TỪ VỰNG TOEIC unit 15

Unit 15 TERM/TERMIN GEO SPHER VERT MORPH FORM DOC/DOCT TUT/TUI DI/DUP BI/BIN Number Words Quiz 15-1 Quiz 15-2 Quiz 15-3 Quiz 15-4 Quiz 15-5 Review Quizzes 15 TERM/TERMIN comes from the Latin verb terminare, “to limit, bound, or set limits to,” and the noun terminus, “limit or boundary.” In English, those boundaries or limits tend to be final A term goes on for a given amount of time and then ends, and to terminate a sentence or a meeting or a ballgame means to end it terminal (1) Forming or relating to an end or limit (2) Fatal • She knows she's in the late stages of a terminal illness, and has already drawn up a will A terminal disease ends in death If you're terminally bored, you're “bored to death.” For many students, a high-school diploma is their terminal degree (others finish college before terminating their education) A bus or train terminal is the endpoint of the line A computer terminal was originally the endpoint of a line connecting to a central computer A terminal ornament may mark the end of a building, and terminal punctuation ends this sentence indeterminate Not precisely determined; vague • The police are looking for a tall white bearded man of indeterminate age who should be considered armed and dangerous When you determine something, you decide on what it is, which means you put limits or boundaries on its identity So something indeterminate lacks identifying limits A mutt is usually the product of indeterminate breeding, since at least the father's identity is generally a mystery A painting of indeterminate origins is normally less valued than one with the painter's name on it And if negotiations are left in an indeterminate state, nothing has been decided interminable tiresomely drawn out Having or seeming to have no end; • The preacher was making another of his interminable pleas for money, so she snapped off the TV Nothing is literally endless, except maybe the universe and time itself, so interminable as we use it is always an exaggeration On an unlucky day you might sit through an interminable meeting, have an interminable drive home in heavy traffic, and watch an interminable film—all in less than 24 hours terminus (1) The end of a travel route (such as a rail or bus line), or the station at the end of a route (2) An extreme point; tip • They've been tracking the terminus of the glacier for 20 years, in which time it has retreated 500 yards This word comes straight from Latin In the Roman empire, a terminus was a boundary stone, and all boundary stones had a minor god associated with them, whose name was Terminus Terminus was a kind of keeper of the peace, since wherever there was a terminus there could be no arguments about where your property ended and your neighbor's property began So Terminus even had his own festival, the Terminalia, when images of the god were draped with flower garlands Today the word shows up in all kinds of places, including in the name of numerous hotels worldwide built near a city's railway terminus GEO comes from the Greek word for “Earth.” Geography is the science that deals with features of the Earth's surface Geologists study rocks and soil to learn about the Earth's history and resources Geometry was originally about measuring portions of the Earth's surface, probably originally in order to determine where the boundaries of Egyptians' farms lay after the annual flooding by the Nile River geocentric Having or relating to the Earth as the center • He claims that, if you aren't a scientist, your consciousness is mostly geocentric for your entire life The idea that the Earth is the center of the universe and that the sun revolves around it is an ancient one, probably dating back to the earliest humans Not until 1543 did the Polish astronomer Copernicus publish his calculations proving that the Earth actually revolves around the sun, thus replacing the geocentric model with a heliocentric model (from Helios, the Greek god of the sun) But geocentrism remains central to various religious sects around the world, and still today one in five adult Americans believes the sun revolves around the Earth geophysics The science that deals with the physical processes and phenomena occurring especially in the Earth and in its vicinity • Located in the heart of oil and gas country, the university offers a degree in geophysics and many of its graduates go straight to work for the oil and gas industry Geophysics applies the principles of physics to the study of the Earth It deals with such things as the movement of the Earth's crust and the temperatures of its interior Another subject is the behavior of the still-mysterious geomagnetic field Some geophysicists seek out deposits of ores or petroleum; others specialize in earthquakes; still others study the water beneath the Earth's surface, where it collects and how it flows geostationary Being or having an orbit such that a satellite remains in a fixed position above the Earth, especially having such an orbit above the equator • It was the science-fiction writer Arthur C Clarke who first conceived of a set of geostationary satellites as a means of worldwide communication We don't give much thought to geostationary satellites, but many of us rely on them daily Anyone who watches satellite TV or listens to satellite radio is dependent on them; the weather photos you see on TV are taken from geostationary satellites; and military information gathering via satellite goes on quietly day after day (Though the satellites that provide GPS service for your car or cell phone actually aren't geostationary, since they orbit the Earth twice a day.) By 2009 there were about 300 geostationary satellites in operation, all of them moving at an altitude of about 22,000 miles Since they hover above the same spot on Earth, your receiving dish or antenna doesn't have to turn in order to track them geothermal produced inside the Earth