CAM NHAN DA CHIEU CUA NGUOI CAO TUOI VE GIA HOA Bai viet ia mOt phan ket qua nghien ciru de tai cap co sd 2016: Cam nhan tuoi gia ngifdi cao tuoi; Vien TSm ly hoc chO tri; PGS.TS Le Van Hao lam chQ nhifm PGS.TS LS Van Hao Phd Vien trudng Vien Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Cdm nhdn gid hoa - vi mat bdn chdt - mang tinh da chieu Nghien cim da sic dung bdng hdi APQ (Aging Perceptions Questionnaire) tren mgt mdu chon WO nguai cao tudi tic 55-90 v&i ludi trung binh Id 68,25 lir mgt vung thudn ndng a Thai Binh vd ven d Hd Ngi Kel qua nghien ciru cho thdy, ngu&i cao tudi y thuc khd rd ve ddng thai gian qud trinh gid hda cua minh Hg y thicc vd tin rdng, minh cd the ldm chu cdc trai nghiem tich cue cua gid hda nhung cdc khia canh lieu circ cua nd ciing tdc dong rdt Idn tdi ho Du mang link phiic hgp nhung nhin chung, gid hda dugc cdm nhdn vd trdi nghiem khd lich cue d ngu&i cao tuoi Tu khoa: Ngirdi cao tudi Cdm nhdn gid hda Ngdy nhdn bdi: 5/9/2016; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/3/2017 ABSTRACT Perceptions of aging - by nature - have been found mult idimentional Aging Perceptions Questionnaire (APQ) was administered to a sample of 100 elderly aged 55 - 90 (age average 68,25) living tn a rural area of Thai Binh and a suburban area of Ha Noi The results show that the elderly were aware of aging and the process over time (timeline) They were aware of and believed that they could manage and/or control positive experiences of aging, but the negative experiences of it also had a significant impact on them A.s a complex process, in general, aging is perceived and experienced as a relatively positive process among the elderly Keywords: Old people; PercLplions of aging Van de Cam nhan cua nguoi cao luoi vc gia hoa co anh h u o n g d^n hanh vi va ky vong ciia xa hoi doi voi nguoi cao tuoi (Pasupathi va Lockcnhoff 2002), den cam giac khoe manh, hanh phuc va ung cua ho qua trinh gia hoa (Lev) 2003; Levy va Myers, 2004) Da s6 cac nghien ciru ITnh vuc TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, SO (217), - 2017 duQfc thuc hien of c^c n6n van hoa phuorng Tay nhimg cang co nhieu bang chung cho thdy, gia h6a cac nen van hoa phuong Bong co the khac (Amhoff, Leon va Lorge, 1964; Giles etal., 2000, dan theo Levy, 2003) Theo ly thuy6t \h bi^u tugng xa hoi (Moscovici, 1988), each nhin nhan ve gia hoa mpt xa hpi nao la mot dang hay hinh thiic bieu tirpng van hoa chung Biiu tupng la hinh anh tupng trung, hinh anh cua tri giac, nhan thiic ve ngudi cao tuoi hay qua trinh gia hoa, each thiic iing xii cua nguai cao tuoi hay voi nguofi cao tu6i xa hpi Cam nhdn ve gia hoa - ve mat ban chat - da dupe chiing minh Ik mang tinh da chieu {Hummert, 1990), chiia dung cac dac tinh tich cue, tieu cue (Hummert, 1990; McTavish, 1971; Heckhausen, Dixon va Baltes, 