Phân tâm học và tân phân tâm học từ freud đến adler và trường phái frankfurt

TAP CH( KHOA HOC XA HOI S 2(174)-2013 TRI^T HQC - CHiNH TRJ HQC - LU*T HQC PHAN TAM HOC VA TAN PHAN TAM HQC TU" FREUD DtN ADLER VA TRD'ONG PHAI FRANKFURT DINH NGQC THACH NGUVeN TH| THANH THOY TOM TAT ChO nghTa Freud trd thinh m$t trio twu khd ph6 bi6n to- sau ChiSn tranh thS gi&i iSn thCf nhSt, gSn vOi nhOvg biSu hi$n khOng hoang cua van h6a, xS h0i Cdc nhinh khcic cua chu nghTa Freud bS sung CO so triSt hpc va phuvng ph^p lu$n cho hoc thuyM cOa chO nghTa Freud m^ chlnh Freud cdn thiiu s y RA oCn vA cAc GIAI BOAN CCIA PHAN TAM HQC Phan tam hpc Sigmund Freud (18551939), bac si ngu'di Ao goc Do Thai, sinh tai Freiburg, Moravia, de quoc Ao-Hung (nay thupo ve Cong hoa Sec) sang lap Nam 13 tu6i ong theo gia dinh den Vienna sinh song Nam 1873 ong hoc tai Khoa Y Bai hpc Vienna, nSm sau moi tot nghi$p Nh&ng cong trinh dau tien cua Freud ban ve sinh ly hpc, giai phlu hpc nac bp TCf nhOng nam 1880 du'oi anh hu'O'ng cija tru-ang phai Phap (Charcot, Bernheim) ve thoi mien Freud tim hilu chirng roi loan Binh Ngpc Thach Phd Giio su' tien s7 Trung tam Lj lujn Chlnh tri Bai hpc Qu6c gia TPHCM NguySn Th| Thanh Thuy Tien si Vi$n Ph4t trien B^n vOng vUng Nam Bp th^n kinh chiic nSng (tam th^n) NhCrng nam 90 cua t h i lc nang, d^y n6 d i n llnh vg'c tam ly ngu'&i, va tCmg bu'b'c kham pha nhu'ng dilu sau kin nhit ma tam ly hpc tru'6'c d6 bp qua, ho^c nghiSn cu'u chu'a d i n noi d i n chin "Kham pha vo thuc" - dp la sg' danh gia da duoc Ihita nh|in p h i biln, du tif cSc thai d0 khen che khao Tim hilu "sy n l i loan cua v6 thirc", chu tru'ong giao dgc ngu'o'i bpnh bSng li?u phap tam ly, bing ky thuat lien tu'O'ng tu" do, theo d8i thu-ong xuyen nhu'ng thay doi tam ly cua ngu-oi bpnh, xac djnh nhOng nguyen nhan cua bung n6 xijc cam, nhOng I n ire cang lam noi bat vai tro ngu'o'i thay thulc - nha giap dye dilu kipn phirc tap cua xa hpi, tam ly ngi^oi chju qua nhilu ton thu-ang tCr ben ngoai Freud khpng gpi minh la nha triet hpc, song Phan tam hpc ong sang lap vu'pt khoi khuon kho cua mpt hpc thuylt tam ly, mang y nghla trilt hpc ro rang vi, thir nhat, SU' khai quat hoa trilt hoc nhij'ng y tu'O'ng CO ban vi^c xac lap co che tam ly cua ca nhan, thii' hai, tinh khuynh hu'O'ng ly luan, gan vol hanh trinh tu' tuong cua Freud Nhu* vay tip nam 1900 tren diln dan trilt hoc phippng Tay da xuat hipn mpt tru'ong phai trilt hpc tam ly theo khuynh hu'ong phi ly nhan ban, co ten gpi la chu nghla Freud (Freudism), hay don glan la Phan tam hpc T h I h# sau Freud cang lam cho Phan tam hpc mang dipn mao trilt hpc thu'C sy, dong thoi khoi goi nhieu van d l lien quan d i n sang tao van hoa Bay thu'C sy la mpt bwac dot pha tao bao trpng tri4t hoc tam ty, cho du khong phai nhyng luan dilm nao cua chu nghla Freud oung deu dyoc cSc nha nghien ciru va thi.i'c tiln thCfa nh$n Chu nghla Freud tii" buoi d i u da khSng phai la mpt tru'ong phai thing nh^t Ngay giita nh&ng hpc tro than tin nhlt cua Freud vao nam 1910 d§ diln cupc tranh lu$n xem cai gi d6ng vai tr6 nang lupng tam ly CO ban N l u Freud nang l^ong 4y la nang lypng tam ly-tinh due, thi o A Adler (tam ly hpc ca thI) vai trc thupe ve m|ic cam gia trj chu'a hoan thipn va u'o'C mu6n ty hoan thi?n Vdi K Jung (tam ly hpc phan tich), v6 thu'C tap t h I va nhu-ng nguySn mSu (archetip) mdi la co so cua sang tap, nhit la sang tao van hoa, ngh? thuat O Rank thi cho ring tpan bp hoat dpng cua ccn ngyoi luon bi am anh bol y nghl phai vypl qua "cii s i c sinh no ban alu" Mac dii cac nha phan tam hoc sau Freud xem xet lal va bac bo mpt s i luan diem cua ngyoi sang lap (ve quy tac, hay tleu chuln nghien ciru tam ly, giai thich tinh chit cua cac qua trinh tam ly, v l co c h l tam ly ), song nhu'ng nguyen ly co ban van glu nguyen: nang lygng vc thirc, nhi>ng khia canh phi ly ciJa doi song ngyoi, tinh chit xung dot va si,^ phan than cua thI gioi npi tam, tinh dpn nen, tinh b| ice chl, bj dan ap va y chi phan khang, van d l suy d l i van hoa C/ My xu hu'ong sinh hoc hoa phan tam hpc kit hop vol chO nghla thyc chirng va chu nghla hanh vi (behaviorism) Ben canh CO xu hu'O'ng lam g i n chu nghTa Freud voi B i l u khlln hoc (Cybernetics) Chu nghla Freud-xa hpi cung cc tilng n6i trpng gloi hoc thu^t, no xem xet cac hlpn DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HQC tu'O'ng chinh th, van hoa, xa hpi nhu- k^t qua cua si^ thang hoa (sublimation) nSng Ju'p'ng tam 19 tinh dgc, SLF bien d6i cac qud trinh v6 thi>c du-ai t^c dpng cua doi s6ng van h6a, xa hpi, Vao cuoi nhi>ng nam 30 cua th^ ky XX chu nghTa Freud-m6i c6 gang bi4n phan tam hoc mpt hpc thuyet thu^n xa hOi hpc va vSn h6a hpc, xa roi d^n quan di^m v6 thifc va cac y^u to sinh hpc thdi Freud, TCr cu6i nhi>ng nam 1940, tCfc sau Chi4n tranh the gidi l^n thCf hai, cac v^n 6k va c^c ket qua nghien CLPU cua phan tSm hpc du'p'c si> dyng rpng rai Phan tam hpc xa hpi lien ket vai chu nghTa hipn sinh va cung xac djnh hinh anh ngu'o'i mOt the gioi phu-c tgp, du-ng a "tinh th^ tranh chip" gii>a ton tgi va hu- v6, hoa binh va chi4n tranh, hu'ng thinh va v^ Vien Nghien ci>u Xa hoi tgi Frankfurt (tru-ong ph^i Frankfurt) chju anh hu-ang dang ke cua phan tam hoc Mpt so dai di^n thien ta cua no dung hoa phan tam hpc voi chu nghTa Marx, nhim tao dirng hpc thuyet chiet trung thep kieu chu nghTa Freudmacxit Phan tam hpc va cac van de no gpi nen hipn tiep tyc thu hut sy quan tam nghien cu'u cua cac nha triet hpc, xa hpi hpc, tam ly hpc, van hoa hpc, dap difc hpc, chinh trj hpc TCf FREUD D^N ALFRED ADLER VA TRU'6'NG P H A I FRANKFURT Alfred Adler la nha tam ly hpc, bac sT tam thin va nha tu- tu-ong ngu'o'i Ao, mpt nhij'ng tien boi cua chu nghla Freud-moi (neo-freudianism)'^', ngu'o'i sang Igp he th6ng tam ly hoc ca nhan, mo du-ang cho sy do-i quan diem cua thuyet ca nhan ve nhan each Kheic voi Freud de cap v6 thu-c, Adler du'p'c gpi la Ego-psychologist vi 6ng d|c bi^t nhan mgnh vai tr6 cua y thu'C ca nhan Con ngu'o'i y thu'C du'p'c dpng co sau kin cua cac hanh vi, cu* chi cua