Of, relating to, or using the natural heat • Geothermal power plants convert underground water or steam to electricity Geothermal comes partly from the Greek thermos, “hot” (see THERM/THERMO) Most geothermal electricity is provided by power plants situated in areas where there is significant activity of the Earth's great tectonic plates—often the same areas where volcanoes are found But hot water from deep underground may be used by cities far from volcanoes to heat buildings or sidewalks And a newer source of geothermal energy relies on a less dramatic kind of heat: Individual homeowners can now install heat pumps that take advantage of the 50°-60° temperature of the soil near the surface to provide heating in cold weather (and air-conditioning in the warm months) These very small-scale geothermal systems may eventually supply more useful energy than the large power plants Number Words DI/DUP, Greek and Latin prefixes meaning “two,” show up in both technical and nontechnical terms, with dup- sometimes shortened to du- So a duel is a battle between two people A duet is music for a duo, or pair of musicians A duplicate is an exact copy, or twin And if you have dual citizenship, you belong to two countries at once dichotomy (1) A division into two often contradictory groups (2) Something with qualities that seem to contradict each other • Already in her first job, she noticed a dichotomy between the theories she'd been taught in college and the realities of professional life In the modern world there's a dichotomy between fast and intense big-city life and the slower and more relaxed life in the country But the dichotomy is nothing new: the Roman poet Horace was complaining about it in the 1st century B.C Among other eternal dichotomies, there's the dichotomy between wealth and poverty, between the policies of the leading political parties, between a government's words and its actions—and between what would be most fun to right this minute and what would be the mature and sensible alternative dimorphic or size) Occurring in two distinguishable forms (as of color • One of a birder's challenges is identifying birds of the less colorful sex in dimorphic species Dimorphism varies greatly in the animal kingdom Among mammals, the male is generally larger than the female, but other differences in appearance tend to be modest But birds are usually noticeably dimorphic, with the male being the more colorful sex; when we imagine a pheasant, a mallard, a cardinal, or a peacock, we're almost always picturing the male rather than the female Among spiders the situation is often reversed The golden orb-weaver spider, for example, is spectacularly dimorphic: the female may be 20 times the size of the male, and she usually ends up eating him, sometimes even while he's mating with her Many sea creatures, including many fish, take care of gender problems by simply changing from one sex into the other duplex (1) Having two principal elements; double (2) Allowing electronic communication in two directions at the same time • The upper floor of their splendid duplex apartment had a panoramic view of Paradise Park Duplex can describe a confusing variety of things, depending on the technical field Most of us use it as a noun: a duplex can be either a two-family house or a two-story apartment In computer science and telecommunications, duplex (or full-duplex) communication can go in both directions at once, while half-duplex communication can go only one way at a time In other areas, just translate duplex as “double” and see if the sentence makes sense duplicity while acting in another Deception by pretending to feel and act one way • By the time Jackie's duplicity in the whole matter had come to light, she had left town, leaving no forwarding address The Greek god Zeus often resorted to duplicity to get what he wanted, and most of the time what he wanted was some woman His duplicity usually involved a disguise: he appeared to Leda as a swan, and to Europa as a bull Sometimes he had to be duplicitous to get around his wife, Hera After he had had his way with Io and was about to get caught, he turned her into a cow to avoid Hera's anger BI/BIN also means “two” or “double.” A bicycle has two wheels, and binoculars consist of two little telescopes Bigamy is marriage to two people at once And a road built through the middle of a neighborhood bisects it into two pieces bipartisan Involving members of two political parties • The president named a bipartisan commission of three Republicans and three Democrats to look into the issue Partisan means basically “belonging to a party,” so something bipartisan combines two parties Since the United States today operates with a twoparty system of government (even though the Constitution says nothing about parties at all), legislation often must have some bipartisan support in order to pass into law Bipartisan committees review legislation, compromising on some points and removing or adding others in order to make the bill more agreeable to both parties and make bipartisan support from the entire legislature or Congress more likely binary (1) Consisting of two things or parts; double (2) Involving a choice between two alternatives • The Milky Way contains numerous binary stars, each consisting of two stars orbiting each other Binary has many uses, most of them in technical terms Almost all computer software, for example, is written in binary code, which uses only two digits, and 1, standing for a low-voltage impulse (“off”) and standing for a highvoltage impulse (“on”) All information is kept in this form The word “HELLO,” for example, looks like this: 1001000 1000101 1001100 1001100 1001111 biennial (1) Occurring every two years (2) Continuing or lasting over two years • The great biennial show of new art in Venice usually either puzzles or angers the critics Biennial conventions, celebrations, competitions, and