Dạy học từ ngoại ngữ theo tiếp cận tâm lý học

DAY HOC TD N G O A I N G Q THEO TIER CAN TAM LY HOC GSTS Tran Hffu Luy^n Trudng Dai hoc Ngoai ngil • Ihii hoc QIU'H gia lid Ndi loM r \ i l)ii\ hoc u'( ui^oai ngif cd nhieu binh dirn ti^'p < dn dd tie'p can tU binh dien tarn iv hoe Id i at < dn ban song nhieu dux hoc tif ngoai ngilkhon^ duac de cdp dcii h('d< de nip mm cd(h klimig ddv die l I'l tie'p can tarn ly lux hogi dong, ddc biet tif quan hat tncn nang luc ttr vung phuc \'ii eho giao licp ngOn ngii Ttr cd nhieu nghia, nen hie'u y ttr nghTa cua ttr va sir dung nghTa ciia ttr dc the' hien y la va'n de lua chpn duoc nghTa giin nhat ihi'eh hpp giao licp Cho nen, hieu \a sir dgng tir Irong giao Iiep ngOn ngii la lira chon dupe nghTa gan nhai thi'ch hap vdi tinh hudng Idi noi va ngfr ciinh Day la mOt ky nang rat can ban ciia nam viing Itr, Ve mat phat sinh loai ttr diroc b.ii diu hinh tinh hudng lao dong Ve mat phai sinh ca the nam \'rrng ttr cung dupe b.il dau tCr tinh hudng nhung la tinh hudng Idi ndi gi.io tie'p \oi ngirdi Idn d ca hai binh dien, nam vting ttr deu la mOt qua trinh, bat tiaii bang hiCii tir tinh hudng Idi ndi \'a sau dd mdi sir dung dupe tir tlo nhirng tinh hudng Idi ndi tuong tu Vice nam vihfig ttr d giai doan khdi dau cd hai dieu kien quan - Phai hie'u ttr, hieu nghia cila tir; hieu ttr, hiC-u nghi.i ciia tir la viec trudc nen sir dung ttr sir dung nghia eiia tir la vice licp iheo Logit n.iy khOng Ihe dao nguoc - Tinh hudng loi ndi eiia ttr Khtri dau, ph.ii d i i n Irong linh huong Idi ndi cu the, tire hi phu Ihutic vim himg loat yen lo cu.i tinh hudng Idi ndi cu the- ' Vice nam vfrng tir, nam \iriig nghia eiia ttr Irong Idi ndi thu dting (nghe) dien cung giong vice nam vung tir nilm vung nghia eii.i ttr Idi noi chit dpng (mil) Deu bat thiu bang hic-ii tir hiC-u nghia ciia Itr sau mdi su dung dupe lir sir thing dirpc nghia cii.i lir, Sau co kicn Ihi'rc \ e ttr \irng nam x-Ung Itr, n.lm vfrng nghia cua ttr mdi ehuycn sang true licp liong nguciinh Viec niim vfrng ttr, nam \'frng nghTa cila tir mang r5 dae d i i m phat tncn tam 24 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd (161), - 2012 ly ngdn ngir liia ludi ciia ngudi giai doan ddu ddi cua ire viee nam viing dupe nghTa ey the ciia ttr nhin chung khdng viing chac; nghTa thudng chi gdn vdi nhimg bieu hien de tha'y ciia vat, chir khdng phai bi^u hien ban cha't cua vat va cac giai doan sau, nghTa eu the' dupe nam viing gan vdi bi^u hien ban ehai eiia vat, thi nd eiing khdng bat bien, ma licp luc dupe phat iiicn khdng ngtrng Thi du, nghTa va y ten ngudi me chang han luc d-lu ddi vdi dira ire chi la nghTa ngudi phu nir cu the chain sdc nd, mang dam m-lu sac linh cam va tinh hudng; Idn hon den trudng nghTa v;i y irong ten ngudi me khdng chi la ngudi phu ntr sinh nd ma cdn la ngudi phu nU da hei Idng cham sdc chiu dung khd khan, lo toan mpi thir de nd dupe trudng va