1989) va phan anh su dan xen giira nhiing mieu ta chinh xac ve cac thay doi lien quan den gia hoa \ln each nhin nhan khdng chinh xae, meo mo ve nguoi cao tudi (Kite, Stockdale, Whitley va Johnson, 2005) d mot miic dp nao do, cam nhan hay tri giac ve gia hoa phan anh nhiing khac biet tren co so sinh hpc va dieu mang tinh quat Nhung ngupc lai, nhung thay doi qua trinh gia hoa ve mat cam xiic, xa hpi hay vi the xa hpi ducmg nhu it phu thupc vao sinh hpc ma phu thupc nhieu hon vao eac moi uu tien ve mat dpng co (Fung, Rice va Carstensen, 2005) va cac vai tro xa hpi (Eagly, Wood va Diekman, 2000) Vi the, cam nhan ve gia hoa theo nghTa eo the rat khac o cac nen van hoa khac Trong boi canh mpt nen van hoa thien ve trpng lao nhung lai dang trai qua nhirng bien doi xa hpi 1cm lao suot 30 nam qua nhu Viet Nam, cau hoi dat la cam nhan cua nguoi cao tuoi - xet tu nhieu chieu canh khac - nhu the nao? Phu'(xng phap nghien ciru Nghien ciiu sii dung bang hoi tri giac/cam nhan gia hoa APQ (Aging Perception Questionnaire) de thu thap du lieu Thang Barker M., O'Hanlon A., McGee H.M., Hickey A,, Conroy R.M (2007) ihi^t kl, sau dupe thich nghi tren nhieu nen van hoa khac va phat trien phien ban nit gpn APQ (ban nit gpn) co 17 menh de, gom tieu thang, moi tieu thang gom menh de, trir tieu thang Kiem soat (lieu cue) chi gom menh de Cu the, CO cae lieu thang dong Ihoi gian he qua, kiem soat va bieu tupng cam xuc Ddng th&i gian la tri giac hay cam nhan ciia nguoi cao luoi \c tien trinh gia hoa (vi du: "Toi luon y thiic vc mpt thuc te la toi dang eang gia di") He qua cua gia hoa lien quan den niem tin ve gia hoa - mpt tien trinh co chieu canh tich cue (vi du; "Khi gia htm loi Ihong thai hem") va tieu cue (vi du: "Khi loi gia hon, loi khong iing tot voi cac van de sinh") Kiem sodt lien quan den niem tin ve viec nguoi co the lam chii dupe cac khia canh gia hoa cila minh toi miie nao - iheo ca ehieu lich cue (vi du: "Chat lu(mg cac moi quan he ciia toi \oi nguoi khac phu thuoc vao loi") va lieu cue (vi du: "Cham chap hon ciing TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, S64 (217), - 2017 25 voi mai tac Id di6u toi khong thi k i t o sodt duoc") Biiu tuangcani xuc hay hinh dung vi mat cdm xuc Id cdc phdn iing ti6u cue vi mdt cam xiic d6i vdi gid hoa, bao gflm lo au, lo Idng va trdm cdm (vi du: "Toi cdm thdy tuc gian nghi vi vice tro nen gia hon") Ddy la mot thang duoc ddnh gia Id co dO hieu lire vd dp tin cdy Alpha cua Cronbaeh duge bao cdo Id cao, dao dong t^ 0,70 din 0,80 Trong n^ien cihi cua ching toi, he so Alpha eua Cronbaeh = 0,72 Miu nghien cuu Ddy Id mot nghien ciiu nho, duac thuc hien trSn mot quan the dan cu ban ch6, chon theo nguyen tdc tien loi Mdu nghien ciiu gom 100 nguoi cao tu6i, ty 1$ nam, ntt can bdng, pham vi tuSi tir 55 den 90, voi tuoi trung binh Id 68,25 Nhom