minh, chu' khong phai t i t ca d^u du'p'c di^u khiln mpt cSch v6 thu'C Nam 1901 Adler len tieng Ling ho cu6n s^ch m6'i cua Freud - cu6n Gi§i ma gi^c mo, nho d6 ong duoc Freud d l y moi tham gia nhom hpc thugt mm vu-a du'p'c th^nh l^p v^ phcin tcim hpc Nam 1902 Adler tiep cgn vol nhom Freud, song khong tan lugn dilm cua Freud ve vai tro cua dgc tinh a tre the sy phat triln tam ly Trong cuon sach du'p'c cong bo nam 1907, Tim hiSu tinh khong hoan thi^n cua c&c co quan, ong du'a thong di#p ve su' c i n thiet xac l|ip cac phu'ong thLKC nghien cCfu phan tam hpc khac Quan hp giija Adler va Freud cang xlu di Trong vong hai thang cu6i nam 1910 Freud thay doi lien tgc sy danh gia cua minh ve hpc thuyet cua Adler, tif ch6 khen Adler la thong minh, co triln vong, din ch6 quy ket hoc thuylt cua Adler la r6i rim va khong the hilu noi Cung nam Adler du'oc chon lam Chu tjch Hoi Phan tam hpc Vienna Nhieu nha nghien cu-u xem Adler nhu- hpc tro cua Freud, song xet npi dung Xu tu'O'ng ca Adler va Jung deu xa d i n nguyen tic xuat phat cua phan tam hpc Freud Du hp'p tac vol Freud, song ho v l n kien tri quan diem von c6 cua hp, vi thI khong the chi noi rang Adler va Jung phat trien phan tam hpc, ma dung hen la thyc hipn sy hipu chinh mpt phan phan tam hpc Nam 1912 Adler cong bo tac pham V§ 6ac tinh cua thin i l^i quan dilm nln tang cua phan tam hpc Freud: ben ngoai y thu'C ton tai mot hipn thyc tam ly, v6 thu'C Reich dua phu'ong an ly giai moi v l "co cau tam ly sinh hpc cua ca thI": 1) ting be mgt, tCfc ting lien ket xa hpi, ting "xa hpi hu nguy" (lien tu'O'ng h6 sau ngan each Trong so cac nha phan tam hpc sau Freud, giu'a "v$t ty no" va "hi^n tu-ong"); 2) ting vgn dgng phan tam hpc vao viec ly giai trung gian, ting chong dli xa hoi (lien nhu'ng van de xa hpi, phai k l den Wlihelm tu'O'ng v6 thu-e eua Freud), tong so nhij-ng Reich (1897-1957) voi hQC thuyet tinh ducxung dpng bac hai nhOng cuong vpng ngu la nhgn hon nh^n hp-p phap nhu' sy ki^n CO y nghTa to lo-n d6i voi gia dinh hi0n dgi, giao dge tinh dgc nhu- phu'ong thtfc ph6ng ngCra cac bpnh gian tTnh mgch v^ v l n d l tinh dgc, dgy mon v? sinh hpc tinh dgc cho bac sT va giao vien, khu-oc tu" trCrng phgt tOi phgm thyc hi^n tpi ac tren co so tinh dgc, va chCna trj nhOng ke phgm toi logi blng cong nghp phan tam hpc Sy khung hpang sy nghiep cua Reich trung hp'p vd'i khung hoang chinh tri cua dat nu-oc, Hitler nIm quyin lye tCr nam 1933 Trong quan dilm chinh trj Reich ph6 ph^n "chu nghia eye quyIn", chu nghTa phat xit tif khia canh tam ly Trong Tam !•/ d^i Chung va chu nghTa phat xit ong vilt: "Do cho chu nghTa phat xit, khong Ip thupc vao thoi gian va vj tri xult hipn eua no, la phong trao eua quan ehung nhan dan, nen no CO tat ca nhijng dae tru'ng va mau thuin, CO hiju o co c l u tinh each cua ca the dai Chung Trai vai du' luan chung, chu nghTa phat xit khong thuIn la mot trao lu'u phan dpng, ma no the hien nhu' sy kit hop cam xuc noi logn va tu* tuong xa hpi phan dpng"'^' Reich khong phu nhan sy hien dipn cua