hired this year, and they've given the whole place a real _ of energy If our researchers receive the Nobel Prize this year, it will _ to the university's credit for years to come The hammer and sickle on the Soviet Union's flag oddly resembled the Islamic star and _ The planning board submitted its proposal to the voters as a nonbinding _ My professor is participating in the _, and we're all required to attend Some politicians claim they have a _ from the voters even when their margin of victory was actually small Under the new boss, no department here is _ and almost any of them could be broken up tomorrow She was renowned for her _ in the kitchen, whipping up delicious meals from any ingredients that came to hand 10 The bower was with roses blooming in great _ 11 At a scientific conference in July she delivered a convincing _ for the unusual methods that had drawn so much criticism 12 An endorsement from one of the major medical associations would help _ the therapies we offer 13 When a neo-Nazi group marched down Pennsylvania Avenue, it was greeted with loud _ from egg-throwing anti-Nazi demonstrators 14 The computer files contain a great deal of data _ that isn't actually serving any purpose 15 A speed of 100 kilometers per hour is _ to about 60 miles per hour Answers C Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: open courtyard a soliloquy emotional disorder b undulant spread over c valor accumulation d triumvirate bravery e suffuse monologue f accretion hypocritical g atrium wavelike h neurosis required i sanctimonious 10 three-person group j mandatory Answers ... measure, and a backup system in an airplane may provide redundancy, again for the sake of safety Quiz 24- 1 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a redound b commandeer c undulant d mandatory... from the law In Anglo-Saxon England, churches and churchyards generally provided 40 days of immunity, and neither the sheriffs nor the army would enter to seize the outlaw But gradually the right... after a two-hour, 13,000-word speech by America's most famous orator, a windbag of loquacity Quiz 24- 2 A Choose the closest definition: sanction a pray b warn c trade d approve soliloquy a love