nguoi cao tu6i ven song a Tdy M6 - mgt xa ven mdi chuySn thdnh phuiyng cr quan Nam TCr Liem (Ha Ngi) Nhom nguoi cao tu6i nong thon sdng Quynh Chau, mgt xa thudn nong thuoc huyen Quynh Phu (Thai Binh) Day Id mgt nghien ciru vdi mdu chgn nho, tinh dai dien rdt ban chi nen viee khdi qudt hoa kit qua nghien ciiu can luu y Ket qua va ban luan Kit qud chung Bdng 1: Cdm nhdn gid hda theo cdc chieu canh khdc (DTB) Cac tieu thang Viet Nam (N = 100, tuoi 55+) Ireland' (N= 8.500, tuoi 50+) Do lech chuan (Viet Nam) Dong thai gian± 3,49 2,66 1,04 He qua tich circ+ 2,48 3,78 0,99 Kiem soat tich circ+ 4,08 3,93 0,86 He qua tieu circ- 3,51 2,91 1,07 5, Kiem soat tieu circ- 3,71 3,10 1,17 6, Bieu tugng cam xuc- 2,92 2,31 1,19 Ghi chu Pham vi diem Irung binh dao ddng tir (Ichdng dung) din (dung) Vdi tiiu Ihang (he qud lich cue), lieu ihang (idem sodl lich cue) diem trung bhih cdng cao, sic cdm nhdn gia hda cdng lich cue Vdi lieu thang (he qua lieu cue), liiu thang (IdSm sodt lieu cue) vd lieu thang (cam xuc diiu cue) lid diem Irung binh cdng cau su cdm nhdn gid hda cdng lieu Mot nghien ciiu theo tu\ en doc, dugc thuc hien tii nam 2009 cho iin nay, tren mau chon hon 8.500 nguoi cao tuoi tii 50 tu6i tro len, dai dien cho mdu dan s6 Ireland, dimg thang APQ day du (32 menh di) tren thang l.ikert miic (xem chi dk Wsh Longitudinal Study on Aging - TILDA) 26 TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So4 (217), - 2017 Kit qua chung thu dugc tti thang APQ (Aging Perception Questionnaire) dugc trinh bay bdng I Tir bang I co thi thdy, nguoi cao tu6i o Viet Nam (it nhdt Id mdu chgn ndy) y thiic khd ro vk ddng thai gian - qua trinh gid hoa ciia minh (DTB = 3,49/5) Vi du, 76,0% s6 nguM cao tu6i d6ng y (of cac miic d6 khac nhau) vdi menh de "T6i luon y thiie ve mgt thue te la toi dang ngdy cang gia di" ho^c 57,0% so nguoi dong y rdng "T6i luon xep minh vao nhom ngudi eao tuoi" Ket qua khong gdy ngae nhien, co le vi gia hda la mgt qud trinh tit yiu vdi ngudi Viet Nam (sinh, lao, benh, tir), xd hoi truyjn thdng lai thien vi trgng lao nen hg y thirc vi dieu va thudng cung khong kho khdn gi de thira nhdn thuc te Ban thdn cdch xung hd theo tudi d noi cdng cdng hay giao tiep hdng ciing cd the Id dieu nhac nhd vi thudng tham chieu ddn tudi tac He qud tich cue ciia biiu tugng gid hoa cd diem sd dudi mirc trung tinh (DTB = 2,48/5) Y kien "Khi tdi gid hon, tdi tran trgng eac thir hon" cd diem trung binh eao nhdt (DTB = 4,25/5) "Khi gia hon, tdi tiep tuc phat trien" lai cd diem trung binh thdp nhdt (DTB = 1,50), ehi hon 11,0% sd ngudi cao tudi ddng y vdi menh de ndy (vdi cdc miic khac nhau) Ndi each khdc, cd tudi, ngudi the hien su tran trgng cugc sdng bon nhung hg lai khdng coi tudi gia la tudi cd the "tiep tuc phat trien" Van hda truyen thdng ggi y rang, mdt ngudi gia di, hg thudng thu hep