ứng xử của các nhà tâm lý thực hành với đồng nghiệp dựa trên nguyên tắc đạo đức nghề nghiệp

QNG XLJ CUA CAC NHA TAM LY THLJC H A N H V O I DONG NGHIEP DLJA TREN NGUYEN TAC DAO OC/C NGHE NGHIEP Nghien curu duoc tai trg bcti Quy Phat tridn Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe Qu6c gia (NAFOSTED) de tai: Nghien ciru thtfc trang hoat dong tra giup tam ly nham xdy dung Bo tieu chuan Dao dCrc nghe nghiep cho cdc nha tam ly hoc Viet Nam; Ma sd: v i l 1-2013.10; GS.TS Tran Thj Minh Oirc lam chu nhiSm GS.TS Tran Thi Minh Dure Khoa Tdm /v hpc, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpc Qudc gia HdNpi ON 06 Phuong Quynh I T M TAT Bdi viel lam ro thuc trgng khia cgnh dgo dire nghe nghiep ndy sinh ung xu giira cdc nhd tdm ly vdi ddng nghiep mpt sd Id chuc/ca sd tgi Hd Npi Kel qua ddnh gid ve su ludn ihii dgo dire Iren khia cgnh (thdng quaphieu dieu tra vd phdng vdn sdu) dd Id: I) Tdn trpng ddng nghiep, 2) Vdn de cgnh tranh vdi dong nghiep, 3) Hap tdc/ Tu vdn vdi dong nghiip, 4) Bdo mgt thdng tin khach hdng lam viec vdi ddng nghiep, 5} Nhgn/Gidi Ihifu khach hdng vdi ddng nghiep vd 6) Mdi quan he img xd vdi ngudi gidm sdt chuyen mdn Nhimg kel qud thu duac gdp mpi phdn nho viic di xudt xdy dirng mpt bp quy tdc dgo due hdnh nghe cho ngudi thirc hdnh tdm ly a Viel Nam Irong mdi quan he vdi ddng nghiep Tit kh6a: Dgo due: Trp giiip idm ly: Dong nghiep; Khdeh hdng Ngdy nhdn hdi: 19/9/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/10/2016 Dit van de Trong nhiing nim gin day, cic djch vu trp giup tam ly nhu tham vin/trj li?u d Viet Nam dang tteri d i phit triin Theo dd, cic id chirc, trung tam vi phdng khim tam ly cung cip cic djch vu dinh gii, lham vin/trj lieu lim Iy xuit hien ngiy cing nhieu, dap iing mdt phin nhu cau trp giiip tam ly cho ngudi din Trong qui trinh hinh nghe ttp giiip tim Iy, cic nhi lim ly thudng phai ddi mjt TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016 vdi nhihig tinh hudng ddi hdi hp phai cd nhung iing xii phii hop vdi ddng tighi?p dya tten cic nguyen tic boat ddng ciia nghi lam ly nhu: chip nhan hay tir chdi nhin diii lao lit viec gidi diieu, chuyin giao khich hang cho cac ddng nghiep; im ling hay bio vdi cip tren vi viec ddng nghiep cd nhiing vi pham dao dire; hpp tie hay trinh hpp tic vdi nhiing ddng nghiep gidi nhung lai cd quan diem va cich lim viec khic minh, v.v Thyc ti cho thiv khdng phii ttong mpi trudng hpp, cic chuyen vien ttp giiip tam ly diu cd the vira luan thu dao diic nghe nghiep vira giii dupe mdi quan he tdt vdi ddng nghiep Trong Bp Dao dure va Nguyen tic hinh nghi lham van cua Hiep hdi Tham vin Hoa Ky (ACA, 2014) cd ghi: "Nhd thgm vdn tdm ty chuyin nghiep thira nhgn rdng, chdt lugng nhirng tuong tdc cua hg vai ddng nghiip cd the dnh hudng din chdt lugng dig ede dich vumdhg cung cdp cho khdeh hdng Vi vgy, hg nd lye de trd nin am hiiu vi nhimg ddng nghiip cd vd ngodi linh vuc tham vdn tam ly Nhd tham vdn phdt triin nhiing mdi quan hi cdng viie tich cue vd hi thdng giao tiip vdi cdc ddng nghiep di ndng cao cdc dich vu cho khach hdng" [5, tt 10] Cic tic gii Haas, Malouf va Mayerson (1986), ttong nghien ciiu vi "Tinh hudng nhgy cam dgo due thue hdnh tdm ly" chi ring, viec dinh gii ve bin than va ning lue, cich