nang lye libido eo' cau tam ly ea nhan, hon nOa Igi phan tich no du-oi goc dp xung dot xa hpi Trong tac pham noi tieng Cach m^ng tinh di^c {The Sexual Revolution, 1936) sy giai phong ngu-oi du'p'c xem xet o khia canh ty tinh dgc Day la tac pham gay soc cho xa hpi mpt thoi Vao nu'a dau the ky XX phan tam hpc tilp nhgn them nhOng nguon nang lu'p'ng moi tu' chat lipu thyc tiln cua doi song xa hpi, gin nhOng v l n de tam ly ca nhan voi nhu'ng moi quan tam chung, tao nen phong c^ch ty phe phan xa hpi dgc tru'ng Tru'ong phai Frankfurt tieu bieu cho phong each cua phan tam hpc, hay c6 t h I gpi Id phan tam hpc xa hOi, phan tam hpc e6 djnh hu'ong phe phan xa hpi V l mgt Ijch sij, tru'ong phai Frankfurt db-i tu- nhijng n3m 20 (1923) voi tdn gpi Vi$n Nghien cCru Xa hOi {Institut fur Sozialforschung), thupc Dgi hpc Frankfurt am Mam sang kiln cua Carl Griinberg, mpt nha mac xit "chinh thong" va giao su' chinh tr| Vol n l n tang do, tru'O'ng phai Frankfurt du'ng tren Igp tru'O'ng tu tu-dng canh ta, mpt s6 dai bilu ty gpi la dgi dipn eua chu nghTa Mac phu'O'ng Tay (doi l|p voi chu nghTa Mac Stalin hoa, va noi chung la chu nghTa Mac bi biln dang) Tu" nam 1930 (hoac 1931) Giam doe Vipn Frankfurt la M, Horkheimer Bit dIu tO vj Giam d6c hogt dpng cua Vien chuyen d i n sang khuynh huang phe phan xa hgi Ong tuyen bo mge tieu cua Vien la xac Igp "trilt hpc xa hpi", du'oc bo sung bang qua trinh nghien eCcu thyc nghiem Vao thoi ky chu nghTa phat xit len d m quyen, mpt nhpm eae nha trilt hpc Frankfurt lanh ngn tgi Thgy ST, Phap, My Sau Chiln tranh the gioi l l n thu" hai mpt so Igi My, mpt so khac tra ve Frankfurt Den nhu-ng nam 1950 tryong phai Frankfurt mo rpng pham vi hpgt dpng, dgt du'gc nhilu qua nghien CLCU, Trong tryong phai Frankfurt noi bgt nhieu ten tu6i Ion nhu' Max Horkheimer, Theodor Ludwig W Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Seligmann Frpmm, Walter Benjamin, Leo Lowenthal, Franz Leopold Neumann, Friedrich Pollock, Jurgen Habermas, Oskar Negt Hai ngyoi sau cung thupc the he thy hai, dang tilp tgc lam vipc trpng cac tru'O'ng dai hpc DINH NGQC THACH - NGUY£N TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HQC Nhieu nha tu- tu'O'ng cua tru'ong phai Frankfurt tilp can vai hoc thuylt ve co cau nhan each, v6 thu-e va nguyen t i c thoa man eua chu nghTa Freud (Freudism), tCr hp nhan manh su' thoa man ban nang, cai dSn d i n sy kilm soat doi voi ca nhSn Trong eupe dau tranh voi tu' nhien va moi tru'ong xa hpi ngu'o'i che ngy ban nang, tuan thu nguyen tie hipn thyc, thay doi chung Noi khac di, nguyen tie thoa man phg thuoe vao nguyen tic hipn thyc, dieu da dat ngu'di le thupc vao xa hpi Tu- goc phan tam hoc, cac dgi bilu cua tru'O'ng phai Frankfurt cho rang, chu nghTa phat xit (fascism)'^' khong phai la mpt truang hp'p ngogi le, mpt hien tu'p'ng ea bipt heh su-, ma la sy phan anh nhi>ng khuynh hu'O'ng chung nhIt, Thay vi kit an cac phong trao phat xit tCr goc dp Ipi ich cua giai elp, tap doan chinh tri, ho xem xet hien tuong chu nghTa phat