Cảm nhận về già hóa ở người cao tuổi

CAM NHAN VE GIA HOA O NGUOI CAO TUOI Bai Viet la mot phan ket qua nghien ojru de tai cap co so 2016: Cam nhan ve tuoi gia cua nguai c^o tuoi Vifn Tam ly hpc chu tri, PGS.TS Le Van Hao lam chu nhiem PGS.TS le Van Hao Pho Vien trudng \ ien Tdm ly hpc TOM TAT Cdm nhgn ludi gid hay qud Irinh gid hda cd the khde theo khdng gian (cdc nen van hda) thdi gian hay timg cd nhdn Cdm nhdn lich cue re giai dogn ludi gid da duac chung minh Id co luang quan ihiign vdi cdm gide khde mgnh hgnh phue qud Irinh gid hda img lot han vdi cdc thdeh thiic Xghien cuu tren mpt mdu chpn 100 ngirdi gid a Thai Binh vd Hd Xoi kel qud cho thdy ndi chung gid hda dupe cam nhdn vd irai nghiem lircmg doi lich cue \hi dien vdi nhigu sy thay ddi vc mat thg chat, lam ly va xa hpi Cam nh$n tich eye vc tudi gia da dugc chimg minh la cd tuong quan thuan vdi cam cam giac khde manh hanh phue qua trinh gia hda (Idler, 2003; Deeg va Bath, 2003) Trong qua trinh gia hda cam giac khde manh chii quan (sire khde chu quan) tuong ddi bgn vimg ca siic khde khach quan xau di (Kunzmann Ule I Jacqui S 2000) Cau hdi dat la ttong qua trinh nay, TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd'12(213) 12-2016 25 ngirdi tri giac/cam nhan vg tudi gia, vg qua trinh gia hda nhu thg nao? Trai nghi?m cua hp vdi tu each la ngudi cupc? Trong giai doan tudi gia lieu ngudi cd cam nhan khae biet giiia tudi ddi/tudi thuc tg va "tudi lam Iy"? Nghign ciiu Tam Iy hpc siic khde da cho thay phan Idn ngudi gia (tren 65 tudi) d Anh deu khdng nghi la minh gia hay gia nhu tudi thuc tg Phan Idn hp dgu cam nhan minh trg hon tudi ddi Nhiing ngudi cd cam nhan tich cue vg ludi (lam ly) ciia minh dgu cd cam nhan tdt hom vg sire khde ciia hp (Demakakos, Hacker va Gjonfa, 2008) Nghign ciiu ciing phat hien ring, da sd nhihig ngudi gia miu nghign ciiu dgu cd ttai nghiem tich eye vg giai doan hda gia (hav' gia hda) Tham chi, nghign ciiu theo tuygn dpc trgn 660 ngudi dp ludi tir 50 trd Ign d My cdn cho thay, nhiing ngudi cd cam nhan tich eye vg qua trinh gia hda (dugc ludng tir 23 nam ttudc day), sdng thg hon ttung binh la 7,5 nam so vdi nhihig ngudi cd cam nhan it tich eye hom vg mdi gia Kgt qua diing vdi cac ca nhan bat kg nhdm mdi, gidi linh, vj thg kinh tg xa hdi, cd don hay siic khde chiic nang (Levy B.R., el al, 2002) Tuy nhien, mdt sd quan sat lai cho thiy mdt biic tranh khae, ttong dd ngudi gia cd xu hudng cam nhan minh "gia" trude tudi Cam nhan gia hda cd the khae ttong cac ngn van hda khae Trong mdt ngn van hda truyen thdng theo xu hudng cpng ddng, thir b§c va trpng lao, 49, 50 tudi ttd Ign da dugc coi la "lao lang" Mirc sdng tang, tuoi thp ngudi Vi?t Nam cang tang Ign, hdi nhap thg gidi cang sau rpng hon kg ca vg mat van hda, quan ni?m cd lg dang thay ddi Khoa hpc xa hpi cung da xac djnh sy tuomg quan thuan giOia qua trinh gia hda va vj thg kinh tg, hdn nhan, giao dye va cam giac lam chii/kiem soat cude ddi Nghi huu - giai doan chuygn tigp ma ngudi cao tudi ddi mat cd thg ed nhigu he qua tich eye va tigu