Các mô thức của tính cá nhân tính cộng đồng ở việt nam

CAC MO THQC C U A TINH CA NHAN TINH CONG DONG VIET NAM-" TS L6 Van Hao Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hpc vdn hod, Vic-n Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Cdc nhd nghiin cdu diu nhd'l Iri rang, tlnh cdng ddng Id mdt dgc diem ndi trdi ciia ngudi Viet, dii tinh cd nhdn ciing song song tdn tai Kit qud nghien ciru d nhiiu nen van hda khac dd phdt hiin md Ihilclmdu hinh cd nhdn vd cdng ddng: cd nhdn binh ddng vd thd bdc: cdng dong binh ddng vd thirbcic Kit qua nghien cim trin mdl mdu chon 739 ndng ddn (tudi trung binh Id 49) tir Hd Tdy, Thdi Binh, Hue Long An, Cdn Tha cho thd'y cdch thdc hdnh ddng, img xu theo chieu hudng cgng ddng thir bac dugc ddnh gid cao nhd'l, hay duac sir dung nhd'l cdn cd nhdn llut bdc dugc ddnh gid thdp nhd't, it dirge sir dung nhdt Tir viin cdnh qudc li'vd Viit Nam, bdi viet cimg bdn lugn vi'xu hudng phdt trien cua tinh cd nhdn vd tinh cdng dong a Viet Nam bdi cdnh xd hdi dang cd nhieu biin ddi Ttr khoa: Tinh cd nhdn, Tinh cgng ddng: Md thdc tinh cd nhdn: Md thiic linh cdng dong: Cd nhdn binh ddng: Cd nhdn Ihu bdc: Cdng ddng binh ddng: Cpng ddng thu bdc: Ndng ddn Viet Nam Ngdy nhdn bdi: 311012012: Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 2011012012 Dat van de Cac nha nghien cun nhu Dio Duy Anh, Tran Qud'c Vuong, Phan Huy Le, Trin Dinh Hugu, Ha Van Tin, Phan Nggc, Hflu Ngoc, Nguydn Hdng Phong, Dd Long, Trin Nggc Thdm vi nhidu ngudi khic - true Hep hay gian tidp - ddu nhi't trf ring tfnh cdng ddng li mdt dac didm ndi trdi cia ngudi Viet Nam, cua van hoa Viet Nam Mat khac, mdt sd nghien cflu khae cua Young (1998, tr 147 - 155), Dd Long vi Phan Thi Mai Huang (2002), Le Vin Hao (2005) cho thi'y, ngudi Vidt cung the hien ci tfnh vi mdt sd bidu hien khae cia tinh ci nhin Nhidu nghien cuii tim ly hpc vin hda vi xuydn vin hda (Triandis, 1995; Le Van Hao, 2005) da chihig minh ring, tfnh ca nhin va tfnh cdng ddng eung cd thd ldn tai song song, tuong phin nhung khdng loai irtt Vd y TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 13 Triandis so sanh tinh cdng ddng va linh ci nhin vdi hinh anh cia nude va bing Tinh cdng ddng gidng nhu nude, cdn tfnh ca nhan gid'ng nhu bing Cic phin tut nude ed thd chuydn hda thinh bing da, nhung bing di cung cd thd lan thinh nude Vi the ma tdn lai cac kidu loai tfnh edng ddng vi ci nhin khac nhau, phu thupc vio su uu trdi cua cac phin t i li nude hay li da ehuydn hda thinh bing Quan didm dugc dinh gii li mang tfnh bidn ehiing va da duge ehung minh bang kdl qua nghidn cihi ttt nhidu nude trdn thd gidi nhu An Dd, Trung Qudc, Nhit Bin, Han Q u d c (xem chi licI Ld Vin Hio, 2005) Trong ly thuydl vd tinh ei nhan/cdng ddng cua minh, Triandis (1999) dd xuat khii niem ci nhin/cdng ddng ndn dugc hidu theo mdt ciu true da chidu, biii ci nhan luin vi edng ddng luin cung cd cae kidu loai khac mang dac didm vin hda xa hdi cu thd Vi du, tinh cdng ddng cia cic xa hdi nhu Nhit Ban hay Han Qudc khac vdi tinh cdng ddng d Israel (kibbutz) hay ti'nh cdng ddng o Xd Viet trudc diy (cic ndng trang tip thd) Tuang tu, tfnh ea nhin cia ngudi My khic vdi linh ca nhin cia ngudi Thuy Didn vi mdt vii nude Bic Au Tfl thuc Id niy, Triandis (1995) dua md thflc eua tfnh ea nhin/cdng ddng: tfnh cdng ddng va ca nhin theo chieu ngang va chieu dgc Vd dai thd, md thflc flng xu theo chidu ngang (du li mang tinh cdng ddng hay ca nhin) la md thflc dd coi "cii tdi" It nhidu ddu gid'ng ngudi khic, nha'n manh ddn su binh ding Cdn Irong md thflc ung x i theo chidu dgc thi coi "eai tdi" khic vdi ngudi khae, nha'n manh den thfl bic, trat tu trdn dudi Nhu vay, chung ta co md thflc khac nhau: tfnh cdng ddng binh ding vi thfl bic, tinh ci nhin binh ding va thfl bic Qua thuc te kidm nghiem, cac nhi nghien cun