den nhieu ludi hon niia, cai ten ngudi me la ca mdt lieu sir dai lau v^ ngudi me gan vdi nhirng khiic quanh thay ddi, nhung bien cd sir kien khdng the' quen vii nhiing tinh cam sau dam nhiing linh hudng hoan canh sinh ddng ciia Uiuc lien da trai qua Mdi ngudi deu cd mot von tir x.ic dinh irong dd mdi lir di^u ehira dung nhu'ng ndi dung nghia va y phong phu nhu \ay chiing phat tri^n theo thdi gian, phu (liiioc v.io irai nghiem, kinh nghiem trinh do, van lida va hit:u biei ciia mdi ngudi Veu cau tiim l> ddi M»i day tir ngoai ngfr Nhiing dieu da irinh bay d tren ve cac noi dung tam ly cua lir cd ra't nhieu y nghia ddi vdi day hpc tir ngoai ngir D:iy la co sd khoa hpc de dua cac yeu c^u lam ly lam sang td wi \a\' dung cac nguycn tac giao hpc phap ndi dung va phUPng phap da\' hoe ttr ngoai ngir ttr binh dien tam ly hoc Can cii vao cac ndi dung tam ly ciia tir da trinh bay, dudi day xin dua moi so cac yeu can tam ly nhu vay Trudc he't, dc day hpc lir ngoai ngiT hay day ttr ndi chung, can khai thae eae chiic nang tam ly ciia ttr Nhu da trinh bay, lir cd riii nhieu chiic nang tam ly Trudc hel la chirc nang xac dinh vai chinh xac ehire nang xac dinh vat, tfnh chat, hanh dpng hoac quan he Da\ la chiic nang rat cP ban ciia ttr Trong thuc te day hpc tir d nha trudng chirc nang da dupe dat ttr dau, dupe quan tam dae biet, rat Idn va nhieu la quan tam nhat Viec quan tam sdm, dac biet, ra't Idn la hoan loan can ihiel, vi day la chirc nang thay the ciia ngdn ngii ndi chung, ciia tii ndi rieng nhung la nha't, thi ndi dung day hoe lir lii ehira dii vi iCr eon nhCrng ehire nang khae va rat quan Mdt irong nhirng chirc nang quan khae dd la chue nang phan tfch vat di sau vao dac diem ciia nhirng trtru lUpng hoa va khai quat hoa nhirng da'u hieu ciia chung, tim nhung dac diem ban chai chung ciia nhung vat va dua chiing vao he thdng nhirng lien he, quan he phi'rc lap vao nhung Idp, nhung loai, nhung pham irti xac dinh Day hpc tir khdng the khong quan liim khai thae ehire nang Nam duoc chirc nang ciia tir mdi cd the dirng lir lam cdng cu ciia lu duy, ciia y thirc, ciia luu giir, truydn dal kinh nghiem, eiia giao tie'p ngdn ngir vii eiia cdng eu xir ly thdng tin Khi ehiic nang dupe chii y day hoc tir, thi thudng lai chi chii y khai ihac tir lam cdng cu ciia giao tiep vii xir ly ihdng lin ma ft hoac khdng quan tam diing mire de'n tir lam cdng eu ciia lu ciia y thirc, ciia hai giir truydn dat kinh nghiem Thanh la nhieu sau da hoc tir nguoi hoc cd the van dung TAP CHi TAM Lt HOC, Sd (161), - 2012 25 duoc lot tir vao giao licp nhimg v5n khOng trii Idi dupe nhQng cau hdi lien quan de'n chiic nang eiia tir nhu "ci hi gi'.'" "chim li gi?" "ngudi la gi?" v.v tiic la v5n khOng niim dutie chic nang tam 1^ phan ti'ch vat, chua thSy dupe ban chai eiia vat Itr the hien Dc Ira Idi dutrc nhiing cau hdi nhu vay, cSn khai thae sau chirc nang phan tich niy ciia ttr Iiong diiy hpc ttr