TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 14

Unit 14 CRYPT AB/ABS PED- TROP NEO NOV POS TEN MONO UNI Number Words Quiz 14-1 Quiz 14-2 Quiz 14-3 Quiz 14-4 Quiz 14-5 Review Quizzes 14 CRYPT comes from the Greek word for “hidden.” To encrypt a message is to encode it—that is, to hide its meaning in code language When a scientific term begins with crypto-, it always means that there's something hidden about it crypt (1) A room completely or partly underground, especially under the main floor of a church (2) A room or area in a large aboveground tomb • His old nightmare was of being locked in a crypt with corpses as his only companions Hidden under the main floor of a great church is often a large room, often with a tomb as its centerpiece Many major European churches were built over the remains of a saint—the Vatican's great St Peter's Basilica is an example—and instead of having the coffin buried, it was often given its spacious room below ground level In a large aboveground tomb, or mausoleum, there may be several small chambers for individual coffins, also called crypts; when the comic book Tales from the Crypt made its first appearance in 1950, it was this meaning that the authors were referring to encrypt code (1) To convert into cipher (2) To convert a message into • Messages on the group's Web site are encrypted in code words to keep lawenforcement agents from understanding them Codes aren't always in another language; people have always been able to communicate in ways that conceal their real meaning In countries ruled by dictators, novelists and playwrights have sometimes managed to encrypt their messages, conveying political ideas to their audiences so that the authorities never notice But encryption today usually refers to a complex procedure performed on electronic text to make sure the wrong people—whether a nation's enemies or a business competitor (most businesses use encryption today)—can't read it And sensitive data that merely resides on a company's own computers is often encrypted as well cryptic conceal (1) Mysterious; puzzlingly short (2) Acting to hide or • From across the room, Louisa threw Philip a cryptic look, and he puzzled over what she was trying to tell him Until the writing on the famous Rosetta Stone was finally translated in the early 19th century, Egyptian hieroglyphic writing was entirely cryptic, its meaning hidden from the modern world In the same way, a cryptic comment is one whose meaning is unclear, and a cryptic note may leave you wondering Cryptic coloring among plants and animals acts like camouflage; so, for example, some moths that are tasty to blue jays are cryptically colored to look like bugs that jays won't touch cryptography decoding of messages (1) Secret writing (2) The encoding and • As a graduate student in mathematics, she never dreamed she would end up working in cryptography for the Defense Department During World War II, cryptography became an extremely complex science for both the Allied and Axis powers The Allies managed to secretly crack the code produced by the Nazis' Enigma machine, and thereby may have shortened the war by two years The Axis cryptographers, on the other hand, never managed to crack the Americans' ultimate code—the spoken languages of the Navajo and other American Indians In the age of computers, cryptography has become almost unbelievably complex; it's widely used in peacetime in such areas as banking telecommunications AB/ABS comes to us from Latin, and means “from,” “away,” or “off.” Abuse is the use of something in the wrong way To abduct is to “lead away from” or kidnap Aberrant behavior is behavior that “wanders away from” what is acceptable But there are so many words that include these roots that it would be absurd to try to list them all here abscond To depart in secret and hide • They discovered the next morning that their guest had absconded with most of the silverware during the night Wagner's massive four-part opera The Ring of the Nibelung begins with a dwarf absconding with gold which he turns into a magic ring And in J R R Tolkien's The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins absconds from Gollum's caves with the ring he has found, the ring Gollum calls “my precious”; what follows is detailed in the three-volume Lord of the Rings (Tolkien knew Wagner's opera well.) A young couple might abscond from their parents to get married, but sooner or later they must face those parents again abstemious food or alcohol Restrained, especially in the consumption of • Her parents had left her two million dollars when they died, having been so abstemious for years that their neighbors all assumed they were poor Many 14th-century monks lived by the Rule of St Benedict, which demands an abstemious life of obedience and poverty But not all monks could maintain such abstemious habits Chaucer's Canterbury Tales contains a portrait of a fat monk who is supposed to follow a vegetarian diet but instead is an enthusiastic hunter who loves a juicy swan best He justifies breaking the Rule by saying that it's old-fashioned and that he's just keeping up with modern times Abstemious itself has a slightly old-fashioned sound today, especially in a country where everyone is constantly encouraged to consume abstraction The consideration of a thing or idea without associating it with a particular example • All the ideas she came up with in class were abstractions, since she had no experience of actual nursing at all From its roots, abstraction should mean basically “something pulled or drawn away.” So abstract art is art that has moved away from painting objects of the ordinary physical world in order to show something beyond it Theories are often abstractions; so a theory about economics, for instance, may “pull back” to take a broad view that somehow explains all of economics (but maybe doesn't end up explaining any of it very successfully) An abstract of a medical or scientific article is a one-paragraph summary of