eye ddi vdi hp Trong bdi canh hi?n thi hieu bigt sau sic hon vg tti giac va ttai nghigm tudi gia sg giiip ich rit nhigu cho sy lya chpn phu hgp Cam nhan ve gia hda cd anh hudng ddn hanh vi va ky vgng ciia xa hpi ddi vdi ngudi gia (Pasupathi va Ldckenhoff, 2002) cung nhu anh hudng dgn cam giac khde manh, h?inh phue va img phd cua ngudi gia qua trinh gia hda (Levy, 2003; Levy va Myers, 2004) Da sd cac nghign ciru ITnh vyc dugc thyc hi?n d cac ngn van hda phuomg Tay nhung cang cd nhieu bang chiing cho thay, gia hda d cac ngn van hda phuong Ddng cd the khae (AmhofT, Leon va Lorge, 1964; Giles, 2000) Nghign ciiu nhd cd muc dich la di tim cau tra ldi cho cau hdi sau day: (1) Ngudi cao tudi cam nhan vg tuoi gia va qua trinh gia hda nhu the nao? (2) Trai nghiem vg tuoi gia va qua trinh gia hda cua hp sao? 26 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213), 12-2016 \ Phinmg phap nghien cihi Phuvng phdp nghien cuu Phuong phap dung bang hdi ngan gpn danh cho ngudi gia Cu the nhu sau: hai cau hdi md (a) "Theo ttai nghiem cua dng/ba, nhihig digu tich cue nhat vg ludi gia/qua trinh gia hda la gi?" va (b) "Theo ttai nghiem eda dng/ba, nhiing digu ligu eye nhat vg mdi gia/qua Irinh gia hda la gi?" Mpi bang hdi ngan cd 12 menh de dg nghien ciiu cam nhan chung cua ngudi cao tudi ve ludi gia va qua trinh gia hda theo dang Likert mirc dp (lit "hoan loan ddng y " cho den "hoan loan khdng ddng y") cd cac menh dg theo dang nhu "Chiing ta cd thg hpc hdi dugc nhigu tir ngudi gia" hoac "Tudi gia la thdi gian cd don" Ngoai cdn mpt sd cau hdi lign quan dgn trai nghiem gia hda, khae biet giura tudi sinh hpc va tudi cam nhan vg mat lam ly Mau nghien eiru Day la mdt nghign cihi nhd, duge thyc hien trdn mdt quan thg dan cu han chg, ehpn theo nguygn tac tien Igi Mau nghign cim gdm 100 ngudi cao ludi, ly le nam nil can bing, pham vi ludi tir 55 dgn 90 vdi tudi ttung binh la 68,25 Nhdm ngudi gia thii nhat sdng d Tay Mo - mdt xa ven dd mdi Ign phudng d quan Nam T u Ligm (Ha Ndi) Nhdm thu hai sdng d Quynh Chau, mdt xa thuan ndng thupe huyen Quynh Phu (Thai Binh) Day la mdt nghign curu vdi mau chpn nhd, tinh dai dien thap nen linh khai quat cua cac kgt qua la han chg Ket qua v^ ban luan / Ddnh gid chung vi quan he giira ngudi gid vdi da trudng thdnh vd tinh trgng 5(rc khde Bdng I: Quan he vdi vd tinh trgng sire khde (%) (N^lOO) Tuyct vdi Rat tot T6t Kha tot Khong Toil? DTB Quan hf vcri 6,9 18,8 40.6 27,7 6.0 0,0 3,07 Tinh tr^ng siic khde 0,0 2.9 29,8 44.2 23.1 1,0 3,90 Ghi chu: Diem dao dpng tir I (tuyfl vai) den (tdi le) Phan Idn ngudi gia mau chpn (3/4) bao cao rang, tinh trang sire khde chii quan (theo danh gia ciia chinh hp) lir kha tdt cho dgn tdt, rat tdt va tuyct vdi Nhimg ciing cd tdi hon 1/4 ttong sd hp danh gia sire khde cua minh "khdng tdt" (23.1%) Con sd ngudi gia d My bao cao sue khde d trang thai tdt TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 27 (good or better health) la 80% nhung vdi miu chpn ngudi gia tir 65 - 74 ludi (so vdi mau ciia nghien ciiu la tir 55 ttd