Ngoai la ttr ciin co chi'rc nang quan Irpng khac niia la chiic nang tir vung tiic lii tham gia vim nhirng nhdm quan he ngii nghTa, niim Irong nhihig trudng ngii nghTa Tir nao cung ct'i ehiic nang ngfr nghTa niiy cDng tham gia ciing nhihig ttr khiic Cling CO chung nhfrng Iruitng ngfr nghTa mire thap nhai la nhdm tir hay trudng ngu nghTa theo am d miic kha hon la nhdm ttr hay trudng ngii nghia theo hoan canh miic cao nhai la nhtim ttr hay Irudng ngfr nghTa theo ngu nghTa thuSn thuy Chinh nhd chi're nang nay, tir tao eo che' iicm iin cSn Ihiei ciia mdi lien he gitr.i tir niiy v(ii nhfrng Itr khac lam thu.1n Ipi cho vice tim nghia gan phti help nhat irong tinh hudng hii ndi hay Irong ngtr canh Do la co chf tam ly ngOn ngu rai quan dot wii vice hicu ttr va sir tlung ttr de nhan thiic va giao Hep ngon ngfr ).i\ hpc tir ciin hudng vao luyen tap eo che niiy d mire cao nhat Thu hai, day hpc ttr ndi chung va Itr ngoai ngii ndi licng thuOng chi chii y den ban chSt xa hfli ciia ttr ma i.ii ft chu y ilcii ban chit tam ly ciia tir Day tir ehi chU y de'n ban chat \.i hoi ciia ttr cua nghia ciia ttr la chi tinh den phan nOi dung khach quan ciia ttr ciia nghia ciia ttr duoc sO dong thdng nhat thtra nhan tire thdng nhai hieu va thdng nhai sir dung nhiin thiic va giao iicp Dieu rai cSn, nhung mdi la phan ndi, lOp ngoai cua ttr Dang sau ttr, sau nclii.i khach quan dd cua ttr cdn mot phan hei sire quan Irpng cua ttr; dd la nt>i dung tam ly cua ttr, nhting qua trinh tam ly nhan thirc, cam xiic, thai dp, hanh vi va ca nhiing d^u hieu cua tinh hudng, hoan canh thuc lien sinh dOng dicm ddng thiri \t'ri phan nghia khach quan cila ttr Day lit phiin hen trong, phan chim, be s.iu ciia ttr D.iy ttr, phai khai Ihac dupe phSn uim ly phan him nen ban chat tam ly hoat diMig ctia ttr (J ca the, ttr khong cd ban chai tam ly Inxii dOng thi khong the' cd dupe phSn ban chai xa hc)i ciia ttr Chinh phan ban th.it tam ly ho.ii dfing ciia tir lam cho chii the eti dutre phan ban chai xii hfu cii.i ttr, Ttr khong eo ban chat tam ly, thi chi la ttr ciui ni.iy, Dtra tie va ngir(;(i hoc nam \'fnig (hicu \.i su dung) Itr nghia ciia tir bao gid cting lien ctr sir ciiii nhirng qu.i liinli liim ly x.ic ilinh Cho nen day hpc ttr can td chiic eho dirtrc nhfrng qua trinh tam ly n.iy id chuc c.ic qua trinh tam ly nhan thirc (quii Iiinh In gi.ic qua tilnh tu tiny) nghia eiia lir dic'u khidn cam ,\uc, thai do, hanh vi ciia chii llic linh hoi h.iy sir dung Itr v.i chii dong tao eae diic diem ciia tinh huong loi noi, ngfr eiinh Ihuc Ic sinh tlong lam etr sd eho niim virng noi dung, nam vfrng nghia khiieh t]iian ciia itr Noi eiieh khac, ban chai tam i\' ciia ttr cua nghi.i khiieh quan ciia ttr l.i ho.tl tlong Va\ ti.iy hoc ttr l.i day hpc etc boat ddng, khai Ihiie siiu sac ban chat l.im ly hoat dong eiia ttr I'hiii lam cho ngudi hpc hoat dpng thuc su, khong chi l.i hoat diing nhan thi're t.ii tao