its contents—that is, the basic findings “pulled out” of the article abstruse Hard to understand; deep or complex • In every class he fills the blackboard with abstruse calculations, and we usually leave more confused than ever The original meaning of abstruse, coming almost straight from the Latin, was “concealed, hidden.” It's easy to see how the word soon came to describe the kind of language used by those who possess certain kinds of expert knowledge (and don't necessarily want to share it with other people) Scientific writing is often filled with the kind of abstruse special vocabulary that's necessary for exact and precise descriptions Unfortunately, the language of a science like quantum physics can make an already difficult subject even more abstruse to the average person B Indicate whether the following pairs have the same or different meanings: impose / remove same _ / different _ tenet / principle same _ / different _ transpose / exchange same _ / different _ tenure / absence same _ / different _ superimpose / offend deeply same _ / different _ tenacious / sensible same _ / different _ juxtapose / switch same _ / different _ tenable / reasonable same _ / different _ Answers Number Words MONO comes from the Greek monos, meaning “along” or “single.” So a monorail is a railroad that has only one rail; a monocle is an old-fashioned eyeglass that a gentleman used to squeeze into his eye socket; a monotonous voice seems to have only one tone; and a monopoly puts all ownership of a type of product or service in the hands of a single company monogamous mate at a time Being married to one person or having one • Geese, swans, and most other birds are monogamous and mate for life American marriage is by law monogamous; people are permitted to have only one spouse (husband or wife) at a time There are cultures with laws that permit marriage to more than one person at a time, or polygamy Some Islamic countries permit polygamy, as some African tribes In this country the Mormons were polygamous until 1890, when they were forced to adopt monogamy by the unsympathetic federal government monoculture (1) The cultivation of a single crop to the exclusion of other uses of land (2) A culture dominated by a single element • Monoculture is practiced on a vast scale in the American Midwest, where nothing but corn can be seen in the fields for hundreds of square miles The Irish Potato Famine of 1845-49, which led to the deaths of over a million people, resulted from the monoculture of potatoes, which were destroyed by a terrible blight, leaving farmers nothing else to eat Almost every traditional farming society has practiced crop rotation, the planting of different crops on a given piece of land from year to year, so as to keep the soil from losing its quality But in the modern world, monoculture has become the rule on the largest commercial farms, where the same crop can be planted year after year by means of the intensive use of fertilizers Modern monoculture has produced huge crops; on a large scale, it permits great efficiency in planting, pest control, and harvesting But many experts believe this all comes at a huge cost to the environment monolithic (1) Appearing to be a huge, featureless, often rigid whole (2) Made up of material with no joints or seams • The sheer monolithic rock face of Yosemite's El Capitan looks impossible to climb, but its cracks and seams are enough for experienced rock climbers The -lith in monolith comes from the Greek lithos, “stone,” so monolith in its original sense means a huge stone like those at Stonehenge What's so impressive about monoliths is that they have no separate parts or pieces To the lone individual, any huge institution or government bureaucracy can seem monolithic But the truth may be different: The former U.S.S.R once seemed monolithic and indestructible to the West, but in the 1990s it crumbled into a number of independent republics monotheism The worship of a single god • Christian monotheism finally triumphed in the Roman Empire in A.D 392, when the worship of pagan gods and goddesses was forbidden The monotheism of the ancient Hebrews had to combat the polytheism (worship of many gods) of the surrounding peoples from the earliest times As the Bible relates, several times in their history the Hebrews turned away from their monotheistic beliefs and accepted foreign gods, such as those imported by King Solomon Each time their own God would punish them for their disloyalty, and the people of Israel would return to monotheism Today Judaism shares its monotheism with two much larger religions, Christianity and Islam UNI comes from the Latin word for “one.” A uniform is a single design worn by everyone A united group has one single opinion, or forms a single unit A unitard is a one-piece combination leotard and tights, very good for skating, skiing, dancing—or riding a one-wheeled unicycle unicameral Having only one lawmaking chamber • In China, with its unicameral system of government, a single group of legislators meets to make the laws Unicameral means “one-chambered,” and the term almost always describes a governing body Our federal legislature, like those of most democracies, is bicameral, with two legislative (lawmaking) bodies—the Senate and the House of Representatives And except for Nebraska, all the state legislatures are also bicameral So why did the nation decide on a bicameral system? Partly in order to keep some power out of the hands of ordinary voters, who the Founding Fathers didn't completely trust For that reason, the original Constitution states that senators are to be elected by the state legislatures; not until 1914, after passage of a Constitutional amendment, did we first cast direct votes for our senators unilateral (1) Done by one person or party; one-sided (2) Affecting one side of the body • The Japanese Constitution of 1947 includes a unilateral rejection of warfare as an option for their country The world is a smaller place than it used to