vd tfnh ci nhin/cdng ddng trdn the gidi ddu ed su nhi't tri cao vd quan didm niy va cho ring vide nhin manh den mdi quan he xa hdi theo chidu ngang hay chidu dgc la mdt dac diem quan trpng nhat cua linh ca nhin/cdng ddng Cu thd hon, tinh cd nhdn binh ddng (CNBD) the hien qua vide ngudi mud'n ddc lap vi ed ban sic rieng, theo dang "Tdi mud'n lim cic cdng vide cia rieng minh, theo cich cua rieng minh" Tfle li rit dde lip, "tfl tn" nhung khdng dac biet quan tam de'n viec phai cd vj thd cao han ngucri khac, ft canh tranh htJn Trong dd, ngudi cd tinh cd nhdn thd bdc (CNTB) lai quan tim den viec minh phii thit khac biet vdi ngudi khac, phai ed vj thd cao' thdng qua canh tranh vdi mpi ngudi, cd xu hudng mud'n "tdi li sd 1" Trong md thflc theo tinh cgng ddng binh ddng (CDBD), moi ngudi ddu coi minh la gid'ng nhu (mdi ngudi mdt phidu) va nhin manh den mue dich chung, de'n su phu thude liu nhau, nhung hp khdng dd ding luin theo ap dit cua quydn luc Vdi tinh cgng ddng thii bdc (CDTB), ngudi ta nha'n manh ddn tfnh loan ven eua nhdm ndi, sin sing hy sinh muc dfch ea nhin cho mue dfch cia nhdm ndi, ing hd viec canh tranh cua nhdm minh (nhdm ndi) vdi nhdm ngoai Vi Igi ieh hay vi thd didn cia nhdm ndi, ca nhin theo md thiic dd dang tuin theo y chi cua quydn luc cho 14 TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 dii hp khdng thfch Cic nghien cflu trdn thd gidi sau niy chflng minh ring quan didm ciia Triandis phi hgp vdi thuc td bidu hidn cua tinh ca nhin/cdng ddng d nhidu nude khae Kdt qua nghien cuu tfnh ca nhin/cdng ddng nhidu nude da cho thi'y mpt sd didm khic biet ly thu theo khia canh thfl bic va binh ding Cin cfl vao ti le lua chgn cua each ung x i tren diy, cae nhi lim ly hpc cd thd lip mpt "hd so van hda" cho tflng nude Vi du nhu "hd sa van hda" cia Australia (qudc gia mang xu hudng ci nhin d mflc cao) nhu sau: CNBD > CDBD > CNTB > CDTB (ca nhin binh ding hay dugc s i dung nhi't, cdn cdng ddng thfl bic it dugc su dung nhit) Trong dd "hd so van hda" cua Hdng Kdng (nai dugc cho la mang xu hudng cdng ddng d mflc vfla phai) li CDBD > CNBD > CNTB > CDTB (khac vdi Australia, d Hdng Kdng, edng ddng binh ding hay dugc s i dung nhit, edn edng ddng thfl bac it duoc sfl dung nhi't) Ciu hdi dit "hd so van hda" niy d Vidl Nam sao, dac biet bdi cinh hien dai hoa, dd cd thay ddi dinh hudng gia In d Viet Nam lfl coi trpng cdng ddng sang coi trgng ci nhin (Thii Duy Tuydn, 1994; Nguydn Quang trin, Nguydn Thac va Mac Van Trang 1995; Le Thi, 1-997; Dd Nggc Ha, 2001; Pham Minh Hac, 2002; Doan Dflc Hidu, 2003) ti'nh ci nhin/cdng ddng d ngudi Viet thd hien theo cac md thflc nio theo chidu canh binh ding vi thfl bic vfla trinh biy trdn diy? Md thflt nio chie'm im the? Phuong phap nghien ciru Phuceng phdp Chung toi s i dung thang gdm 24 item dugc rflt va chinh sfla ttt nghidn cflu cia hai tic gia Triandis vi Gelfand (1998) Thang niy gdm tidu thang, mdi tidu thang cd item ludng chidu canh cia tfnh ca nhin va cdng ddng, cu thd li ca nhin binh dang, ci nhin thfl bic vi cdng ddng binh dang, cdng ddng thfl bic Thang da dugc djch tidng Viet, didu chinh va su dung mdt nghidn cflu trudc diy (Le Van Hao, 2005) Trong nghien cflu nay.Cronbach's a CNBD = 0,66; CDBD = 0,72; CNTB =0,68; CDTB = 0,71 Chgn tndu Miu nghidn cun 739 ndng din (ludi trung binh la 49), ti le nam ntt gan bang (nam 49,7%, ntt 50,3%), dang sinh sd'ng d cic vung da vi dang dd thi hda d Ha Tiy (chiem 16% miu ehpn), Thii Binh (18,6%), Hud (27,4%), Long An (19,9%), Can Tha (18,2%) Trong loin miu, ti Id lam ndng nghiep chidm 76,0%, nghd phu 10,0%, budn bin vit 6,3%, kinh doanh 2,4%, lam thud 8,8%, djch vu 0,7%, can bd nha nude 8,6% vi nghd khac chidm 11,0% TAP CHI TAMiynCiG, S d l l (164), 11-2012 15 Ke't qua va ban lu$n Kdt qua nghidn ciiu thuc td dugc trinh biy chi tidt bang