sports events come every two years Biennials are plants that live two years, bearing flowers and fruit only in the second year (Carrots and sugar beets are two examples; since we're only interested in their roots, we don't wait another year to see their flower and fruit.) In contrast, semiannual means “twice a year.” But no one can agree whether biweekly means “twice a week” or “every two weeks,” and whether bimonthly means “twice a month” or “every two months.” Maybe we should stop using both of them until we can decide bipolar Having two opposed forces or views; having two poles or opposed points of attraction • Our bipolar Earth spins on an axis that extends between the North and South Poles Magnets are always bipolar: one pole attracts and the other repels or drives away And the Cold War arms race was bipolar, since it mainly involved the opposing powers of the U.S and the Soviet Union But the word is encountered most often today in bipolar disorder, the newer name of what used to be called manic-depressive illness, in which the person tends to swing between the two extremes, or poles, of high intensity and deep depression, with depression being the main condition Though an extremely serious illness, bipolar disorder can often be controlled by the drug lithium Quiz 15-5 Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a bipolar b duplex c biennial d duplicity e dimorphic f binary g dichotomy h bipartisan The new bill, with its thoroughly _ backing, passed through Congress easily Parrots are strikingly _, unlike canaries, in which you can't tell the sexes apart until the male starts singing Powerful drugs like lithium are often prescribed for _ depression A liar's _ usually catches up with him sooner or later At the very heart of the computer revolution was the _ number system Democracies must always deal with the difficult _ between individual liberties and social order They shared the modest _ with another family of four, who they often met when going in and out Every two years we get to hear Mildred McDermot sing “Moonlight in Vermont” at the _ town picnic Answers Review Quizzes 15 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a anthropomorphic k avert b doctrine l revert c tuition m conform d interminable n intuition e duplex o indeterminate f binary p bipartisan g formative q metamorphosis h biennial r dichotomy i doctrinaire s tutelage j spherical t hemisphere This marble was limestone before it underwent _ The computer works by making choices between _ opposites The main piano competition is _, but there are smaller ones on the offyears The lab results were _, and he was told to wait a week before having another blood test We failed to get the contract because our equipment didn't _ to the company's specifications She managed to _ a very awkward meeting by slipping out a side door just as he was coming in I had an _ wait in the doctor's office and didn't get home until 6:00 What he later learned about her past had confirmed his original _ that she was not to be trusted The _ between good and evil has been dealt with by different religions in many different ways 10 Let's not _ to the kind of name-calling we had to put up with at the last meeting 11 To keep the issue as nonpolitical as possible, the governor named a _ committee to study it 12 At boarding schools, _ isn't separated from fees for room and board 13 The _ was roomy, but a great deal of noise came through the wall separating them from the other family 14 Under the great man's _, he slowly learned how to develop his musical ideas into full-fledged sonatas 15 As a practicing Catholic, she thought frequently about the church _ that life begins at conception 16 Michelangelo's great painting shows an _ God touching Adam's finger 17 A _ interpretation of these rules will leave no room for fun at all 18 My trip to Australia was the first time I had left this _ 19 The assignment was to write an essay about the most _ experience of her later teenage years 20 The stone was roughly _, but it didn't roll easily Answers B Choose the correct synonym and the correct antonym: intuition a instruction b payment c logic d sixth sense divert a please b entertain c bore d send amorphous a beginning b shapeless c shaping d formed terminal a first b final c highest d deathlike duplicity a desire b two-facedness c honesty d complexity formality a convention b black tie c rationality d casualness conform a rebel b shape c greet d fit in dichotomy a operation b negotiation c contradiction d agreement avert a face b wonder c avoid d claim 10 doctrinaire a relaxed b strict c written d religious Answers C Choose the closest definition: format a design b formality c formation d concept biosphere a life cycle b environment c natural bubble d evolution morphology a study of structure b study of woods c study of butterflies d study of geometry avert a embrace b prevent c claim d escape bipolar a double-jointed b snowy c opposing d two-handed indoctrinate a teach b demonstrate c infiltrate d consider metamorphosis a condition b independence c technique d transformation duplicity a doubleness b dishonesty c photocopy d second opinion tutorial a penalty b teacher c classroom d small class 10 stratosphere a cloud level b sea level c atmospheric layer d outer space Answers ... sun revolves around it is an ancient one, probably dating back to the earliest humans Not until 154 3 did the Polish astronomer Copernicus publish his calculations proving that the Earth actually... small-scale geothermal systems may eventually supply more useful energy than the large power plants Quiz 15- 1 A Choose the closest definition: terminus a heat source b endpoint c final exam d period interminable... most people revert to smoking at least once or twice before succeeding in quitting for good Quiz 15- 2 A Fill in each blank with the correct letter: a revert b avert c hemisphere d biosphere e divert