hoac dimg cac boat ddng cua minh lai hon la bdt ddu mdt sd hoat ddng md hg hirng thu bode chua cd co hdi thue hien trude ddy Kiem sodt tich cue cd diem sd cao nhat (DTB = 4,08) phdn anh mdt dieu rang ngudi cao tudi mau chgn y thiic va tin rang - d mgt miic rat Idn - hg cd the lam chii cac trai nghiem tich cue cua gia hda Vi du, cd tdi 92,0% sd ngudi cao tudi tin rang "Chat lugng cugc sdng xa bdi ciia tdi vao nhung nam sau phu thudc vao tdi" hoac 80,0% sd ngudi ddng y vdi menh de "Viec tdi cd tiep tuc sdng cugc ddi trgn ven hay khdng phu thudc vao tdi" Kinh nghiem sdng, su tran trgng cugc sdng, ve gia, cd ve lam hg rat tu tin viec kiem soat itch cue qua trinh gia hda cua minh Tuy nhien, tir bang cung thay r5 rang, ngudi cao tudi ciing cd diem sd kha cao dieo hudng he qud tieu cue (DTB = 3,51) va Iciiin mat tieu arc (DTB = 3,71) Vi du, theo hudng he qua tieu cue, 75,0% sd ngudi ddng y rSng "Khi tdi gia di, tdi cd the it tham gia vao cac hoat ddng hon" Theo hudng kidm soat tieu cue, cir 10 ngudi thi cd ngudi dong y rang "Chain chap hon ciing vdi tudi tac la di6u tdi khdng the kiem soat dugc" DiSm sd kha cao d khia canh vira neu cho thdy, cac khia canh tieu ciic cua qua trinh gia hoa cd tac ddng va dugc cam nhan kha ro rang d ngudi cao tudi TAP CHI'TAM I f HOC, Sd4 (217), - 27 DiJm sd khd thdp theo khia canh bieu tugng cam xuc (phdn ling tieu cue vd mat cam xuc) (DTB = 2,92) ggi y ring, ngudi cao tudi khdng cd nhigu cdm xuc tieu cue m?nh me ddi vdi gid hda Vi du, da sd ngudi cao hioi (72,0%) khdng ddng y la "Tdi bj tram udt nghi ddn viec gia hda " hodc 71,0% sd ngudi khdng ddng y rdng "Tdi cdm thdy tiic gian nghi vd viec trd nen gia ban" Tir kdt qua thu duoc nghien ciiu ndy - d mdt miic nhat djnh - cd thd so sdnh vdi ket qud thu dugc tir nghien ciiu dai dien cho Ireland (xem cot 3, bang 1) Didm gidng Id khia canh kidm soat tich cue cUng cd diem sd cao nhdt vd cd hai nhdm ngudi cao tudi ddu khdng cd cac phan ling cdm xiic tieu cue manh me vd gid Ngugc lai, ngudi cao tudi d Ireland cd cdm nhdn ve he qua tich cue (lien quan ddn gid hda) cao ban ngudi Viet Nam Hg cung cam nhdn kidm sodt tieu cue ciia gid hda tdt hon ngudi cao tudi d Viet Nam Kdt qud nghien ciiu d Viet Nam (trong mau nghien ciiu nay) cung cd mgt sd didm tucmg dong vd khdc biet so vdi mdu nghien ciiu quy md dai dien cho Ireland - theo thang APQ tren ddy Nhirng md ta gid hda co nhieu he qua tieu cue thi cung cd nhidu phan irng bidu tugng cdm xiic tieu cue hon, vdi tuong quan rdt chat che (R = 0,60) Tuong quan thudn cung the hien giua kiem soat tieu cue va he qua tieu cue vdi R = 0,72 Ket qud ndy la hgp logic vd khdng gdy ngac nhien 2, Mdt so khdc biet Theg nai sinh sdng Bdng 2: Cdm nhdn gid hda cua ngudi cao tudi theo nai sinh song (ven vd ndng thdn) (DTB) T-test MiTC y nghia Dong thai gian Tay M6 (Ha Noi) Quynh