dudi diy Bdng 1: Tinh cd nhdn, tinh cdng ddng theo md thuc (N = 710) Noi chung, TOI ca nhan binh dang (A) Didm trung binh ciia item Didm trung binh Cd lech chuin 1,88 0,60 i Lam "viec rieng cia minh" it ii 2,50 tren thang didm Trong sd dd cd ilem thude linh cdng ddng, item Ihudc tinh ci nhin Ba item thude nhdm ilem ludng tinh cdng ddng li "Day cai minh phai dat bdn phin, trach nhidm eao hon vide hudng thu cua ban than" (DTB = 2.59); "Cham sde gia dinh ca phii hy sinh nhflng didu minh mudn" (DTB = 2,58) vi "Tuin theo quydt djnh cua tap the" (DTB = 2,53) Ca item ddu xoay quanh mdl didm chung la vi ngudi khde, ddt sii hdi hda nhdm vd led ich ciia ngtriri khde cao hon ciia minh Til nhidn, ngudi khic trudng hgp chi ydu li thinh vien gia dinh, tfle li nhdm ndi Du thi diy cung li mdt die diem lim ly ri't tfch cue dugc hinh va hun due liu dai Ijch si Chung tidp luc ddng vai trd tich cue vide gan kdl gia dinh, ddng hp vi rdng han li cdng ddng Cung vdi ilem ludng tinh ci nhin via ndu ("ung x i - suy nghT, ndi nang, hinh ddng mdl each thing thin trao ddi, thao luin vdi ngudi khic" vdi DTB = 2,54), ba item khac cung thupc tidu thang tinh ca nhin li "Dua vao chi'nh minh hon la vio ngudi khic" DTB = 2,49; "Phin ldn dua vio ban thin minh vi ft dua vio ngudi khae", DTB = 2,17 vi "Cd ging phi'n diu de lam td't hon ngudi khic", DTB = 2,39 cung thude sd cac item cd didm trung binh cao (DTB > 2) Diy la mdt di'u hieu thd hidn mdt xu hudng quan trgng phit tridn ngudi Viet Nam giai doan cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoi theo hudng tu luc, tu cudng, phat huy sfle manh cua mdi ca nhin va cia loan cpng ddng "Cd ging phan dau lim td't hon ngudi khac" cung phan inh su sin sing eanh tranh nhu mot yeu td lit ye'u cia kinh td thj trudng da dugc tidp nhin hon 20 nim qua, die bidt bdi cinh loan ciu hda, dd thj hda hidn Cd le diy li ndt mdi tidp nhin, mdi Ihay ddi nhflng nim ddi mdi vi hdi nhip? Kdl qui nhu phin tfch vua ndu giup hinh dung cu the han theo hudng khing dinh xu hudng ci nhin/cdng ddng cung tdn lai, nhung tfnh cdng ddng (theo ea hai ehidu li thfl bic va binh ding) dugc the hien trdi hem +-H- Hai item cd diem trung binh thip nhi't (va cung ngudng thip < 1) tdng sd 24 item li "Tdi thi'y.khd chju ngfldi khae lim tdt 18 TAP CHI TAMiy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 han minh" (DTB = 0,85), "Tdi cam thi'y cang thing vi bi khui'y ddng ngudi khie lam td't hon minh" (DTB = 0,92) Diy la cam giic "chip nhin" su khac biet cude sd'ng vd'n ngiy cing mang tfnh canh tranh vi phin hda hon Diem sd cing thi'p (gid'ng nhu thuc te via ndu), thi cang cd xu hudng khdng chip nhin duong diu vdi canh tranh Ndi each khic ngudi khae ed lim tdt han thi tdi vin khdng cim thi'y "khd chju" hay "cang thing", bdi tdi khdng mang tinh chi't canh tranh, ganh dua Kd tidp, item "Tdi tin ring nhttng viec xiy vdi^mpi ngudi la viec cia hg" (DTB = 1,29); "Lam "vide ridng cia minh", ft dd y ddn viee cia mpi ngudi" (DTB = 1,35); "Hinh ddng nhu thd nio khdng phu Ihudc vao viec ngudi khic nghT gi, ndi gi" (DTB = 1,37) cung dat didm d mflc trung binh gin vdi ngudng dudi (< 1,50/thang didm) Tuang ttr nhu item vfla ndu trdn, ehung ddu thude sd cac item ludng tfnh ca nhin, vdi didm cang cao tinh ca nhan cang cao va ngugc lai Mflc diem & mflc trung binh gin vdi ngudng dudi cflng cd nghTa la ngudi tham gia nghidn cflu nghieng ve phia phdn ddi nhieu hon Id ddng y Kdl qua phin anh tinh cdng ddng trdi hem tinh cd nhdn vd "sd'ng chi bie't minh" khdng dugc coi trgng Kdl qua trinh bay d bang cho bidt xu hudng chung cua ti'nh ca nhan va cdng ddng Cau hdi bay gid li sd lugng vi li le khach thd phan bd theo tflng mflc dd (tha'p, trung binh, cao) thd nao? Dd tra ldi ciu hdi nay, chung ldi linh didm trung binh cia tflng trudng hgp theo lieu thang