xit nhu- bien thai cua ca c h l tam ly, d i n toi cac hanh vi da man, phi nhan tinh W Reich^' la mpt trpng nhu-ng ngu-oi dau tien toan tinh phan tich chu nghTa phat xit ti> lap tru'ong cua phan tam hpc Trong tac phim Tam ly dai chung vS (va) chu nghTa phat xit {The Mass Psychology of Fascism hAassenpsychologie des Faschismus 1946), Reich nhan djnh: "Tinh thin phat xit, la tinh than cua "con ngu'di nho be", bi no djch, mong muon dat din quyIn lu'c va cung dong thai phan khang Chang phai nglu nhien ma tat ca nhu'ng ke chuyen chinh phat xit deu xuat than til' moi tru'ong phan dpng cua "nhOng ngu-oi nho be"'^* Phan tam hpc, dae biet la phan tam hoc xa hpi cua mpt s i dai bleu thuoc truang phai Frankfurt eo m6i lien he vol ca chu nghTa Mac lln ehu nghTa hien sinh Yeu t6 chiet trung le c6 nhien cIn du'oc xem xet mot each co phe phdn Mat khac, sy tieh hyp, thgm chi hoa l l n cac dong tu" tu'O'ng d l i l^p c6 t h I goi mo cau tra loi kha thilt thyc dieu ki$n phu-c tgp cua xa hpi phu'ong TSy Marcuse noi ve "van minh kh6ng co tinh dan ap", v l viec phat huy sue mgnh eua Eros (than Al tinh thin thogi Hy Lgp), nho ban nang gay hin, ban nang chit bj day lui CCing d l cap sy tha hoa, nhu-ng Marcuse khong dgt no sy hi^n hCpu tru-ang ci>u m6i ca nhan (tinh t h I phan doi triln mien kiep nguai), ma huang din each tilp cgn macxit v l kha nang vupl qua trang thai phi ly eua dai song, tim niem vui thong dipp cua Eros Lao dpng l y se khong bj tha hoa nu-a, ma biln tro chai tw do, phu hop vol ban tinh nguoi'^^ Trong logic phan tich cua Fromm c6 kha nhieu diem ehung vai ehu nghTa hipn sinh Fromm eo gIng rut tinh chit bi kjch eua ton tgi ea nhan ti> nhu-ng mau thuan cua doi song nguoi, ma day Igi la dilm nhan chu nghTa hien sinh Cac nha hien sinh khong ban din co so khach quan cua ea t h I tinh, Fromm cung vgy, mac du eo de cap nhi^ng thien hu'ong phi biln ve tinh yeu, niem tin, suy nghT Cae nha hien sinh xoay sau vao chu t h I tinh, vao "hien sinh" nhu- phuong thuc ton tai dgc tru-ng cua ngu-oi Fromm danh cho eon ngu'di sy phan tieh rieng, song rot cupc ong v l n cho rang ban chat cpn ngydi khong nen nhin tu goc ban the, hay "chat nen tang" ngudi, ma tCr nhi>ng va chgm, mau thuIn co huu ton tgi ca nhan O Frpmm viec giai quylt nhj phan Ijch su- va nhi phan hien sinh dupe thyc hien tren co sd nhgn thu-c ca hai binh BINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN TH| THANH THOY - PHAN TAM HOC dipn - binh di^n xa hoi va binh di$n ca nhan Khic phye nhj phan lieh su", tire nhyng mau thuIn tiln trinh lieh su-, dyft tac dpng eua nhyng dilu kien xS h|i, thep Fromm ein g i n v^i vi$e xac lap m|t xa h|l nhan dao ml'i D l i vdi nhi phan hi^n sinh, hinh tu* chlnh t i n tai eua eon ngyoi, nen chf giai quylt tirng phln blng each giai phing nguin xung lye cua cupc sing ca nhan, khai thong kha nang cua ngydi tinh yeu, nllm tin va trpng suy nghT Nhy vay, vi0c giai phIng ngyoi chi c l t h I dat dyoc tren co s6' sij dyng phan tam hpc eo djnh hyong bien chirng va nhan dao, nho