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The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Contents Page Acknowledgement Abstract List of Abbreviation List of Table List of Figure Chapter1: Fundamental Parameter of Antennas 11 1.1 Radiation Pattern 11 1.1.1 Radiation Pattern Lobes 13 1.1.2 Isotropic, Directional, and Omnidirectional Patterns 15 1.1.3 Principal Patterns 15 1.1.4 Field Regions 17 1.1.5 Radian and Steradian 19 1.2 Radiation Power Density 20 1.3 Radiation intensity 22 1.4 Beamwidth 22 1.5 Directivity 23 1.5.1 Directional Patterns 28 1.5.2 Omnidirectional Patterns 32 1.6 Numerical Techniques 34 1.7 Antenna Efficiency 37 1.8 Gain 38 1.9 Beam Efficency 40 1.10 Bandwith 41 1.11 Polaziration 42 1.11.1 Linear, Circular, and Elliptical Polarizations 51 1.11.2 Polarization Loss Factor and Efficiency 54 1.12 Input impedance 55 1.13 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 55 1.14 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent 55 1.14.1 Vector Effective Length 56 1.14.2 Antenna Equivalent Areas 57 1.15 Maximun Directivity and Maximum Effective Areas 59 1.16 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 61 1.16.1 Friis Transmission Equation 62 1.16.2 Radar Range Equation 63 1.16.3 Antenna Radar Cross Section 65 1.17 Antenna Temperature 71 [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Chapter Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO Nd(Mg 0.4 Zn 0.1 Sn 0.4 )O ceramic and Dielectric Resonator 74 2.1 Introduction 74 2.2 Experimental Procedure 75 2.3 Result and Discussion Dielectric Resonator NMZS 77 2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction Pattern 77 2.3.2 Microstructures of the NMZS doped CuO 79 2.3.3 Density and Dielectric Properties 82 2.3.3.1 Density 82 2.3.3.2 Dielectric Properties 83 2.3.4 Conclusions 85 Chapter 2.4Ghz Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Wireless Local Area Network 86 3.1 Dielectric Resonator Antenna 86 3.1.1 Instroduction 86 3.1.2 DR Antenna in Simulation on 2.4Ghz 87 3.1.2.1 Antenna Design Structure 87 3.1.2.2 Simulation Result 97 3.1.3 DR antenna in Praticing 97 3.1.3.1 Making Antenna Process 97 3.1.3.1.1 Production Overview 98 3.1.3.1.2 Production Detail 99 3.1.3.3 Finished Antenna 99 3.1.3.3.1 Measurement 100 3.2 Result 104 3.3 Conclusion 106 References [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Acknowledgement To complete the final project and this thesis, We have received the guidance, help and suggestions enthusiastically from our teacher of Lunghwa science and technology University of Taoyuan, Taiwan and Ton Duc Thang University First, our sincere thanks to my teachers Lunghwa science and technology University of Taoyuan, Taiwan and Ton Duc Thang University, especially those teachers who have taught us enthusiastically during the study time at Lunghwa We would like to send our deep thank to Associate Professor - Dr Yih ChenChen and Kevin who had spent so much time and paid attention to guide and help us complete this final project Besides, We would like to thank Falcuty of Electric and Electronic Engineering Ton Duc Thang University teachers have created chances for us to study and complete our final project Although we have tried to complete this final project by all their enthusiasm and their capacity, but not inevitable shortcomings, we hope to receive the valuable contribution from my teachers and friends Le Vu Anh Duy and HuynhVan Ngoc Hai [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Abstract The applications of microwave ceramics in mobile communications, such as resonators, filters and antennas, have been rapidly increasing in the last decade Many researches have been focused on developing good microwave dielectric materials to achieve device miniaturization and system stability Three dielectric properties must be considered for materials used in microwave devices: a high dielectric constant, a high quality factor, and a near-zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency for the small size, low loss and high temperature stability, respectively [1, 2] Recently, many researches about Ln(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 (Ln=La, Sm, Nd, Da, Y) ceramics have been made for resonators, filters, and antennas in communication systems, such as radar and global positioning systems (GPS) operating atmicrowave frequencies [3] Among them, Nd(Mg 0.4 Zn 0.1 Sn 0.5 )O ceramic is found to be suitable for microwave applications due to high dielectric constant and high quality factor Nd(Mg 0.4 Zn 0.1 Sn 0.5 )O has a dielectric constant (ε r ) of 19.621, a quality factor (Q × f) of 18000 (GHz) and a temperature coefficients of resonant frequency of −52.21 ppm/◦C In this paper, ceramics have been synthesized by conventional mixedoxide method The effect of the amounts of CuO additive and sintering temperature on the microwave dielectric properties of Nd(Mg 0.4 Zn 0.1 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics have been studied The dielectric properties of the Nd(Mg 0.4 Zn 