lai Itr, boat dpng sit dung ttr, ma ca nhfrng cam xiic, th.ii dt\ h.inh vi diCn eae boat dpng cting vdi 26 TAP CHITAM If HOC Sd (161), - 2012 nhimg dac die'm eua tinh hudng Idi noi hay ngti canh hpc tap cu the' Day cung la CO sd tam ly hpc d^ dua nguyen tac day hpc tir ngoai ngii va cfing lii nguyen tie day hoc ngoai ngO la nguyen tde boat dOng, ndi day dii bon la nguyen tac hoat dong - giao tiep, Thd ba, day hpc ttr ndi chung va day Iir ngoai ngii ndi rieng, nhi^u chi quan tam de'n nghia ciia ttr mt'ii each chung chung: iir cd nghia va can day hpc nghTa ctia ttr, Dieu dd khOng sai, Ttr eti nghTa Ihi phai day nghTa, nhung nhu the' se de thieu nhihig nOi dung can day hpc ttr, Nhir tren da trinh bay, lit khOng chi cd mot loai nghTa, day ndi de'n loai nghlii chii khOng phai ndi de'n sd lucmg nghia tir TCr cd nhieu loai nghia CSn nam that ro cac loai nghia ciia tit de dua noi dung va phuong phap day hpc ttr cho phti hop Loai nghia dupe noi den dau lien cOa ttr la nghia bicu v.it phan anh nhChig thupc tinh be ngoai cua v,at Loai nghia niiy Ihutlng dupe quan tam Uong day tit Nhimg neu day ttr chi dirng lai d nghia thi ngirdi hpc mtit cd dirpc nhting tri thi're ben ngoai eiiii vat tiic mdi cd kha nang thay the phSn ben ngoai ciia vai nhan thuc va giao tidp ngon ngfr, Phan ben Irong ban chai va nhting dac ti'nh ban chai \ii cac mdi lien he quan he cila vat mdi cho phep xir ly thOng tin mOt each chinh xac, tin ciiy, Phan thuOc loai nghia pham trti ciia ttr, Ro rang, thieu loai nghia nguoi chua the' vupt qua dupe vai Con nguoi vuot qua va hon han vat la nho cd duoc loai nghia Nhu vay vi mat ly luiin day hpc, day tur khong chu y de'n loai nghia la cdn thieu ve noi dung day ttr, Ve mat tam ly hpc, day hpc ttr thie'u loai nghia la chua tao dupe cong cii lam phat trie'n ngudi, Ro rang, day tir rat can chu y day loai nghia mot each thi'ch dang Nam duoc loai nghia nay, ngudi hpc mdi xir ly dupe thong tin Uong nhan thiic va giao tie'p ngon ngu khach quan, hieu qua Day nghia pham trti cua tir la td chi'rc cac qua trinh nhan thuc ciia ngudi hpc hudng vao tim ban chai, dac die'm va cac mdt quan he, lien he tang bac eiia vat dupe ttr the hien, nham dua dupe vat dd vao mot pham trti xac dinh, ddng thdi luyen tap cac ky nang sir dung nghia pham Irii ciia ttr nhting tinh hudng Idi noi hay cac ngti canh xac dinh, Phuong phap quan thich hpp nhat de.day hoc loai nghia ciia ttr la phuong phap day hpc duoc xay dirng tren co sd khai thae eae diic diem ciia nhan thuc ly tinh dac biet, cua tu trtru tuong vOi cac thao tac nhu phan lich, long hop, khai quat hoa, he thdng hoii eu the hoa, phan loai, ma bat cii cd kie'n Ihiic tam ly hoc dai eirong cung ro, Thu tu, day hoc ttr thucrng ehi chti y den ciic ca'u thiinh can iriic ngti nghia cua ttr, ma ft quan tam den eae ca'u ciia eau true lam ly ciui Itr, Cu the, day hpc ttr thudng quan tam khai thae cac ciiu ngir nghia ctia