Chau (Thai Binh) 2,94 3.94 5,507 0,000 He qua tich cue 2,73 2,27 -2,380 0,019 Kiem soal tich cue 3.77 4,33 3,480 0,001 He qua tieu cue 2.90 4,02 6,260 0,000 Kiem soat tieu cue 3,50 3,89 1,706 0,091 Bieu tuang cam xuc 2.35 3,40 4,892 0,000 Ket qua so sanh bang tren day cho thay, nhdm ngudi cao tudi d ndng thdn y thuc ve thdi gian gia hoa rd hon so vdi nhdm ngudi cao mdi d ven dd Hg cung co diem sd kiem soat tich cue va he qua tieu circ cao hon nhdm 28 TAPCHl'TAMiyHOC, Sd'4(2l7),4-20I7 ngudi cao tudi d ven do, ddng thdi cQng cd xu hudng trai nghiem he qua tich cue cua gid hda it hon so vdi nhdm ngudi cao tudi ven dd Theo nhdm tudi N6u chia mau chgn thdnh nhdm tudi (dudi 64, tii 65 va 74, tir 75 tudi trd len) mdi tidu mdu cd khoang hon 30 ngudi Tuy cac tidu mdu rat xa mdi trd cdc tidu mau ly tudng de so sanh nhung nd ciing eho biet mgt sd dieu ddng luu y Cdc didm ddng chii y ndy da sd xoay quanh nhdm tudi 64 - 74, tdc la 10 nam cudi ddi cua ngudi Viet Nam neu tinh theo tudi thg trung binh Bang 3: Cdm nhdn gid hda cua ngudi cao tudi theo nhdm tudi (DTB) Mucy nghTa Duoi 64 (N = 39) 65-74 (N = 32) Tren 75 (N = 32) F Dong thai gian 3,06 3,90 3,57 6,556 0,002 He qua tich cue 2,67 2,20 2,53 2,164 0,120 Kiem soat tich cue 3,82 4,34 4,12 3,453 0,035 He qua tieu cue 3,02 3,93 3,69 8,060 0,001 Kiem soat tieu cue 3,47 3,86 3,87 1,358 0,262 Bieu tugng cam xiic 2,48 3,22 3,16 4,563 0,013 Ghi chit: Diem dao dong lir (khong diingj den (diing) Vdi lieu ihang (he qua tich cue), tieu thang (kiem sodl tich cue) diem trung binh cdng cao, cam nhdn gia hoa cang tich cue Vdi lieu Ihang (he qud tieu cue), lieu ihang (kiem sodl lieu cue) va lieu thang (cdm xuc lieu cue) thi diem trung binh cdng cao, cdm nhan gia hoa cdng lieu cue Nhom luoi lu 65 - 74 co xu huong y Ihuc ve thoi gian gia hoa ro nhat (DTB = 3,90) nhung cung co Irai nghiem kiem soat tich cue cao nhat (DTB = 4,34), du cam nhan he qua tieu cue cua gia hoa cung la cao nhat (DTB ^ 3,93) Hg cung CO xu huong the hien cac cam xuc lieu cue voi gia hoa mot each manh me nhat (DTB = 3,22) Tom lai, tir nhiing ket qua va ban luan tren day, tham chieu voi ly thuyet hay dugc nhac den nhat lien quan den gia hoa" (duge phat Iricn a phuong Tay) thi thay ducmg nhu nguai cao tuoi a Viet Nam co cam nhan kha tich cue ve gia hoa Mau hinh ciia ly Ihuyct thii (ihuyel chon lua) dugc ihc hien ro hon ^Thuyet 'Tut lui", Thuyel tich cue (boat dong) va ['huySl chon lua (chi uk xin xem Le Van Hao 2016, Bao cao de lai nghien cuii: Cam nhdn tudi gid o ngudi cao ludi, Di} lai c3p Vicn Tam ly hgc) TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, SO (217), 4-2017 29 uong nhdm khdch thd cua nghien ciiu ndy Hg cd thuc hanh vide "nit lui" khdi mdt sd vai trd xa hdi va tuong ling vdi nd Id hoat ddng xa hdi nhung khdng phdi tdt ed mdt ndn van hda cd su phu thudc