mi'i danh thirc dyoc nhyng yeu to phe phan y thirc ngyoi Nhi>ng khai nipm nhy " k l hoach hoa nhan dao", "dy phong nhan dao", "tich eye hoa" ea the blng dyong thay t h I cac phyong thirc eua ehl dp quan lieu bj tha hpa bang cac phyong thirc cua sy quan ly mang tinh nhan dao, sy thay doi phyong thirc tieu diing xu hyong gia tang tinh tich eye cua ngyoi va khie phge tinh thy dpng, sy p h i bien nhyng hinh thirc moi eija djnh hyong tam ly-tinh thin, nhu-ng dinh hyong eIn phli tyong thich vol cac h0 thong ten giap qua khir Fromm eung dya y tyong xac lap nhyng cpng dong nho ma o ngyoi ty minh tao lap nen van hoa 111 sing, phong each ty duy, chuin myc dao dire dac tryng, nhyng khong d l i lap voi djnh hyong chung, ding thoi lam phong phii cupc sing cua minh blng cac bleu typng tam llnh, cac nghi l l , sinh heat ton giao Nhy vay, Fromm da dya vao ty tyong v l eon ngyoi va xa hpi nhyng y l u to mang tinh hien sinh chu nghla d l tao nen mpt each tiep can thyc t l hon ve than phan, sy nIm trai va khat vpng eua cpn ngyoi-ea nhan Ong xem nhu'ng y tyong thyc sy la each mang v l nllm hy vong, v l sy cai t l y thirc d l v y p i qua khung hoang cua xa h|i hi?n tai"°' K^T LUAN Phan tam hpc, nhy da nci tren, ban dIu khing phai la mpt trao lyu, hay khuynh hyong triet hpc ma chf la mpt dpt pha quan trpng viec chCra bpnh rli loan than kinh chirc nang blng lieu phap tam ly Tuy nhien vol thoi gian, phan tam hpc dyoc bilt d i n nhy "kham pha v6 thire", mpt v l n d l hilm thIy trilt hpc tmyen thing, ma day la dilu ky dipu treng qua trinh phi cc dien hoa trilt hoe v l n bit dIu tu- nhyng nam 30-40 cua t h I ky XIX "Kham pha v6 thirc" la each danh gia d n g blng va CO y nghTa nhIt doi voi phan tam hoc, tryoc h i t la phan tam hpc Freud, "khong c l n bao v$ toan bo hpc thuyet phan tam va hinh thirc nguyen thuy v l trj lipu, nhyng cung khIng t h I phu nhjn anh hyong sau sac eua hpc thuyet l y din ty tyong chung cua thoi dai dae bi#t v l tam ly hpc tam ly trj li^u"'"' Cho du nh&ng ngyoi sau Freud, co Adler, tim each cai biln mpt s i v l n d l cua phan tam hpc nhim lam cho phan tam hpc phat trien hon, seng cai elt loi nhlt Freud mo dIu vln c l n nguySn gia trj pham vi hpc thuylt Qua trinh tir phan tam hpc "co diln" d i n tan phan tam hpc va phan tam hpc xa hpi (tap trung kha r i m rp tryong phai Frankfurt) la dyong eua sy tim toi kham pha, lam moi minh, qua trinh tham nhap vao doi song xa hpi, va eung la mpt trpng nhyng dac dilm n l i bat cua trilt hpc phyong Tay hi$n dai • DINH NGQC THACH - NGUYEN THj THANH THOY - P H A N T A M H Q C CHU T H I C H '" Ra ddl \.ir nhOng nSm 20 cua thI ky XX trfin nln t^ng hpc thuylt Freud, vOi mpt s6 dgi di^n nhu- Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan phan tam hpc, c6 anh hu-d-ng dang k l din phong trao cSnh ta tgi phu-ang Tay '^' BHJibre/ibM Pat^x Tlcuxonosufj Mace u 0auju3M cne 1997, crp (Wilhelm Reich TSm 1^ d^i chOng va chu nghTa ph^t xit Petersburg, 1997, tr Ban djch sang tilng '^Anwjjpew Aonep MndueudyanbHaR