ludng linh cdng ddng (li die diem ndi trdi ngudi Viet) va chia didm sd ttt ddn eung theo mflc dd nhu da trlnh bay d trdn Kdt qua bang cho thiy mdt bflc tranh rd ban Bdng 2: Ty le khdch the chia theo miic thdp, trung binh, cao Mure dp Diem trung binh cpng dong binh dang (B) Diem trung binh cdng ddng thir bac (D) Sd ngudi Ti le % So' ngudi Tha'p (DTB ttt - ) 21 2,8 24 3,2 Trung binh (DTB ttt 1,1-2) 227 30,7 198 26,8 66,2 Ti le % Cio (DTB ttt 2,1 de'n 3) 470 63,6 489 Khdng cd thdng tin 21 2,8 28 3.8 Tdng 739 100 739 100 Xdt ridng cac nhdm theo chidu canh cdng ddng binh ding thi thi'y cfl 100 ngudi miu nghien cflu thi cd tdi gin 64 ngudi thd hien tfnh cdng ddng b mflc dp cao, 31 ngudi d mflc trung binh vi gin ngudi d mflc thi'p Ndu xem xdt theo chidu canh cdng ddng thfl bic, chung ta cung cd mdt kdt qua gan TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 19 tuang tu (3 sd tuang flng d mflc eao, trung binh, thip li 66,27 vi 3) Thd hien qua hinh anh la se thi'y nhu bidu dd I 70 j60 50 40 - - 30 20 10 () Bieu dS I: Cgng dSng ihi'fhdc vd Cdng (lan,ii binh ddng chia theo muc (thap, trung hinh, cao) Mot so khac biet Khac biet theo gidi linh So sanh theo gi6i ti'nh thi tha'y chi co ti^u thang ca nhan thu: bac (ph^ C bang tr6n day) ia co su khac biSt m6t each co y nghia v6 mat thC'ng kfi nhu trinh bay bang dir6i day Cu the, nam gi6i co xu hudng thi hifin tfnh ca nhan thii bac (tinh canh tranh) cao hcfn niJ gidi (DTB^^^ = 1,74 > DTB^s = 1,57 miic c6 y nghia vdi p < 0,001) Ket qua kh6ng gay ngac nhien, no chi khang djnh nhitng gi thudng quan sat tha'y cupc s6ng hang Bdng 3: Khac biet d chieu canh cd nhdn thi'f bdc theo giai tinh N DTB DLC Muc cd \ nghia Nam Gidi tinh 340 1,7438 0.65749 3,491 0.001 Nu 363 1.5721 0,64593 3,489 0.001 Ghi chti: DTB la diem trung binh: DLC Id dp lech chudn Khde biet theo hoc vd'n So sinh theo trlnh dd hpc vi'n eung cho thi'y mpt vai khac biet Kiem dinh ANOVA cho ke't qua bang dudi diy Nhung ngudi cd hpc vi'n thip hon cd xu hfldng the hien cac hanh vi xa hdi theo hudmg cdng ddng thfl bic rd hon Didu cung cd nghTa la hp thd hien cic hanh vi mang tfnh ea nhin it 20 TAP CH( TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 hon hay thip han Cu thd, ngudi cd hpc vi'n tidu hpc va THCS cd xu hudng thd hien hanh vi mang tinh edng ddng cao han so vdi ngudi cd hpe vin THPT Phi hgp vd mat Idgfc vdi kdt qui nay, ngudi ed hge vi'n THPT hay cao dang cd xu hudng thd hidn tinh cdng ddng thi'p han so vdi ngudi cd hgc vi'n tidu hgc hay THCS Ly giai didu can phii nghien euu thdm, nhung mdt nghien cflu d Han Qud'c giup soi sing phin nao ciu hdi lidu hgc vi'n cd luang quan thd nao tdi linh ca nhan hay cdng ddng Jae-Ho Cha (1994) phin nghidn cflu vd cic khia canh cia tfnh ci nhin/cdng ddng hidn d Han Qud'c cd dfla mdl ke't luin lidn quan ddn bidn sd nhin khau d Hin Qud'c: nhdm "hien dai" hon (cd hgc vi'n dai hgc trd ldn, sd'ng d Seoul) cd xu hudng ci nhan cao nha't (lflc la xu hudng cdng ddng thip nhit); nhdm it "hidn dai" hon (hge vi'n phd thdng hoac thi'p hon, sd'ng d ving ndng thdn) cd xu hudng ci nhin thi'p nha't (tfle la xu hfldng cdng ddng cao nhit) Nhdm cang "hidn dai" bao nhieu (hgc vin cao, sd'ng d dd thj, nhidu tai sin) thi cang djnh hudng ddn gia dinh cia rieng minh (n|dm ndi, nhd) nhidu hon va dinh hudng ddn da't nude (nhdm ldn) il hon Bdng 4: Chieu cgnh ciing ddng thd bdc theo trinh dd hgc vdn (I) Trinh dp hoc van Khac biet DTB (I-J) IVIlirc cd y nghTa THPT 0,13988(*) 0,025 CTao dang 0,52533(*) 0,042 THCS THPT 0,12797(*) 0,010 THCS Cao dang 0,5I342(*) 0,044 Ti^u hoc (J) Trinh dd hoc van Ghi chu: * Khac biet diem trung binh co y nglua a miic 0,05 Khde biet theo Ida tudi Cau hdi tie'p theo li Ueu tfnh ci nhin hay linh cdng ddng cd lidn quan gi den Ifla tudi (dung han la thd he) hay khdng? Dd tra