Ign) (The Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2016) Trong mdi quan he vdi cai da trudng chi ed 6,0% sd ngudi gia ttong mau ehpn nav danh gia la "khdng tdt", sd cdn lai dgu ttong trang thai kha tdt, tdt, rat lot hoac myel vdi (chi ligt xem bang I) Mdi quan he vdi cai dugc nam gidi danh gia tich cue hom so vdi nil gidi (DTB nam = 2.88 so vdi DTB nu = 3,25; p < 0,05) Lieu cd phai vi nam gidi "Ihoang" hon ngn cung it lo lang vg cai (dac biet hg da trudng thanh) va vi thg hp thiy mdi quan he dd lich eye hon? Trdi nghiem tich cue va lieu cue ve gid hoa eda ngudi cao ludi Chiing tdi de nghj "Trude hgt, xin hay nghT vg nhiing trai nghiem qua trinh gia hda ciia chinh minh Theo dng ba, nhtimg digu lich eye nhat ciia viec trd ngudi gia hon/cao ludi hon la gi?" Trong cau hdi md tigp theo, lir "tich eye nhat" dugc thay thg bang "tigu eye nhat" Kgt qua thu dugc tir cac cau tra ldi cho cau hdi djnh tinh vira ngu dugc ttinh bay hinh va Z|3 CuQc song kha gia 192 Di h o ^ trach nhicm Co kmh nghiem day chau nhihig di^u minh bicl S6ng cung ch&u diroc nhm tha> chau truong thinh 50 1>.l SAng vui song khoc s6ng c6 ich !9.3 Tich cue Iuy6n tap \hi thao 112 113 Tich cue fhani gia hoat dong cdng d6ng S6ng khoan dung hon binh than hon D u w t6n (rong quan Iflm 111 ZD51 Sdngc6 Mmh man 113 J 30 % Hinh 1: Nhirng trdi nghiem lich cue nhdt vi qud trinh gid hda (N = 100) 28 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd'12 (213), 12-2016 Khdng CO ticn La ganh nSng cho chiu xa h^i Tmh tmh (hav dAi 42 ]n.5 Khdng mudn ^am gia hoat dOng xS h6i Ttf luong khong tho&i mai lieu cue Apltfcnhifiu ~|3.1 Cddon dm yiu SLTC khoc giam siii 40 50 % I Hinh 2: Nhirng trdi nghiem lieu cue nhdt ve qud trinh gid hda (N = 100) Digm dang lim y nhat hinh cho tha\ vdi hom 1/2 ngudi cao tudi thi trai nghiem "vc gia" cua hp la "cd kinh nghiem day chau nhtimg dieu minh bigt" (50,5%), tiep dgn la "sdng vui sdng khde sdng cd ich" (29,3%) va cam giac "da hoan trach nhiem" (hon 19,0%) Ndi each khae nhigu ngudi gia coi minh - qua trinh gia hda - la mdt ngudn quy, san sang chia se vdi cac thg he sau Nhung bdi canh dang trai qua nhieu bien ddi xa hdi nhu hi?n nay, thg he thir hai (con cua hp va ciing thudng dang la cha me) cd the lim kigm cac each thiic khae ky nang mdi viec lam cha me Van dg dat la lam dg hai trai nghigm cua hai the he ttd mdt qua trinh phat trign va hiiu ich cho ca ngudi gia va ngudi tre? Cam giac bdn phan trach nhiem lign thg he ciia ngudi gia/cha me/dng ba cung kha rd rang Cir ngudi thi ed ngudi nhac dgn VIQC minh da hoan trdeh nhiem/bdn phan vdi gia dinh, xa hdi Tir kgt qua d hinh ed Ihg thay, cir ngudi cao ludi thi ed nguori (80.2%) trai nghiem "dm ygu, sue khde giam siit" Digu khdng gay ngae nhign O Viet Nam, binh quan mdi ngudi gia mac 2,7 benh, dd hon 90,0% la benh man tinh Tudi thp cua ngudi Viet la cao so vdi ttinh dp phat trign kinh te (GDP) nhung tudi thp khde manh lai khdng cao (Pham and Do, 2009) Ndi each khae, ttong nghign ciiu nay, trang thai siic khde vg gia la mdi quan tam (va