be, and we get uncomfortable when a single nation adopts a policy of unilateralism—that is, acting independently with little regard for what the rest of the world thinks A unilateral invasion of another country, for instance, usually looks like a grab for power and resources But occasionally the world welcomes a unilateral action, as when the U.S announced unilateral nuclear-arms reductions in the early 1990s Previously, such reductions had only happened as part of bilateral (“two-sided”) agreements with the old Soviet Union Multilateral agreements, on issues such as climate change, often involve most of the world's nations unison (1) Perfect agreement (2) Sameness of musical pitch • Unable to read music well enough to harmonize, the village choir sang only in unison This word usually appears in the phrase “in unison,” which means “together, at the same time” or “at the same musical pitch.” So an excited crowd responding to a speaker may shout in unison, and a group of demonstrators may chant in unison The old church music called Gregorian chant was written to be sung in unison, with no harmonizing voices, and kindergarten kids always sing in unison (at least when they can all find the same pitch) In a similar way, an aerobics class moves in unison following the instructor, and a group or even a whole town may work in unison when everyone agrees on a common goal unitarian Relating or belonging to a religious group that believes that God exists only in one person and stresses individual freedom of belief • With his unitarian tendencies, he wasn't likely to get into fights over religious beliefs Unitarianism, originally a sect of Christianity believing in a single or unitary God, grew up in 18th-century England and developed in America in the early 19th century Though they believe in Christ's teaching, they reject the idea of the three-part Trinity—God as father, son, and holy spirit—and thus deny that Christ was divine, so some people don't consider them truly Christian In this century the Unitarians joined with the Universalist Church, a movement founded on a belief in universal salvation—that is, the saving of every soul from damnation after death Both have always been liberal and fairly small; today they count about half a million members Without a capital letter, unitarian refers simply to belief in a unitary God, or in unity within some nonreligious system Quiz 14-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a monotheism b unilateral c monolithic d unison e unitarian f monoculture g unicameral h monogamous The president is allowed to make some _ decisions without asking Congress's permission The relationship was unbalanced: she was perfectly _, while he had two other women in his life In rejecting a _ legislature, America seemed to follow Britain's lead The sheer mountain face, _ and forbidding, loomed over the town As a strict Catholic, she found _ beliefs unacceptable Most religious groups in this country practice one or another form of _ Corn was a _ in the village, and the farmers would simply move to a new field each year to keep the soil from wearing out At Halloween and Thanksgiving assemblies, the children would recite holiday poems in _ Answers Review Quizzes 14 A Choose the correct synonym: unilateral a one-sided b sideways c complete d multiple cryptography a gravestone writing b physics writing c code writing d mathematical writing monotheism a nature worship b worship of one god c worship of pleasure d sun worship abscond a steal b discover c retire d flee transpose a send out b take place c overcome d switch tenet a shelter b principle c choice d landlord pedagogy a study b teaching c research d child abuse unison a solitude b melody c collection d agreement crypt a code b granite c tomb d church 10 superimpose a increase b lay over c improve d excel 11 monogamous a with one spouse b without a spouse c with several spouses d with someone else's spouse 12 tenable a available b unbearable c agreeable d reasonable Answers B Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a tenure b pediatrician c pedant d unitarian e impose f abstraction g tenacious h cryptic i encyclopedic j abstruse Their son had just called to tell them that the university had decided to grant him _ Tuesday the baby sees the _ for her immunizations and checkups The only clues for the treasure hunt were in a _ poem that his father had written By the time she was 25 she had an _ knowledge of her state's history The notion of a savior was foreign to his _ beliefs The legislature is threatening to _ strict limits on this kind of borrowing The speech contained one _ after another, but never a specific example At the age of 72 he was regarded by most of the students as a boring _ The sick child's _ grip on life was their only hope now 10 The researcher's writing was _ but it was worth the effort to read it Answers C Indicate whether the following pairs of words have the same or different meanings: monotheism / growing of one crop same _ / different _ unison / unitedness same _ / different _ cryptic / gravelike same _ / different _ monolithic / boring same _ / different _ abstemious / self-controlled same _ / different _ tenet / ideal same _ / different _ crypt / tomb same _ / different _ tenable / reasonable same _ / different _ unicameral / one-chambered same _ / different _ 10 abstruse / difficult same _ / different _ Answers ... died, having been so abstemious for years that their neighbors all assumed they were poor Many 14th-century monks lived by the Rule of St Benedict, which demands an abstemious life of obedience... quantum physics can make an already difficult subject even more abstruse to the average person Quiz 14- 1 A Match the definition on the left to the correct word on the right: mysterious a encrypt code... all recreational drugs are psychotropic Psychoactive is a common synonym of psychotropic Quiz 14- 2 A Indicate whether the following pairs of words have the same or different meanings: psychotropic