ldi cau hdi nay, chung tdi chia cac khich the theo nhdm ludi nhu sau: nhdm dfldi 35 tudi li nhdm Ire, tfl 36 de'n 59 li nhdm trung tudi va ttt 60 trd ldn tam ggi li nhdm eao tudi Kidm dinh ANOVA cho ke't qua nhu bang dudi diy Ttt bang cd the thi'y, ne'u xem xet tfnh cdng ddng thi thi'y, theo chidu canh binh dang (CDBD), nhdm trung tudi the hien cao hon nhdm Ire tudi vi nhdm cao tudi cung the hien mflc dp CDBD cao hon nhdm tre ludi Ndu xem xdt tfnh cdng ddng theo chidu canh thfl bic (CDTB) thi nhdm trung tudi the hien nd d mflc dd cao hon so vdi nhdm tre tudi, nhdm cao tudi thd hien mflc dp TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 21 cao hon nhdm trd tudi va trung ludi Ndi cich khic, tudi cao hon thudng cd xu hudng thd hidn linh edng ddng (binh ding vi thfl bic) cao hem Bdng 5: Chieu cgnh cdng ddng binh dang vd thii bdc theo nhdm tudi (I) Tuoi Irun^ binh (J) Tuoi trung binh Khac bi6t DTB (I-J) MlJ^c c6 y nghTa Cdng d6ng binh dAng: Nhbm iriinR luOi Nhom Ire Iu6i 0.19298(*) 0,002 Nhdm cao tudi Nh6m tre Iu6i 0.21438(*) 0.003 Nlinin trung tu6i Nhom tre tu6i 0.27011{*) 0,-000 Nhom cao lu6i Nh6m tre ludi 0.37397(*) 0,000 Nh6m trung tu6i 0.10386(*) 0,046 C\iiip dOng thu bac: Ghi chii: * Khac biet diem trung hinh cd y nglna dindc 0,05 Thiy phac thao xu hudng bien ddi tinh ca nhin, tinh cpng dong d Viet Nam Nhin tic vien cdnh Viet Nam Qui trinh dd thj hda d Viet Nam dang didn nhanh chdng Luc bit diu ddi mdi (1986) chi cd 19,3% din sd Viet Nam sdng d dd thj Hai muai nim sau (2006) sd niy li 27,1% (VGSO, 2006) Tmh trang qui tai, die biet eac dd thj ldn duge tic gia Mac Dudng ggi la "dd thj qui dd" di kem vdi "dd thj khung hoing" (Mac Dudng, 2010) Cic cude tranh luin trdn didn din bio chf lien tuc dd cip ddn su xud'ng ci'p vd mat van hda, van minh dd thj, vd dd thj hda ndng thdn (vd mat xay dung) vi ndng thdn hoa dd thi (vd mil van hda) Trong bdi canh ay, tinh ca nhin vi cdng ddng cia ngudi Viet se bidn ddi sao? Tinh cdng ddng cia ngudi Viet Nam dugc nhidu ngudi thfla nhin, nhung d ci'p dd lang, nude, tim ly cd kdt cdng ddng co ve ehi thd hidn mdt sd didu kien dac biet Khi sd phan chung (vi du su de doa lfl ben ngoai hay thidn tai, djch benh) ma ro ring thi eic ca nhan rit cd thd se trd ngfldi mang xu hudng ed ke't (tinh cdng ddng) ri't nhidu mdi quan he cia minh Cdn didu kien binh Ihudng thi cai "tinh rdi rac cin ban" (tinh ci nhin) cd xu hudng anh hudng den hinh vi flng x i nhidu hon Tfnh cich cd die didm la nd bdn vflng nhung khdng phai la bit bien, kd ca tfnh cich din tdc Nhu da ndi tren, mpt sd tic gia cho ring: (i) chd dd rudng cdng cia cdng xa ndng thdn, (ii) eudc di'u tranh chdng thidn nhidn trucmg ky gian khd va 22 TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 (ill) eudc di'u tranh chdng ngoai xim cua din tdc ta li nguydn nhin hinh tim ly tip thd - cdng ddng cd truydn (Nguydn Hdng Phong, 1963; Hoing Vinh, 2002) Ngay co sd hinh thinh va nudi dudng nd la rudng dil da • dugc chia cho cic hd, tfnh chit vi hinh thflc di'u tranh ehd'ng thien nhidn da khae di, eudc di'u tranh chdng ngoai xim da kdt thflc thing lai each diy 1/3 thd ky Thay vio dd li kinh Id thi trudng vd'n dua tren su trao ddi thuang mai va phin ldn dugc thuc day bdi Igi nhuin Kinh id thj Irudng thflc diy tfnh ci nhan - vdn vin ludn ludn ldn tai song song vdi tinh cpng ddng, nhung chi bi che khuit phin nao ma thdi - phit Hicn theo ca nghTa tich cuc vi tidu cuc Tdm lai, ci CO sd hay didu kidn nudi duong tinh cdng ddng da thay ddi khdng cdn hay ydu dl nhidu Theo Idgfc thi tinh cdng ddng se giam di vi tfnh ca nhan se tang ldn Tam ly cia ngudi li su phan anh nhttng didu kien sd'ng, duoc hinh nhttng didu kidn kinh td xa hdi nhit djnh cho ndn nhung didu kien kinh te xa hdi ma thay ddi thi tim ly ngfldi cung thay ddi theo Dd li quan didm