umg xir vdi ddng nghiep nim ttong sd nhiing vin de khd xir nhit doi vdi cic nhi lam ly [4] Trong dd, nghien cim cua nhdm tic gii Pope vi Vetter (1992) vi "Tinh hudng nhgy cdm dgo due md cdc thdnh viin cua Hiep hgi Tdm ly hgc Hoa Ky (APA) gap phdi' cho thiy ring, sd 703 sy cd dao dire giy phiin hi, cd 29 ttudng hpp lien quan den iing xir vdi ddng nghi?p, chiim 4% sd sy cd mi cac vien ciia APA gip phii Cic khich thi md ta linh huong nhay cim dao dire ttong mdi quan he vdi cic ddng nghiep hoic nhihig khd khin phai ddi dien vdi nhiing hinh vi phi dao diic hay giy tdn hai ciia ddng nghiep Cd nhi lam ly mic dii luin thii dao diic nghe nghidp nhung lai cam thiy hdi h|in, bj cd lap vi mit su tin tudng tir phia ddng nghiep [3] Trong khudn khd bai viel niy, chiing tdi chi xin neu mpt vii khia canh dao diic niy sinh tir mdi quan he giiia nhimg ngudi cimg lim viec mdt td chure/co sd chim sdc khich hing d Hi Npi Khich the va phiromg phap nghien ciru Dya tren cic Bd lieu chuan Dao diic nghe tim ly ciia cic nude nhu Hoa Ky Canada, Uc, Philippines, Phip vi Cdng ddng chiu Au, chiing tdi xay dung m0t bp phiiu diiu tra loin dien ve nhieu khia canh dao diic khic ttong ling xu ciia cic nhi tam ly hpc thue hinh (iing xit dao dure ddi vdi nghe nghiep, ddi vdi khich hing, ddi vdi ddng nghiep, ddi vdi td chure, vin de dao diic dao tao/giing day, ttong nghien ciiu va cdng bd) Trong khudn khd bai bio niy TAP CHITAM Vif HOC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016 kit qui nghien ciiu chi lap trung vao khia canh iing xir dao diiclvhdng d^o due ciia cic nhi tam ly hpc diyc hinh lam viec tai mpt sd ttung tam/cn' sd lham \ an va ttj lieu lai Ha Ndi Khach thi diiu tra la 55 ngudi (ttong phdng % an sau ngudi) hien dang lam nghi tham vin/ttj lieu lam Iy ttong Id chirc/lrung tam diuc hinh chim sdc lam Iy - thi chit cho khach hang d Ha Npi Muc dich bii viit la lim rd thyc ttang khia canh dao diic irng xir giira nhirng ngudi lam nghi tro giiip tim Iy Id chiic, thdng qua sd lieu diiu tra bang bing hdi va phdng vin siu Cic phiiu diiu tta dupe xu Iy bing phin mim SPSS phieii bin 21.0 Cic menh di cua ciu hdi dupe danh gii dieo diang diim tir din diim cing cao thi cang man diu dao diic nghi nghiep Trong dd: diim = diip; diem =ttiingbinh: diim = cao v a diim = rit cao Cich tinh cac miic diim luan dni dao diic tuong ling nhu sau: Mite diip: 1,0 < DTB < 2,0; Mure ttung binh: 2,0 3,5 (mpt sd menh di ngupe chiiu da dupe ddi diem xir ly sd lieu) Ket qua nghien ciru Nhihig vin di dao dire mdi quan he giira nhiing ngudi lam nghe ttp giiip tam Iy id chOrc dupe phan Uch tren khia canh: 1) Tdn trpng ddng nghiep; 2) Vin di canh ttanh ihiiu lanh manh vdi ddng nghiep; 3) Hpp lic/Tu vin vdi ddng nghiep; 4) Bio mat thdng lin khach hang hpp tac/tu van vdi dong nghiep; 5) Nhin/Gidi thieu khich hang vdi ddng nghiep va 6) Mdi quan he giim sit vdi ddng nghidp 3.1 Ton trgng dong nghiip Trong thuc hinh chim sdc khich hing va hpp tic nghien ciru vi giang day, nha tam Iy can ldn ttpng ddng nghiep bao gdm ca quan niem, giai phap, each tiep can va each lim viec ciia ddng nghiSp Diiu VI/I Bp Quy dieu dao dire cua Hiep hdi cic nhi trj lieu Geslalt chau Au ghi rd: "Nhd tdm ly trao ddi vdi ddng nghiip trin nguyen tdc Ion trgng, thang