ttr nhu nghia bieu viit, nghia pham trti, Cac ttr ddng nghia hay nhieu nghia eae Itr trai nghia va ca truOng nghia cua cac ttr (thupc ciiu thiinh nghia bieu vat), cling mot so cac khai niem, cac thuat ngii (thupc cau thiinh nghia pham trti) duoc dua vao noi dung day hoc tir Nhirng nhting ca'u Ihanh ti'ong ciiu tnic tam ly lam co sd cho nhiing nghia dd lai hiem duoc ti'nh den Ironit noi dung dav hoc ttr nhu nhu cau TAP CHI' TAM Lt HOC, Sd (161), - 2012 27 dang CO, y dinh, y mudn, eiich thiic, chicii lupc, bilJn phip thuc hien tri nhan va sii dung tit lii giao tie'p Chi gan day nhting ca'u Ihanh ciia ciiii true tam ly ciia tir mtii dupe noi den va dir.i viio day hoe itr, Thu nam day hpc lir Ilnritng coi nghia ciia Itr ba't hicn, khOng thay ddi va chi cSn dirng lai mOI liln, I )o hi mftt nhiin Ihi'rc khOng cd co sd khoa hpc NghTa cua ttr khOng dirot hinh Ihanh chinh x^c mdt liic, ma dupe hinh Ihanh thin ilan va nghia cii Ihc da Ird nen vttng chac d cd the Ihi nd vSn Iicp luc dupe phat tncn Qua trinh phin irie'n dii ttr cd nhting nghia mat di, co nhirng nghia mdi xuat hien va nd tao mOI gia dinh, hi.i hang nha ttr, theo hudng phan anh vat cang chi'nh xac, in d.1m nhiing dac dicm ciia thuc Hen cda thdi d.ii, Cho nen, tliiy hoc ttr, day hpc nghia ciia ttr can tinh de'n sir phat trie'n nghia nhu vay cua lir, TbuiTng ttr co ba muc phai ti leii qua trinh nam vfrng d ngudi hpc: miic ngtr nghia Ihap nhai la Iheo am (cac Itr tlong am, cac tir eo am gin nhau), miic ngti nghia khii htm la Iheo hoiin canh (tiit iir ihuting xu.ii hien Irong cting hoan canh) va mttc ngfr nghia tao nhiit la ngii nghia Ihuan thuy (dting nghia cLia tir) I).i\ hpc itr cm dal dupe muc cao nhai / liirsdu ti.iy hpc ttr khOng chi chii y de'n nghia, ma t.in quan tam de'n y ciia ttr niia Trong nhan thirc va giao Hep Itr bao gid cung gdm ca nghia \'a y trie "nghia ben ngoai" ciia ttr (ycii Id co siV ciia ngOn ngti) va "nghia gi.io Hep - xa hoi" (yen id co ban ciia giao tiep) Nghia ciui Itr mang tinh kh,ith quan, tinh xii hoi la de chd y ciia ca nhan, de giao Iicp xa hoi Y eiia Itr mang tinh chii quan tinh tam ly cila ca nhan khong tu ton tai dupc mil phai nuong nhO nghia ciia tir, nhd nghia cua tit de the' hien cho ngutJi khae va cho ca chinh minh Cho nen day ttr, day nghia cua ttr la day each the hien y cii nhan each the" hien nghia giao tiep - x,! hoi nhan thire va Irong giao Iicp Ngudi ta ntii c.ic phucmg thiic ngOn ngtt truyen dat Ihong tin, truyen dat y la ntii den moi quan he (j ttr la cac phuong Ihii-c ciia nghia de Iruyen dat y Day ttr chi to kcl qua tinh den mOi quan he ciia nghia vtri y itr 7'/i/r bdv nam xung Itr la mot qua trinh, Dii day hpc tit theo phuong thiic nam Ming nha Irutrng diroe soi s.ing irong irirtmg y Ihi'rc thi van can phai cd Ihdi gian dc Ih.'iii hitii O moi gi.ii doan niim vfrng ttr ehi ef) the' Ihau hieu den mOi mii:c nhai tlinh eho nen can co moi ke