0.1 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics at microwave frequencies have been found to vary with different amounts of CuO additive and sintering temperatures For further understanding of these different microwave dielectric properties, they were analyzed on the basis of densification, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, observation of microstructures, and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) analysis [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator List of Abbreviation NMZS- Nd(Mg 0.4 Zn 0.1 Sn 0.4 )O WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers DR- Dielectric Resonator PLF- Polarization Loss Factor RCS- Radar Cross Section XRD- X-ray diffraction SEM- Scanning Electron Microscope EDS- Energy-disperse Spectroscopy PVA- Polyvinyl Alcohol Solution Q×f- Quality factor ε r - dielectric constant CPW- Coplanar Waveguide HFSS- High Frequency Structure Simulator FR4- Flame Retardant ISM- Institute for Supply Management UNII- Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure BW- Bandwiths List of Table Table 2.1 Comparison of Exact and Approximate Value of the MaximumDirectivity for U = cosnθ of Power Pattern Table 2.2 RCS of Some Typical Targets [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator List of Figures Figure 1.1 Coordinate system for antenna analysis Figure 1.2 Two-dimensional normalizedfield patt ern(linear scale), power pattern(linear scale), and power pattern(in dB) of a 10-element linear array with a spacing of d = 0.25λ Figure 1.3 (a) Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna pattern (b) Linear plot of power pattern and its associated lobes and beamwidths Figure 1.4 Normalized three-dimensional amplitude field pattern(in linear scale) of a10 element linear array antenna with a uniform spacing of d = 0.25λ and progressive phase shift β =−0.6π between the elements Figure 1.5 Principal E-and H-plane patterns for a pyramidal horn antenna Figure 1.6 antenna Omnidirectional pattern Figure 1.7 Field regions of an antenna Figure 1.8 Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape from reactive near field toward the far field (SOURCE: Y Rahmat-Samii, L I Williams, and R G.Yoccarino, The UCLA Bi-polar Planar-Near-Field Antenna Measurement and Diagnostics Range,” IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine, Vol 37, No 6, December 1995 1995 IEEE) Figure 1.9 Calculated radiation patterns of a paraboloid antenna for different distances from the antenna (SOURCE: J S Hollis, T J Lyon, and L Clayton, Jr (eds.), Microwave Antenna Measurements, Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., July 1970) Figure 1.10 Geometrical arrangements for defining a radian and a steradian Figure 1.11 Three- and two-dimensional power patterns (in linear scale) of U(θ) =cos2(θ) cos2(3θ) Figure 1.12 Three-dimensional radiation intensity patterns (SOURCE: P Lorrainand D R Corson, Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, 2nd ed., W H Freeman and Co.Copyright 1970) Figure 1.13: Two- and three-dimensional directivity patterns of a λ/2 dipole (SOURCE: C A.Balanis, “Antenna Theory: A Review.” Proc IEEE, Vol 80, No January 1992 1992 IEEE) Figure 1.14: beam solid angles for nonsymmetrical and symmetrical radiation patterns Figure 1.17: Omnidirectional patterns with and without minor lobes Figure 1.18: Comparison of exact and approximate values of directivity for omnidirectional U = sinnθ power patterns Figure 1.19: Digitizationscheme of patterninspherical coordinates Figure 1.21: Digitized form of sin2φ function Figure 1.22: Reference terminals and losses of an antenna Figure 1.23: Rotation of a plane electromagnetic wave and its polarization ellipse at z = as a function of time Figure 1.24 Polarization unit vectors of incident wave and antenna , and polarization loss factor (PLF) Figure 1.25 Polarization loss factors (PLF) for aperture and linear wire antennas [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Figure 1.26 Geometry of elliptically polarized cross-dipole antenna Figure 1.27 Transmitting antenna and its equivalent circuits Figure 1.30 Two antennas separated by a distance R Figure 1.31 Geometrical orientation of transmitting and receiving antennas for Friis transmission equation Figure 1.32 Geometrical arrangement of transmitter, target, and receiver for radar range equation Figure 1.33 E-plane monostatic RCS (σ θθ ) versus incidence angle for a halfwavelength dipole Figure 1.35 Antenna, transmission line, and receiver arrangement for system noise power calculation Figure 2.3.1.1 The X-ray diffraction patterns of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O specimens with 0.1 wt% CuO additives and sintered from 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 2.3.1.2 The X-ray diffraction patterns of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O specimens with 0.25 wt% CuO additives and sintered from 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 2.3.1.3 The X-ray diffraction patterns