cd thg la lo ngai) Idn nhat vdi phan Idn ngudi cao tudi Tdi thdi digm thang 3/2016, ty le ngudi cao tudi ed bao higm y tg d Viet Nam mdi chi la 60,0%, mdt ty le "eye ky dang lo ngai cho cdng tac eham sdc sire khde" (Bao Quan dpi Nhan dan 16/3/2016 - Budi lam viec giira Phd lliu tudng Vii Dire Dam va Uy ban Qudc gia \c ngudi cao ludi 15/3/2016) Mdt ly le dang kg (trgn 10,0%) cung ttai nghiem sy cd don tam ly khdng thoai mai, ligu eye hoac cho minh la TAP CHl TAM l y HOC, Sd 12 (213), 12 - 2016 29 ganh nang cho chau cho xa hdi Vdi khoang 70,0% sd ngudi cao mdi khdng cd luong huu phai sdng dya chu yeu \ ao ngudn thu nhap hang thang ciia chinh minh hoac tign ligt kiem hay nhd \ ao chau, cu ngudi thi cd mot ngudi bao cao ring "khdng cd lien" nhu mdt trai nghiem ligu eye nhat cua gia hda Viel Nam mdi chi cd chg dp cip Bao higm > tg 100% miln vien phi cho cac cu tir 80 mdi ttd Ign, cdn trg cip tt^n 80 ludi thi cung chi 180.000d/'ngudi thang Ndi each khae chi nhimg ngudi sdng qua nam so vdi tudi Ihg ttung binh Ihi mdi dii dieu kien hudng cac chg tdi thigu Chung tdi cung hdi nhiing ngudi gia "Ong ba cd lo ling hay sg hai \ e ludi gia/qua trinh gia hda hay khdng?" Cii 10 ngudi - khdng cd sy khae biel gi gitra nam va nil - cd ngudi Ira ldi "cd" \ a ngudi tra ldi "khdng" Cd le nhiing trai nghigm ligu eye vg gia hda bang ttgn la nhumg Iy lam hp lo sg Cu thg hon chiing tdi cung hdi mdt sd cau lign quan den qua trinh gia hda ciia ngudi cao tudi (mgi viec ndi chung cupc sdng, siic sdng, sy hiiu ich va cam giac hanh phue) Kgt qua dugc trinh bay bang dudi day Bdng 2: Gid hda: Cupc sdng, sue sdng, su hitu ich vd cdm gide hgnh phiic (%) (N = 100) Diing Sai MQI thir deu toi t^ hom toi gia di 47,1 52,9 Bay gia to! van co nhieu sue song nhu toi da co vao nSm ngoai 65,2 34,8 Khl b^n gia di, b^n it hihi ich hom 54,1 45,5 Hifn loi cung hjnh philc giong nhu hoi toi tre han 65,9 Cac menh de Khi toi gia hom di mpi thur van I.Toi hom, Nhu cu, 3.T6t han (1) 42,5 (2) 41,3 34,1 (3) 16,3 Levy va ddng sy (2002) diing chinh bang hdi ma chung ldi da tham khao va sii dung tren day (xem bang 2) nghien ciru trgn mdt mau chpn 660 ngudi gia trgn 50 tudi d Ohio, My, nam 1975 ITp ludng cam nhan cua khach thg ddi vdi gia hda/tudi gia va nhigu bign sd khae ntl'a Sau 23 nam, vao nam 1998, hp kigm tt^ lai xem ttong sd khach thg cdn sdng hay da qua ddi Phat hi^n Idn nhat la nhOmg nhin nhan gia hda nhu mdt trai nghiem tich eye da sdng lau hon nhiing ngudi cd each nhin nhan tigu cue - tinh ttung binh - la 7,5 nam Nhin chung, dugc hdi lieu cd phai "mpi thir dgu tdi t? dng ba gia di" hay "khi ban gia di, ban it hiiu leh hon", sd ngudi tra ldi khing dinh va phii djnh gan nhu bing (50/50) Trong xa hpi truygn thdng, dua trgn ngn lang 30 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213) 12-2016 ndng nghiep ngudi gia la kho kinh nghiem quy gia \ c nhigu mat, nhung cd le Irong thdi dai cdng nghigp hda cdng nghe thdng lin, uu the na\ duimg nhu khdng duge nhu xua niia (kg ca kinh nghiem nudi cd the cung khdng dugc