ho.ith ti.iv hoe ttr Ihich http va khoa hpc B.in chin tiia nam vfnig ngt'ai ngtr la n.im vfrng k\' nang sir dung ngon ngtr dc gi.io Hep vii nhan thi're, lire la nam \ung e.ie ky n.ing ho.it dong liii ndi de nhan Ihi'rc vii giao licp ngon ngfr Nhir \iiy Ixln dial eini nam xung Itr eung la ndm vihig ky nang sir dung ttr phuc vu cho nh.in Ihuc v.i gi.io tiep ngon ngfr Ttr thu thay hien nhien rang, day hoc nam \'i"rng ttr, nam vfrng nghia eua itr la mtit qua Irinh linh hoi va luyen lap de clioi eting phiii d.it throe e.ie ky nang sir dung ttr dc' nhan Ihiic va giao tiep ngon ngfr Ciao htK' phiip d.iy ngoai ngfr noi chung va day hpc ttr cua ngon ngfr duoc tlay hoe ndi ncng d.ing pli.it tncn theo hirt'mg niiy 28 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC Sd (161), - 2012 Ngudi hpc ngoai ngir thudng da nam vihig tie'ng me de, nen viec nam vihig lii ngoai ngir cdn ehiu anh hudng sau sac eiia quy luat chuye'n di va can thiep ciia ky nang hidu va sir dung nghia va y ciia ttr tie'ng me de Day cting la mdt ndi dung tam ly, nhung khdng la ddi tupng quan tam ciia bai vie't Tren ddy la mot sd van 66 tam ly ve day hpc tir ngoai ngtr ndi rieng va day hoc tir ndi chung Ve mat tam ly hpc, cd th^ cdn nhting ndi dung lam ly khae eua ttr, nhung day la nhting ndi dung tam ly ciia ttr rai can ban Hy vpng, nhiing dieu da trinh bay gdp dupc phSn nao dd v^o lam sang id va xay dung cac nguyen tac giao hoc phap ndi dung va phuong phap day hpc ttr ngoai ngii ttr binh dien tam ly hoc Hoat ddng Tai lieu tham khao [1] BbiroTeKHii Jl.C nciixonnins Jl.C Bi.iroicKoro, B cepnn: Mnp ricHxojiorHH, H3/1 Onpcnb flpecc ')kc-ro - Ipccc MocKna, 2000 [2] Jlypufl A.P 5l3biK 11 comamie, \hn MV MocKBa, 1998 [3] Tran HCru Lu\cn, Ca sa tdm !v hoc day hoc ngoai ngu, KXB DI I QGHN, 2008 [4] JleoHTbeB '\ H., J^eaTejibiiocrb, Cosnaime, Jln'inocTb Msa 2, MocKBa, 1977 [5] JleoHTbCB 'X.A CJIOBO B peMeBoii aeflTcibHOCTH, H-iR lla\Ka MocKaa, 1969 [6] BbiroTCKHH J l C Mbiiujieniic H penb, B KU: MsdpauHbie ncnxoirorHMecKHe HccjienoBaHHa MocKBa 1977 [7] JleoHTbee A.H ripoo-ieNn.i paaenTHa UCHXHKH, HI;I M F V , \IocKBa.l981 [8] JleoHTbee A A HcKOTopbie npo6-ic\ibi odyHennH p\ccKOMy a3biK>' KaK HHocTpaHHOMy, H3;i M P y , \1ocKBa, 1970 TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd (161), - 2 29 ... nhai la nhdm tir hay trudng ngu nghTa theo am d miic kha hon la nhdm ttr hay trudng ngii nghia theo hoan canh miic cao nhai la nhtim ttr hay Irudng ngfr nghTa theo ngu nghTa thuSn thuy Chinh nhd... lam ly hpc Xa hfti, lAm ly hpc lloat dOng v,v, lioiig bai vici nay, ndi den day hpc tir ngoai ngu theo lidp can tain ly hpc lii tam ly hot lloat dOng iheo quan die'm kho.t hoe vC' ngOn ngO vii tirduy,... cti,i l.,S, Vygotsks [ I], A N Leonehiev [4] vii A,l^ Luria 12], Cu the tlin hoc tir ngoai ngu theo tie'p can tam ly hpc duoc ndi de'n, can lam ro cSc nfti dung tam ly ciia tir, nhu: Tir ed chuc