of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O specimens with 0.5 wt% CuO additives and sintered from 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 2.3.2.1 The microstructures of the CuO-doped Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with 0.1 wt% CuO Figure 2.3.2.2 The microstructures of the CuO-doped Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with 0.25 wt% CuO Figure 2.3.2.3 The microstructures of the CuO-doped Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with 0.5 wt% CuO Figure 2.3.3.1 The apparent densities of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with different amounts of CuO additives sintered in the range of 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 2.3.3.2.a The dielectric constants of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with different amounts of CuO additives sintered in the range of 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 2.3.3.2.b The Q×f of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with different amounts of CuO additives sintered in the range of 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 2.3.3.2.c The τ f values of Nd(Mg 0.40 Zn 0.10 Sn 0.5 )O ceramics with different amounts of CuO additives sintered in the range of 1350 to 1500◦C for h Figure 3.1.2.2a The result of Monopole’s simulation Figure 3.1.2.2b The result of DR antenna’s simulation Figure 3.1.3.1 Monopole and DR antenna after finishing Figure 3.1.3.2.a X-Y plane of DR antenna Figure 3.1.3.2.b The Chart of Frequency(MHz) and Gain(dBi) of X-Y Plane’s radiation in horizental direction Figure 3.1.3.2.c X-Z plane of DR antenna [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Figure 3.1.3.2.d The Chart of Frequency(MHz) and Gain(dBi) of X-Z Plane’s radiation in vertical direction Figure 3.1.3.2.e Y-Z plane of DR antenna Figure 3.1.3.2.f The Chart of Frequency(MHz) and Gain(dBi) of Y-Z Plane’s radiation in horizental direction Figure 3.1.4 Graph1 show the comparison about f and return loss between Monopole, DR antenna without DR and DR antenna with DR [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Chapter1: Fundamental Parameter of Antennas 1.1 Radiation Pattern An antenna radiation pattern or antenna pattern is fined de as “a mathematical function or a graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far-field region and is represented as a function of the directional coordinates Radiation properties include power flux density, radiation intensity,field strength, directivity, phase or polarization.” The radiation property of most concern is the two- or three- dimensional spatial distribution of radiated energy as a function of the observer’s position along a path or surface of constant radius A convenient set of coordinates is shown in Figure 1.1 A trace of the received electric (magnetic) field at a constant radius is called the amplitude field pattern On the other hand, a graph of the spatial variation of the power density along a constant radius is called an amplitude power pattern Figure 1.1 Coordinate system for antenna analysis Often the field and power patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum value, yielding normalized field and power patterns Also, the power pattern is usually plotted on a logarithmic scale or more commonly in decibels (dB) This scale is usually desirable because a logarithmic scale can accentuate in more details those parts of the pattern that have very low values, which later we will refer to as minor lobes For an antenna, the a field pattern(in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space b power pattern(in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space c power pattern(in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field, in decibels, as a function of the angular space To demonstrate this, the two-dimensional normalized field pattern (plotted in linear scale), power pattern (plotted in linear scale), and power pattern (plotted on a logarithmic dB scale) of a 10-element linear antenna array of isotropic sources, with a spacing of d = 0.25λ between the elements, are shown in Figure 1.2 In this and sub- sequent patterns, the plus (+) and minus (−) signs in the lobes indicate the relative polarization of the amplitude between the various lobes, which changes (alternates) as the nulls are crossed Tofind the points where the pattern achieves its half-power (−3 dB points), relative to the maximum value of the pattern, you set the value of the a field pattern at 0.707 value of its maximum, as shown in Figure 1.2(a) b power pattern (in a linear scale) at its 0.5 value of its maximum, as shown in Figure 1.2(b) c power pattern (in dB) at−3 dB value of its maximum, as shown in Figure 1.2(c) Figure 1.2 Two-dimensional normalizedfield pattern(linear scale), power pattern(linear scale), and power pattern(in dB) of a 10-element linear array with a spacing of d = 0.25λ [Type text] Page 10 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Step 17: finished antenna * Designing antenna with DR: We will use Dielectric