Ijch sfl Cung can phai ndi thdm ring, each dat vi'n dd vd ti'nh ci nhan thudng lam cho nd mang mdl ham y xi'u, lidu cue, li cai cin phi bd Chung tdi hidu tfnh ci nhin hoan loan khdng ddng nghTa la chi nghTa ca nhin hep hdi, ich ky, chl bie't cd bin thin minh mi khdng bidt den cii chung, cii cdng ddng Tinh lip thd, cdng ddng cung khdng don gian li chu nghTa tip thd chung chung Ndu xuit phit lfl quan didm nhu vay thi la thay tinh ca nhan cd thd cd lidn quan chat che de'n tfnh tu chu, tu lap, nang tu ddc lip va nang sing tao, ddn nhin thach thflc td't ban cia ngudi Cdn tfnh cdng ddng (nhi't la cdng ddng nha hay cdng ddng nhdm ndi) d Viet Nam cung cd mdt sd mat trii nhu din de'n chi nghTa gia dinh vd'n khdp kin vi chi quan tim tdi Igi Ich gia dinh, gia tdc, cue bd Tdm lai, ca tinh cdng ddng va ci nhin ddu cd cai hay, cii dd (xem them Phan Nggc, 2000; Dd Long, 2000) Tfl nhflng nim 1930 tie gii Dio Duy Anh (1938/1998, tr 374) da nhan xdt ring: "Vi inh hfldng cia Au hda, vi sfle thuc due cia nhflng didu kien sinh hoat mdi, xa hdi ta (vidt ve nhirng nam 1930) duong cd khuynh hudng ttt gia dinh ban vi din sang ca nhin bin vj" Nhu vay su anh hudng cia Au hda va didu kien sinh boat mdi cung cd thd la ydu id lim tang tinh ca nhan, xdt theo quan didm cia Dio Duy Anh Trong thip ky ddi mdi vi hdi nhip vfla qua, he gia tri vi dinh hudng gii trj cua ngudi Viet Nam cung trai qua nhidu thay ddi Kdt qua cia cic nghien ctru thdi gian qua ddu khing djnh ring ngudi Viet Nam "tfl viec chi hfldng vio nhiing gia tri lip thd, xa hdi la chi'nh chuydn sang hudng vao eae gia trj ca nhin la chfnh" (Nguydn Quang Uan, Nguydn Thac va Mae Van Trang, 1995) hay neu gia dinh Iruydn thd'ng chi ye'u giio due tinh cdng ddng cho tre em phii tuin theo khudn phdp sin cd: phuc lung, trflng phat thi giao due hien dai gia dinh lai hudng tdi cd nhdn (Le Thi, 1997) hay "tim ly ngudi dang cd nhttng ehuydn ddng ro ret hon bao gid hdt TAP CHI TAMLy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 23 theo hudng nang ddng hon y lai, tu dpng han chd dgi, xu hudng ci thd hda didn manh hon, trich nhidm ei thd eao hon; dim thich thflc, canh tranh " (Pham Minh Hac, 2002) Cic nghidn cuu gin day hon tic gii Dd Long - Phan Thi Mai Huong chi Iri nam 2002 hay Le Van Hio (2005) ddu khing djnh su thay ddi cua nhung ydu id lidn quan dd'n tfnh edng ddng/ci nhin theo xu hudng: tinh c(5ng ddng c6 phin giam, tinh ci nhan cd phin ting Chi nghTa ca nhin - la cii xi hdi Viet Nam (vi nhidu xa hdi khic) khdng thd chip nhin, nhung su phat tridn cia linh ca nhin theo nghTa linh manh d ci'p dd nhin cich ngudi ddu dugc cae lac gia dinh gii tfch cue Nhin td vien cdnh qud'c te Triandis (1995) va Hofstede (1991) tranh luin ring su giiu cd, sung lie li mdt nhflng ydu id chi ydu phi v6 didu kien xa hdi cd Igi cho tfnh cdng ddng Didu niy xay bdi vi sU giiu cd, sung lflc cho phdp cac ci nhin cd co hdi lich minh khdi nhdm ndi vi nhflng ngudi quan Irgng khic, md dudng cho Cii nhin lua chgn nhung gi mi minh mudn mi khdng nhi't thidl cin cd su tin cia nhdm Quan didm cd y ring cung vdi edng nghidp hda vi hidn dai hda, xu hudng ci nhin se tang len Didu di xiy d Han Qud'c vi Nhit Bin du su thay ddi khdng didn theo md'i tuang quan tuydn linh Khi nghien cflu, cip dp van hda, eic thay ddi vd djnh hudng gii tri vi hinh vi cia ngucri Han Qudc mdt thd ky (1870 - 1970), Jae - Ho Cha (1994) di dd'n kdt luin ring: tinh cdng ddng vin cdn kha trdi xa hdi Hin Qud'c nhimg cdng ddng d mdl sd khia canh da ydu di vi su thay ddi didn theo xu hucmg ca nhin Tucmg lu, qua trinh cdng nghiep hda vi hidn dai hda d Nhit Ban da lam cho mdi quan he giao tiep qua lai vdi hang xdm ling gidng cua ngudi Nhit cing lanh nhat, long leo va thua thdt (Trin Manh Cit, 2003) Til nhien, du nhidu dac didm ben ngoii cua van hda Nhat Ban