xem la quy gia nhu trude) Cam giac gia di ngudi cao tudi cam thay minh it hiiu ich hon ciing la digu de higu Tuy nhign lien quan den cam nhan vg "sire sdng/khi thg ciia nam van nhigu nhu nam ngoai" va "hien naj ldi cung hanh phue gidng nhu hdi ldi cdn Ire hon" cir ngudi tra ldi thi cd gan ngudi tra ldi "dung" Ndi each khae, dii mpi thur cd te di ha) cam giac hiiu ich cho gia dinh, xa hdi khdng cdn dugc nhu xua nhung cam giac khde manh hay cam giac hanh phue chii quan van hien hiiu d da sd ngudi gia mau nghign ciru Tuoi cdm nhgn vd tuoi sinh hgc Bdng 3: Khde biet giira ludi cdm nhdn vd tudi sinh hoc (N=100) DTB tuoi cam nhan DTB tuoi thirc T-test Mirc CO y nghia Ong ba cam thay minh nhu dang bao nhieu tu6i? 61.63 6S2^ 9,163 0,000 Ong ba mong mudn/ao uac la minh dang bao nhieu tuoi? 54.12 67.81 12,885 0.000 Xin hay cho bicl a tuoi nao thi ong ba coi minh la bai dau gia? 66,53 68.18 1,439 0,153 Xin hiy cho biet a tuoi nao dng ba coi la kel thuc tuoi irung nien? 58.83 67,96 9.303 0,000 Xin h3y cho biet ong ba mong mudn minh song den nSm bao nhieu tuoi? 88.13 67.99 -19,101 0,000 Cac menh de Tudi sinh hpc \a ludi cam nhan chu quan cd thg khae Tudi sinh hpc va tudi mong mudn cung cd thg khae Tudi cam nhan va ludi mong mudn phan anh cam giac cua ea nhan ngudi gia va lira tudi ma hp ua chuong Den lugt minh, ludi cam nhan va mong mudn phan anh ban sic vg ludi lac va nhiing tri giac dugc hinh vg mat xa hdi Tir nhiing gi trinh bay bang trgn day cd thg thay, xet ve trung binh, ngudi gia mau ehpn cam nhan hp tre hon tudi that khoang tudi Trong mau chpn dai dien cho My (Pew Research Center 2010), xet \c mat trung binh nhOmg nguiri gia ludi thyc 70 a Mp cam thay nhu hp dang 60 cdn nhung TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 31 neudi 80 cam thi> minh nhu dang 70 Ndi each khae, khoang each ludi la 10 d My so vdi d Vien Nam ttong trudng hgp nghign eiiu Giai doan diu ciia nhiing nam 50 mdi (ttmng binh la tudi 54), dudng nhu la giai doan ludi dang mong mudn nhit ciia ngudi gia Dai da sd hg dgu mong ude minh tte han mdi that (tudi sinh hpc) Gin dgn tudi 60 ngudi cao tudi mdi cam Ihiv tudi irune nign da kel thiic \a tdi nam 66 ttidi hp mdi coi minh la bat diu gia Vdi nhdm'naudi Mv 50 - 64 ludi, ludi 72 mdi dugc coi la bat dau gia va vdi nhdm tudi 65+ thi sd dd la 74ttidi(Pew Research Center, 2010) Thyc te vira ngu tten cd \e rit khae so vdi quan niem truygn thdng d Viet Nam Dii ttidi thp ttnng binh cua ngudi Viet da tang Ign (73,2 mdi) vugt ludi thp trung binh ciia thi gidi (69 ludi cd sd lieu ndi la 71 tudi) nhung ngudi gia mong mudn hp sdn| ttung binh hon 88 ludi, gin vdi miic mdi dugc ggi la "dai thp" (90 ludi) Con sd nrong duong ttx)ng nghign cim vira din ttgn day d My la 89 mdi Cd le, thp (trong phue Ipc thp) van ludn la digu ngudi coi trpng va ude mong, dii hp sdng d thdi gian hay khdng gian nao di chang niia Cd mdt sy khae biel dang chii v Trong d lit ca cac menh dg khdng cd sy khae biet gi theo gidi Ihi d menh dg "Ong ba cam thay minh nhu bao nhigu moi?", na gidi cd