ncuxo/ioauft Nga) Kax nymb K noanaHUK} u caMono3HaHUH3 HenoeeKa (Alfred Adler Tdm // c^ nhSn nhw'^* Xem H IVIarcuse Eros and Civilization A philosophical Inquiry Into Freud New York, du-dfng din dSn si/ nh$n tht>c vd ti/ y thCec 1962, p 4-6, cua ngifCH) http://lib.ru/PSIH0/ADLER/Adler-3txt '^°' Xem E Fromm The Revolution of Hope ''' Ong Id nhA tSm ly hpc Ao-M?, mpt Toward a Humanized Technology New Yor nhO-ng ngu-Oi sdng l$p tru-P-ng phSi chSu Au 1968, p 97-100 cua phan tam hpc, ngu-Oi nhlt s6 cac '"* David Stafford-Clark (Ngu'di dich U VSn hpc trP cua Freud (ta gpi la nhO-ng nha tan Luy^n-Huyln Giang), Freud dS thi/c sw ndi gi phan tam hpc) phat tnIn tu' tu-dng phg phan xS Nxb Thigidi Ha Npi 1998, tr 29 hpi mpt each cSn ban nhu' d6i hoi thu tifeu thudao dCrc cd tinh dan ap va chu tru-ang gido dgc ve tinh dye, nhd d6 da anh hyang tich eye den TAI Lieu THAM KHAO phong trao canh ta mOi if Tay Au, cOng nhu' Anbcfipefl AflJiep l/lndueudyanbHafi m$t vai trao liiu giao ly bl truyen ncuxonoeup Kan nymb K noanaHuio u **'Thuat ngO Orgone energy xult phat ti> tieng caMono3HaHUK) nenoeeKa Latinh Organismus, nghTa la "thyc the sing" (http://lib.ru/PSIH0/ADLER/Adler-3.txt) Reich su- dgng thu^t ngCr luSn giai "nang David Stafford-Clark (Ngudi djch: Le Van lu'png phi quat ciJa cupc sing" gin vP'i sy pha Luy^n-Huyen Giang) 1998 Freud da tht/c hQycac quy luat vatiy si/n6igi Ha Npi; Nxb ThI gidi '^'W Reich ncnxonornn Mace \A (jDaiuiiaM E Fromm 1968 The Revolution of Hope Cne., 1997 Toward a Humanized Technology New York http://lib.nj/POLITOLOG/RAJH_W/raihdd.txt (flepeBoa c aHr/iMficKoro tO.M.flOHua3/11/2005) H Marcuse 1962 Eros and Civilization A '^' Tilng Italia fasclsmo, xult phat ti> fascio - Philosophical Inquiry Into Freud New York lien minh, thong nhlt, kit nil, chlng hgn t6n J.P Charrier (Le Thanh Hoang Dan dich) gpi cua t l ehCpc chlnh trj Co Mussolini (18831972 Phan tam hgc Sai Gdn: Nxb Tre 1945) dCmg fllu la Fascio di Combattimento, Phgm Minh LSng 2000 Freud va tam nghTa la Lian minh dIu tranh phin hpc Ha Npi: Nxb VSn hda Thong tin '^' Wlihelm Reich (1897-1957), nha tam ly Ao7 Sigmund Freud (Vu Binh Lu-u d|ch) 1969 My, ngu'di nhlt s6 cac hpc trd cua Phin tSm hoc An Tiem Freud (nhljng ngirdi ty tuyfin b l la dai di0n tan phan tam hpc, vdi nhfrng each tilp c§n khac Vu Dinh Lu'u 1968 Hanh trinh vao phan nhau) phat tnen tu' tu-dng phS phan xS hpi tam hQC Hoang Dong-Phu'ong  ... FREUD D^N ALFRED ADLER VA TRU'6'NG P H A I FRANKFURT Alfred Adler la nha tam ly hpc, bac sT tam thin va nha tu- tu-ong ngu'o'i Ao, mpt nhij'ng tien boi cua chu nghla Freud- moi (neo-freudianism)'^',... hpc khac Quan hp giija Adler va Freud cang xlu di Trong vong hai thang cu6i nam 1910 Freud thay doi lien tgc sy danh gia cua minh ve hpc thuyet cua Adler, tif ch6 khen Adler la thong minh, co... Adler la r6i rim va khong the hilu noi Cung nam Adler du'oc chon lam Chu tjch Hoi Phan tam hpc Vienna Nhieu nha nghien cu-u xem Adler nhu- hpc tro cua Freud, song xet npi dung Xu tu'O'ng ca Adler