da thay ddi, nhung cac ydu td can bin cia van hda nhin manh mdi quan he eon ngudi (xu hudng cdng ddng) vin cdn manh Mdl nghidn cun khic d Hy Lap cung cho kdt qua theo hudng tuang tu (Doumanis M., 1983) Nhidu tic gia nude ngoai nhu J Berry (1994), H Triandis (1995) hoic U Kim (1994) cd didm chung la qui nguydn nhin sinh tfnh cdng ddng/ca nhin vd didu kien sinh thai Trong nhflng didu kidn sinh thai ddi hdi phai cd sU hgp lue thi nhdm se cd uu the Trong nhiing didu kien sinh thai ft ddi hdi hgp luc thi nhdm cd uu thd ft hon va ea nhin "ddc lip" nhidu han Khi kinh td phat trien cao han, mflc dp tu lip cia ci nhin tang thi uu thd cua nhdm se giam di Mdt sd tie gia nhu H Barry, I Child va M Bacon (1959 din Triandis, 1999) da nghien cun va phit hien ring, cic ndn van hda dan sa, su tfch luy luong thuc lang len thi nudi day cii, tinh phuc tilng va su phu thupc Iin dugc nhin manh hem Nhung xa hdi chuydn tfl ndng nghidp 24 TAP CHITAM Ly HC)C, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 sang giai doan edng nghidp va thdng tin thi cae flu the cia hinh ddng ci nhin (tg chu, sang tao, dam lim, dim mao hidm) tang len Trong cae giai ci'p khac o cing mdt xa hdi hien dai cung cd cich thflc niy Ting ldp thi'p nhin m^nh ddn phue tung, ving ldi vi giao due eii nghidm khic; dfla "ly tuong cua hp la mdt dfla "ngoan", di theo phong each cia cha me minh Ngugc lai, ting ldp trung luu cd chuydn mdn cao, coi giao due cii tinh ddc lip, tu lip, sang tao va dfla "ly ludng" cia ho limdl nha chuydn mdn, cd kha nang dat ca nhin Ve xu hudng phdt trien cua tinh cd nhdn, tinh cgng ddng a Viet Nam Tfl nhidu nghien cflu, Triandis tdng kdl ring, su Ihay ddi sinh thii, su giiu cd, tfnh di chuydn (ea vd mat xa hdi Iin dja ly) va su bidn ddi tfl bdi canh ndiig thdn sang mdi trudng dd thi (phflc lap) se lam thay ddi quan he tdi - ngudi khde lfl xu hudng cdng ddng sang xu hudng ci nhin Dua tren nhttng phin tich va lip luin vd tinh ca nhin va tinh cdng ddng ttt vidn cinh Viet Nam vi qud'c td trdn diy cd thd tin ring, Viet Nam cung se di theo xu hudng nhu vay ndu nd khdng phai la mpt ngoai le Kdl qua nghien cun cia chung tdi cho tha'y, nhdm nhidu ludi han cd xu hudng cdng ddng eao hon Ngugc lai, nhdm cd hoc vin cao hon cd xu hudng ei nhin cao hon; nhdm trd hon, sd'ng d dd thi cd xu hudng ca nhin cao hon Xu hudng niy se tidp tuc nhttng nam tdi qui trinh hien dai hda va cdng nghiep hda tang ldc vi qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c id didn siu rdng hon Cic ling xa truydn thd'ng dang thay ddi dudi tie ddng cia dd thj hda vi hign dai hda, nhung van hda, ldi sd'ng dd thj dudng nhu lai qua ydu dd cd thd din dit sir thay ddi dd Sd'ng d dd thj, ngudi ndng din se flng xfl vdi nhau, vdi cdng ddng nhu the nao? Lieu ed su tan ri cia cii cdng ddng ling d nhttng vung ven dd hay khdng? Su tan rd niy thd hien d chd cic ci nhin sd'ng cic khu dd thi cam tha'y xa la, thidu td chflc, qua quan tim tdi Igi feh ca nhin hay gia dinh minh, cd vd cim vi mil y thflc vd cdng ddng? Didu da ttmg gay lo ngai cac cdng ddng d My nhung nam sau chidn tranh the gidi thfl II vi chfnh nd da thuc day su ddi cia nganh tim ly hge cdng ddng (Wiesenfeld, 1996) He qua tidu cue ttt viec dd thj hda cang ting xa hdi hien dai da li ndi lo ngai cia nhidu nha khoa hoe xa hgi Tfl nhflng nam 1930, Wirth (1938, din theo Royal & Rossi, 1996) da ndi ldi sfl thidu td chflc vd mil xa hdi d cac cdng ddng dd thj, cdn Milgram (1970, din theo Amato, 1983) thi ndi ddn ly thuye't qua tii thdng tin cua viec sd'ng eic thinh phd Theo Wirth, kieh cd, mil dd (dan so) va su da dang vd din cu d eic khu dd thj se lam sdi mdn quan he gin bd hg hang va cdng ddng truydn thd'ng Didu xay vi dd thj hda, vi di cu tdi khu dd thj da phi vd cic md'i quan he xa hdi va lim cho ca nhin xa each w&i cac ngudn