xu hudng cam nhan ttd hon so vdi nam (DTB n& = 59,54 so vdi DTB nam = 63,85; p = 0,05) Phu nil ttgn loan the gidi cd ludi thp trung binh cao hon nam gidi khoang lir dgn 10 mdi (Viet Nam la mdi, 70,6 ludi ddi vdi nam \a 76 mdi vdi nH), khoang each d MJ^ la tuoi cdn d Nga la 10 mdi Lieu ngoai nhiing >gu Id nhu an udng, tinh xam kich, tim mach hay tham chi la ngai khde thi thai dp hay cam nhan vg gia hda cd nghTa tdi mirc nao viec tao sy khae biet ttong mdi thp? TTico nghien cim d My vira din ttgn day, xet ve mat trung binh phu nil My cho ring mpt ngudi sang ludi 70 thi duge coi la gia dd, dan dng ttong miu chgn cho ring tudi gia bat dau tir 66 Thdi dg vi tudi gid, qud trinh gid hda Kgt qua thang thai dp ddi vdi mdi gia/qua ttinh gia hda ciia ngudi ttong cupc dugc trinh bay ehi ligt bang dudi day (Alpha cua Cronbach = 0,61) Bdng 4: Thdi dp ddi vdi ludi gid/qud Irinh gid hda (N = 100) Cac mfnh de Ticu cu-c Trung tinh Tich circ DTB D9 Ifch ehuan Chiing ta co the hpc hoi rat nhieu tir nguai gia 9,7 9,7 80,6 4,22 1,009 Khi toi gii han, loi cho ring minh trd nen co dan hon* 18,4 22,4 59,2 3,67 1,322 32 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213) 12-2016 } 62,8 7.4 29.8 2,45 1,396 Khi toi gia hon, toi tro nen khoan dung hon 16.3 15.2 68,5 3,95 1,329 Tuoi gia la thai gian co dan* 35,4 7.3 57,3 3,39 1,579 Khi gia han, toi mong minh van CO the lam nhumg dieu toi da luon lam 28,0 15,0 57.0 3,61 1,383 Khi nghT \c ngirori gia, toi nghT den hp noi chung - la nhirng ngudi hay gat gong va khon kho* 18.8 8,3 72.9 3,75 1.392 Toi lo lang la sure khoc se toi di toi gia hon* 62,5 17.7 19.8 2.24 1,442 Toi khdng nghT ve minh nhu mot ngirdi gia 39,8 20.4 39,8 3,02 1,474 10 Ngudi gia khdng duac ton trpng x3 hpi* 13,1 3.1 83,8 4,48 1,137 11 Nghi huu la thdi gian nhan rdi 30.5 11,6 57,9 3.45 1,563 12 Vice gia di khong lam toi phien mupn 28.6 10.2 61.2 3.74 1,535 3.57/5 0.54 Tuoi gia la thai gian 6m veu* Diem trung binh chung Ghi chii: Cdc cdu * tinh diem ngupe: Diem I = khdng ddng y va = khdng ddng y: Diem Id muc Irung binh Diem cdng cao thdi dp cdng lich cue Kgt qua dinh lugng thu dugc tir thang na> cung nhat quan vdi nhihig gi thu dugc tu cau hdi djnh linh ban dau (muc 2) Vi du, ndu "Cd kinh nghigm, day eon chau nhumg digu minh bigt" la trai nghigm dugc nhigu ngudi gia bao cao nhat thi "chiing ta cd hpc hdi rat nhigu tir ngudi gia" ciing dugc tdi 80,0% khach thg ttong mau chgn khing djnh Dp lech ehuan nhd (1,0) thg hien sy thdng nhat cua ngudi da dugc phdng van Lgi thg khae ciia gia hda la ngudi cd thg ttd ngn khoan dung hon (DTB = 3,95) Trong mpt xa hdi trpng lao, ngudi gia ciing cd Igi thg (chii khdng chi bat Igi), hp vin cam thay "ngudi gia dugc tdn ttgng ttong xa hdi" Mdt nghign ciru trude day vg higu thao cung cho kgt qua theo hudng d ca ligu mau nghign cim la nign \ a ngudi cao mdi (Lg Van Hao, 2016) Chi ed 13.1% sd ngudi cao ludi cho ring "Ngudi gia khdng dugc tdn trpng ttong xa hpi" Ngu tinh thgm ea 3.1% sd ngudi cd cam nhan ttung tinh thi eon sd dd chua tdi 20% Trong