than, trung thuc vd tin tudng" [9] Cic kit qui nghien ciiu vi nguyen tic ton trpng ddng nghiep dupe trinh bay d bing Rd ring, "traa ddi thdng than, trung thue vdi ddng nghiip ve nhirng iru diim vd hgn chi each lam viec cua hp" (tinh hudng 4) la tuan thii dao diic nghe nghiep, the hien sy ldn trpng ddng nghi?p Tuy nhien, ket qua diiu tta cho diiy, cic khich the nghien ciru chi tuan thii tinh hudng niy d miic trung binh (DTB = 2,42) Trong dd, linh hudng "khdng thira nhgn nhiing quan diim, each tiip can vd cdeh lam viie ciia ddng nghiip cd khde biit vdi minh" lai d mOrc rit cao (DTB = 3,54) 10 TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, &•> I I (212), 1 - Bdng 1: Sir tudn thu dgg dire lien quan den tdn trgng ddng nghiip Ton dong nghiep DTB DLC Mirc Anh/chj khdng thira nhan nhiing quan diem, each tiep c ^ va each lam viee eiia dong nghiep co khae biet vdi minh 3.54 0.676 Rat cao Doi lue, anh/ehj cam thay kien thuc, ky nang cua dong nghiep giai quyet van de chua phu hop nhung van giii im ling de tranh xung dot 3.02 0,820 Cao Khi anh/chj tin chae rang dieu minh lam la dung, anh/ chj khuyen khich dong nghiep thay doi quan diem, each lam vi^c theo y minh de tang hieu qua trgr giiip 2.82 0,825 Trung binh Anh/chj trao doi thang than, trung thire voi dong nghiep ve nhOng uru diem va han chi each lam viec cua hp 2.42 0,731 Trung binh Diem tong ve sir tuan thii dao dure 2,95 0.360 Trung binh Theo chia se ciia mdt chuyen gia ttp giiip tam ly viec gdp y thing thin vdi ddng nghiep dya tren nguyen tic tdn trpng, chap nhin each lim vi?c ciia ddng nghiep: "Theo tdi, tdn trpng cd nghig Id ddng nghiip Idm viec, minh phdi chdp nhdn nhiing edi md hp dd vd dang Idm Niu cd gi cdn phdi gdp y hay cdn phdi dua y kien thi nin ed nhimg budi gap gd di trao ddi rieng hogc Id dua trag ddi cdc budi hgp chuyin di chir khdng nen xen vdg ngudi tg dgng Idm hogc di ndi vdi n^udi khde rdng edi ndy ngudi la Idm sai, Idm khdng diing" (phieu phdng vin sd 3) Phdng vin sau cho thay, xu hudng cic nhi tim ly mac dii cd nghT din viec sS khdng im ling diiy ddng nghi?p giii quyet van de chua tdt nhung nhiiu hp ciing bd qua dieu niy bdi nhOrig ly khic nhau, bao gdm ci vi?c "lo sp xiy xung dot vdi ddng nghiep" O cic linh hudng lien quan den tdn ttpng ddng nghiep, mire dp luan thii dao diic nghe nghiep cua chuyen gia ttp giup tam ly nhin chung dat d mire tnmg binh (gin dat d mirc cao vdi DTB = 2,95) 3.2 Van di cgnh tranh thieu Idnh mgnh vdi ddng nghipp Trong hoat ddng trp giiip tim ly, canh tranh khdng lanh manh ciia nhi lam Iy dupe hieu la hanh v i nghe nghiep ciia hp trii vdi cic chuin myc thdng thudng V c dao dire, gay tdn hai den lpi ieh hpp phip cua nhi lam ly khic hoic khich hang Dieu 23 ttong Dao ly hinh nghi tam ly ciia cic nhi lam ly Phip neu rd: "Nha tdm ly khdng duge cgnh tranh Ihiiu lanh mgnh vdi ddng nghiip vd seyiu cdu hg giiip da niu thdy hp cd khd ndng han minh" [2] TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016 II Cic hanh v i nhu: so sinh djch v u ttp giiip noi minh v di cac noi khic ciia ddng nghiep, phan lich vdi khich hang nhihig han chi chuv en mdn cua ddng nghiep diu li nhiing hinh vi canh tranh thieu lanh manh Da sd chuven gia ttp giup tam ly, tham gia dieu tra, deu cho ring