hd trg xa hdi ma hg da tflng cd Tinh ban thuc sfl d phd cung khdng dd thie't lip vi ngudi dd thi thudng gap gd, giao dich TAPCHITAMLynOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012 25 cic vai trd cd tinh chit ngin ngii, thidu siu sic vi khuydt danh Kdl qua cia mdi trudng sd'ng niy li eac lidn kdl xa hdi ydu di ding kd, tic ddng tidu cue ddn sic khde tim ly cia cic ci nhin (cing thing, cd don, thu minh, i'm flc ) Sd'ng liu mdi Irudng niy, iheo Milgram, eon ngudi cd thd phit tridn cii chuan muc xa hdi (social norm) la khdng can du (d Viet Nam, din gian ggi li chu nghia "mackeno"/mie ke nd), vd cam mdl mflc dl") nhi't djnh, dfldng nhfl didu ndi trdn da vi dang didn xa hdi Viet Nam dac biet la d khu vfle dd thj tlnh cdng ddng giam vi tinh ei nhin tang Nhidu ngfldi cd ly dd lo ngai Tuy nhidn, cic nghien cflu gin diy irdn thd gidi ggi y ring cac cdng ddng dja phuong khdng "mil di", tinh edng ddng cung khdng bidn mil mi lai dugc "tu do" htm (din theo Royal & Rossi, 1996) hay "Idng" hon Cac mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hg vi hing xdm ydu hon cac khu dd thj, d nhdm ngudi trd ludi vi kha gia hem vd mil kinh id si; duge thay thd bdi cic mdi quan he vdi ngudi ngoai dja phucmg Cac phucmg lien giao thdng nhanh hon, tidn dung han, phuong tien truydn thdng hidn dai hon, cac trang mang xa hpi ri't cd sfle manh da xda bd khoang cich vl khdng gian Nhu viy, lim quan trpng cia cdng ddng/nhdm theo dja ly da giam, tim quan trpng cua cac cdng ddng theo cic mdi quan he (il bj han chd vd dja ly, khdng gian) lai phit Iridn dd thay thd Vi ngudi li cic sinh vat xa hdi ndn cd thd tin ring vd dai han, cdng ddng dja phucmg d khu vuc ven dd va dd thj se lim cic cich Ihflc mdi dd thidt lip vi tri cae mdi lidn ket mdi, da dang hon Ndi nhu Durkheim, su gdn ke't cd hgc (mechanical solidarity) se dugc din thay the bing su gdn ke't hint cd (organic solidarity) Trong xa hdi ndng nghiep/truydn thd'ng (dugc die Irtmg bdi su gdn ket cd hgc, tinh cgng ddng vdi cic cdng ddng quan he chit che, tat ca mgi ngucri ddu bidt nhau, mdi quan he lien ei nhan gin gui se din bj pha vS bdi cdng nghidp hda, hien dai hda Xa hdi cdng nghiep vi hien dai cd dac trung li sir gdn ke't hBu cd, tinh cd nhdn rd hdn dd cic md'i quan he lien ca nhin long hon, thim chi hdi hgi hon Didu kien niy cho phdp cae ea nhin cd CO hdi theo dudi cac muc dfch ca nhin cua minh mi il bj tic ddng bdi ap luc nhdm/edng ddng Tit nhien, thdi ky "dd thj qui dp" vi "dd thj khing hoang" theo each ggi cia tic gia Mac Dudng se la mdt qui trinh kdo dai vi khd khan Chu thich Bai viei dugc hoin thinh khudn khd cua dd tai "Nghien cflu tam ly xa hdi cua cpng ddng cu dan ndng Ihdn bdi canh dd Ihi hda" thuc hien nam 2011 - 2012 Xin cam cm Quy Phat tridn Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe Qud'c gia da tai trg cho dd tai Tai lieu thain khao Allick, J & Realo A., "Individualism - Collectivism and social capiiai', Joumal of cross cullural psychology, Vol 35 No 1, January 2004, u 29 - 49, 2004 26 TAP CH( TAM Ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012 Amato P.R., The effects of urbanization on interpersonal behavior Field study in Papua /VewGrnnsa, Joumal of Cross cultural psychology Vol 12No3.tr 353-367 1983 Baughler Peter Frederic, The Contradtcnon of Colonialism: The French Experience in Indochina, 1860 - 1940, Ph D Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1980, Chavis D.M., Hogge J.H., McMillan D.W., & Wandersman A Sense of community through Brunswick's lens A first foot, Joumal of Community Psychology, 14 (I), u 24 - 40, 1986 Dalton Russel, "Civil Society, Social Capital and Democracy", In: R Dalton and Doh d u l l Shin (eds.) Cilizens, Democracy and Markets Aiound the Pacific Rim, Oxforrl: Oxford University Press Freedom House See