dd mdt nghien ciiu cd cau hdi tucmg ly nhu vay d Anh cho kdt qua la 2/3 sd ngudi gia tra ldi cau hdi theo hudng khing djnh (Demakakos va ddng sy 2001) Trong bai bao thudng thuc "7 ngn van hda ton vinh, tdn trpng ngudi gja" mdt tac gia ciia id Huffington TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213) 12-2016 33 Post (2014)'" dat cac tya dg muc "Ngudi gia khdng phai la mdt tir xau d Hy Lap": "Ngudi gia thd dan My chuygn giao tti thirc cho the he sau"; "O Han Qudc, ngudi gia rit dugc tdnttgng'";"Con chau d Trung Qudc eham sdc cha me vg gia"; " An Do, ngudi gia la chu hd gia dinh"' Tit nhign, ngudi gia d Viet Nam (phan anh qua miu chgn nhd ciia nghign cim nay) cung bay td thai dp (thanh td xiic cam) tigu eye hom la tich eye \g sy dm ygu (menh dg 3), vg sire khde (menh dg 8) va cd dan (menh dg 5).^ Cii ngudi cao tudi thi mdt ngudi ddng y ring "Tudi gia la mdi cd dom/dom dpc", ty le luong duong vdi mdt nghign cihi d Anh (Demakakos va ddng sy, 2001) Cir ngudi gia thi gin ngudi (18%) cho ring "Khi tdi gia hon ldi cho ring minh ttd ngn ed don hon" Con sd d nghign ciiu mang linh so sanh d Anh vira dan la 40% Vdi nhigu ngudi, gia hda khdng lam phign hp (menh dg 12), tham chi nhigu ngudi khdng nghT minh da gia Vg tdng quat, cd the ndi ring, ngudi gia cd thai dp kha lich eye vg ludi gia, vg qua ttinh gia hda ndi chung (DTB = 3,57/5), Nghign cim cua Ldckenhoff va ddng sy (2()10) ttgn mau chpn 3.435 sinh vign lit 26 ngn van hda cho thiy, phin Idn khach dig dgu xem gia hda la mang tinh tigu eye, ttir Tmng Qudc An Dp, Malaysia, Nga va New Zealand - noi sinh vign cho bigt each nhin ciia hp hoac la tmng linh (khdng ligu eye nhung khdng tich eye) ho^e la mong ddi tich eye Quan digm ligu eye nhat vg gia hda phat hi?n duge d Serbia, Argentina, Cpng hda Czech va Anh Digu thu vi la sinh vien Nh^t Ban - mdt qudc |ia Ddng A - noi cd ty le dan sd gia hda rat cao (vugt nhigu nude chau Au phat ttign khae) lai xgp gin vdi nhdm chau Au quan digm tigu eye \c ngudi gia Khi so sanh thai ddi vdi tudi gia/qua ttinh gia hda theo mdt sd bign so dpc lap thi thiy xuit hi?n digm dang luu y (chi liet, xem bang 5) Thir nhat, nhihig ngudi gia d ndng thdn xa Quynh Chau (Quynh Phu) lai cd thai dp tich eye hon ddi vdi mdi gia/qua trinh gia hda, so vdi ngudi cao tudi d vimg ven dd la lang Migu Nha, Tay Mo, Ha Ndi (da Ign phudng thudc quan Nam Tir Ligm) (DTB mong iing la 3,66 so vdi 3,44; T-test = 2,03 vdi p = 0,04) Thir hai, mirc sdng (ly danh gia cua ngudi cao tudi) cang kha gia quan he vdi cai (da trudng thanh) va tinh trang siic khde cang tdt thi thai dp vdi tudi gia/qua trinh gia hda ed xu hudng eang tich cue Digu can luu y va dang ligc d day la nghign cim nhd nay, miu ehpn khdng dii Idn dg khai quat hda cac khae biel cho mau loan thg ngudi cao mdi Nhung dii sao, mau hinh vira ngu vin cd y nghTa va cho ta nhigu ggi y hiiu ich Nghign cim vg cam nhan tudi gia (Demakakos va ddng sy, 2001) ciing cho kgt qua mong ty nhung khdng nhit quan Cu thg, ngudi gia kha gia hon cd xu hudng cam nhan tich eye hon vg