Resonator NMZS ceramic with 0.1% CuO additve sintered at 1450°C 3.1.2.2 Simulation Result: [Type text] Page 93 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Monopole: Figure 3.1.2.2a The result of Monopole’s simulation Antenna with DR: Figure 3.1.2.2a The result of DR antenna’s simulation [Type text] Page 94 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator 3.1.3 DR antenna in Praticing: 3.1.3.1 Making Antenna Process: 3.1.3.1.1 Production Overview: Tracing paper Exposure + 60 second Add reagent FR4 substrate Etching Add Develop Ferric chloride Alcohol wipe Finish 3.1.3.1.2 Production Detail: Tracing paper plus FR4 substrate & Exposure in 90 second: Add Reagant & Clean the blue painting on the substrate: [Type text] Page 95 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator After that, we Develop, Add Ferric Chloride and Etching in F O liquid Then take it out of F O liquid and wash it with Alcohol Wipe Finish washing it with alcohol wipe We weld the antenna with the plugging copper slot 3.1.3.3 Finished Antenna: Figure 3.1.3.1.2 Monopole and DR antenna after finishing [Type text] Page 96 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator 3.1.3.3.1 Measurement: Radiation Pattern: In radiation pattern, we will show dimension of antenna’s radiation in space Those are X-Y plane, X-Z plane and Y-Z plane The antenna will be put in the radiation machine which is connected with the computer with dedicated software installed in computer for measuring the radiation of the antenna In each plane, we will measure antenna in two direction, vertical and horizontal in order to determine the direction that the antenna’s radiation ability in space is best [Type text] Page 97 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator X-Y Plane: Figure 3.1.3.3.1.b X-Y plane of DR antenna Figure 3.1.3.3.1.c The Chart of Frequency(MHz) and Gain(dBi) of X-Y Plane’s radiation in horizental direction [Type text] Page 98 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator X-Z Plane: Figure 3.1.3.3.1.b X-Z plane of DR antenna Figure 3.1.3.3.1.e The Chart of Frequency(MHz) and Gain(dBi) of X-Z Plane’s radiation in vertical direction [Type text] Page 99 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator Y-Z Plane: Figure 3.1.3.3.1.f Y-Z plane of DR antenna Figure 3.1.3.3.1.g The Chart of Frequency(MHz) and Gain(dBi) of Y-Z Plane’s radiation in horizental direction The maximum gain of 5.16 which the antenna can radiate is in X-Y plane and in horizontal direction on 2420MHz The Figure 7.1.3.3.1.b show the peak angle of X-Y plain at 45o The pattern in the y-z plane is with a peak gain magnitude of [Type text] Page 100 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator 4.49 dBi at 320 o in horizontal direction, while the pattern in the x-z plane is with a peak gain magnitude of 3.85 dBi at 310 o in vertical direction 3.2 Result: Figure 3.2 Graph1 show the comparison about f and return loss between Monopole, DR antenna without DR and DR antenna with DR The measured result of the network analyzer and the simulation result are not really different from each other In the Fig 3.2, graph1 show that the antenna with DR is better than the rest of two antenna about return loss of -45.25dB and frequency of 2.42GHz Bandwith of the antenna with DR is about 550MHz(from 2.27~2.72GHz) The frequency of the antenna with DR nearly meet with the demand frequency of standard WLan 802.11b/g 3.3 Conclusion: The proposed antenna has a small size, effective feeding structure, and adequate operational bandwidth, such that it is suitable for use in communication system applications Measured results of mutual coupling between two low-profile, very-high-permittivity DR antennas have been presented The DR antennas are excited using a coplanar waveguide feed in this study With DR, we can shorten the size of the antenna to meet the the applications of microwave ceramics in mobile communications, such as resonators, filters and antennas, have been rapidly increasing in the last decade with a high dielectric constant, a high quality factor, and a near-zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency for the small size, low loss and high temperature stability, respectively [Type text] Page 101 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator REFERENCES A.Z.Elsherbeni and C.D.Taylor Jr., “Antenna Pattern Plotter,” Copyright 1995, Electrical 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John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada, No 27- 104 [Type text] Page 104 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator [Type text] Page 105 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator [Type text] Page 106 The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped NMZS ceramic and Dielectric Resonator [Type text] Page 107 ... inevitable shortcomings, we hope to receive the valuable contribution from my teachers and friends Le Vu Anh Duy and HuynhVan Ngoc Hai [Type text] Page The Microwave Dielectric Properties of CuO doped