minh khdng bao ^id cd hanh vi phan tich nhimg han che ciia ddng nghiep v di khach hing (chiem 96%) hoic thinh thoang mdi so sinh djch vu cua minh vdi djch vu ciia ddng nghiep nhim ldi keo khich hang (chiem 76%) Vdi linh hudng phdng van sau: "Khdeh hdng cua dong nghiip din gap bgn vd ndi rdng, ddng nghiip cug bgn lam viec khdng hiiu qud vd ngirdi nghi nga ndng lire eua ddng nghiip Vgy bgn se xu ly the ndo vol khdeh hdng ciia ddng nghiip ndy?" Kel qui cung cho thay, khdng cd chuyen gia trp giiip lam Iy nio de cap den viec hp se ndi ve nhiing han che cua ddng nghiep vdi khich hing Hau het nhimg ngudi lham gia phdng van sau deu cho rang, hp se ling nghe phan inh eiia khich hing; dua nhiing y kien bao ve ddng nghiep ciia minh; can nhac xem dieu dd diing vdi ddng nghiep cua minh hay khdng de CO the cd nhihig gdp y vdi ddng nghiep, v.v Dieu niy the hien su ton trpng ddng nghiep vi tdn trpng mdi quan he giira ddng nghiep va khich hang ciia nhi lam ly Tuy nhien thyc te dao diic hanh nghi lai cho thiy, khich hing ciia ddng nghiep phin nan vi ngudi trp giiip ciia minh, niu cd thi trinh dupe, cic ddng nghiep nen trinh, khdng can dy hoic don giin chi ling nghe va hiia se truyen dat lai cho ddng nghiep, niu khich hang ddng y Viec mpt sd chuyen vien ttp giup ndi ring, minh se dua nhirng y kiin bdo vi dong nghiip cua minh trude khdeh hdng li viec lam cin can nhie Bdi thyc ti, hp thyc sy khdng lham gia vao cic ca trp giiip cua ddng nghiep, vi vay hp can giir thii dp trung l?p vi ton ttpng ling nghe cau chuyen phan nin ciia khich hang Trong phdng vin siu, mdt chuyen vien lham vin cd chia se ring: "Thue ra, nghi tham vdn/tri Hiu chua that sir phdt triin, nhdt Id ddi vol nhung ddi tugng cd rdi nhiiu tdm ly la ngudi ldn, vi vgy it ed su cgnh tranh nghi nghiep Nhin chung mpi nguai deu nhin md Idm viic Khi ed ca khd, co sd thuong mdi chuyin gia gidm sdt noi khde din giiip Sau moi budi mpi ngudi ciing xum vdo nghe chuyin gia phdn tich ca vd cimg thdg lugn" (phiiu phdng van sd 6) Cd dii ndi, cic chuyen gia trp gidp tim ly dupe nghien ciiu di tuan thu d^o diic nghe nghiep d miic cao (DTB = 3,32) cic tinh hudng lien quan den sy canh ttanh ihiiu linh manh vdi ddng nghi?p 3.3 Hgp tdc/Tu vdn vdi dong nghigp _ Trong thyc hinh nghi, nhi lim ly cd thi gip nhiing khd khin lien quan den mdi quan h? vdi khich hing, cic vin di nhay cim dao diic nghi nghi?p cung nhu viec cin thiit phii hpp tic vdi nhiing dong nghiep khic di cimg trp 12 TAP CHf TAM Vf HOC, Sd' 11 (212), 11 - 2016 giiip khich hing Diiu 3.09, Nguyen tie dao diic vi quv tic irng xir cua APA ghi rd: "Bdt cir ndo cd chi dinh Id cdn thiit vd thich hop nha tdm ly cdn hgp tdc vai ede chuyin gig di phue vu khdeh hang cita minh cho hiiu qua" [8] Kit qui diiu tta vi sy luin thu dao diic ttong hpp tic v di ddng nghiep d bang cho diiy vdi tinh hudng 1: "Anh/chi hap tdc vdi nhiing ddng nghiep khde di cimg trg giup cho khdeh hdng ehi thuc su can thiit hode duge ehi dinh" la luin thii dao diic nghe nghiep Tuy nhien, diem trung binh kel qua tti ldi ciia khich thi nghien ciiu ttong linh hudng chi dat d miic trung binh, liem can gin vdi miic thip (DTB = 2,28) Bang 2: Sir tudn thu dga ddc viec hgp tdc vdi ddng nghiip Hgp tac voi dong nghiep DTB DLC Mirc Anh/chj h