lan giua cdc thd he Hg cung cd ve khdng hodn toan theo mdu hinh thii la thd hien tinh tich cue rat cao vi mdi gid Id tudi nghi ngoi, sum vay vdi chau Hg cd xu hudng chgn cdch thii 3, trung dung hon, cdn bdng hon: chgn Igc mdt sd boat ddng phii hgp, cho sdng vui, sdng khde, sdng cd ich Kit luan Tit nhiing gi da trinh bdy phdn ket qua nghien ciru cd the riit mdt sd kdt luan sau day: - Ngudi cao tudi mdu chgn y thirc khd rd ve ddng thdi gian qud trinh gid hda ciia minh Nhdm ngudi cao tudi d ndng thdn y thirc vd thdi gian gid hda rd hon so vdi nhdm ngudi cao tudi d ven dd - Khi "ed tudi", ngudi cao tadi thd hien su tran trgng cugc sdng hon nhung bg lai khdng cho rang tudi gia la cd the "tiep tuc phdt trien" Hg thudng thu hep hoac dimg cdc hoat ddng cua minh lai hon la bat dau mdt sd boat ddng ma hg hiing thii hoac chua cd co hdi thue hien trude day - Ngudi eao tudi khdng ed nhieu cam xuc manh me ddi vdi gia hda - Ngudi eao mdi mdu chgn y thtic vd tin rang - d mdt muc rdt Idn - hg cd the Idm chii cdc trai nghiem tich cue ciia gia hda Ivlbung cac khia canh tieu cue ciia qud trinh gia hda cd tdc ddng va dugc cam nhan kha ro rang d ngudi cao tudi Dii the nao thi gid hda cung dang dugc cdm nhdn va trai nghiem kha tich cue d ngudi cao tudi Tai lieu tham khao Barker M., O'Hanlon A., McGee H.M., Hickey A., Conroy R.M., Cross-sectional validation of Ihe Aging Perceptions Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument for assessing self perceptions of aging, BMC Geriatr, : 9, 2007 Levy B.R., Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58: 203 - 211 Doi: IO.I093/geronb/58.4.P203, 2003 Levy B.R., Slade M.D Kunkel S.R., KasI S.V., Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging, Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 83, No 2, 261 - 270, Doi- I0.I037//0022-35I4.83.2 261, 2002 Lockenhoff et.al Perceptions of Aging across 26 Cultures and their Culture-Level Associates, PMC 2010 Sep 3, Psychol Aging, 2009 Dec, 24 (4): 941 - 954, Doi: 10 1037/ aOOI690l,20IO Moscovici S Xoles towards a description of social representations, ioMmdii of European Social Psychology, I (3): 211 -250, DoiT0,l002/ejsp.2420180303, 1988 30 TAP CHi TAM l y HOC, Sd (217), - 2017 ... cao nhdt vd cd hai nhdm ngudi cao tudi ddu khdng cd cac phan ling cdm xiic tieu cue manh me vd gid Ngugc lai, ngudi cao tudi d Ireland cd cdm nhdn ve he qua tich cue (lien quan ddn gid hda) cao. .. tupng trung, hinh anh cua tri giac, nhan thiic ve ngudi cao tuoi hay qua trinh gia hoa, each thiic iing xii cua nguai cao tuoi hay voi nguofi cao tu6i xa hpi Cam nhdn ve gia hoa - ve mat ban chat... cho thay, nhdm ngudi cao tudi d ndng thdn y thuc ve thdi gian gia hoa rd hon so vdi nhdm ngudi cao mdi d ven dd Hg cung co diem sd kiem soat tich cue va he qua tieu circ cao hon nhdm 28 TAPCHl'TAMiyHOC,