gia hda nhimg mdi mong quan khdng theo dudng tuyen linh, bdi d nhdm kha gia nhit, ty le cam nhan vg mdi gia theo phuong an trung tinh tang Ign va ty le ttai nghi?m tich eye l^i giam xudng so 34 TAP CHl TAM l y HOC, S6 12(213), 12-2016 vdi nhdm trude dd Ndi each khae, gidng nhu thu nhap va cam nhan hanh phiic cd mdi tuong quan thuan nhung tdi mdt ngudng nao dd thu nhap tang khdng lam cho cam nhan hanh phue tang thdm nira Bdng 5: Thdi dp ddi vdi tudi gid theo ede bien sd nhdn khau hoc Noi sinh song N Diem trung binh Quynh Chau (thuan ndng Thai Binh) 57 3.66 Tay Mo (ven Ha Npi) 47 3.44 Ngheo 3,19 3,44 80 3,52 Kha gia 13 3,94 Tuy?t vdi 3,94 19 3,57 40 3.71 28 3.53 Rit tot 3,51 T6t 30 3,72 Kha tot 45 3,61 Khdng toi 24 3,28 3.38 Mirc song ciia Can ngheo gia dinh Trung binh y Quan hf vdi Rat tot d i tnrdng T6t thinh Kha tot Khong tot Tinh trang siic khde cua ban than Toi t? T-test/ F Mircy nghia 2.03 0,04 3,09 0,03 3,14 0,01 2,50 0,04 3,37 Kit lu$n Tir nhiing gi da ttinh bay ttong phin kgt qua nghign cim cd the nit m^t s6 kgt Ii4n dudi day Ndi chung, gia hda la mpt ttai nghidm tuong doi tich eye vdi nhidu ngudi cap mdi troiig dd digu tich eye nhat la "cd kinh nghidm d?y chau nhiing diiu minh bigt" "sdng vui, sdng khde sdng cd ich" va cam giac "da hoan trich nhi?m" TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213) 12-2016 35 Nhigu ngudi cao mdi khdng nghT \ c minh nhu mdt ngudi gia Dudng nhu sire khde la mdi quan tam sd mpt cua phan Idn ngudi cao tuoi phin ldn ngudi gia nghign cim dgu ty danh gia ring siic khde ciia minh lir kha tdt trd Ign k Ngudi gia cd digu kien sdng kha gia hom, sire khde tot hom hay cd quan he \ di cai tdt han thudng cd xu hudng cam nhan tudi gia bit dau mudn hom Da sd ngudi gia cam thiy tre hom so vdi mdi that (ludi sinh hpc) ciia minh Phin ldn khach thg dgu mudn minh trg hom tudi that Phin Idn khach thg dgu mong mudn sdng dgn nam 88 tudi (cao hom tudi thp tmng binh d Viet Nam la gin 15 tudi va cao hom tudi thp ttung binh thg gidi la 20 tudi) Vg tdng quat cd thg ndi ring, ngudi gia cd thai dp kha tich eye vg tudi gia, qua trinh gia hda ndi chung So vdi ngudi cao tudi d \ en dd, ngudi gia d ndng thdn cd thai dp lich eye hon ddi vdi gia hoa Mirc sdng cang kha gia quan he \ di cai va linh trang siic khde cang tdt thi thai dp vdi tudi gia/qua trinh gia hda cd xu hudng cang tich cue Du thg nao thi gia hda ciing dang dugc cam nhan va trai nghiem kha tich cyqd ngudi cao tudi Tai lieu tham khao http://vvww.hufTingtonpost.com/2014/02'25/what-other-cuIturcs-can-teachn 4834228.html Xuit ban 25/2 2014 Tmy cap 25/8/2016 Bao Quan doi Nhan dan 16/3/2016, Budi Idm viec giua Phd Thii ludng Vii Due Dam vd Uy han Qudc gia ve ngirdi cao ludi ngdy 15/3 2016 Le Van Hao, Bdn phdn vd ki' vpng ve hieu ihdo: Cach nhin nhgn hien ciia nien va ngirdi gid Hd Sdi Tap chi Tam ly hpc So 6/2016 Deeg D.J.H Bath P.A Self-Rated Health, Gender and Mortality in Older Persons: Introduction lo a Special Section.'ihe Gerontologist 43 (3), pp 369 - 371, DOI: 10.1093/ geront/43.3.369, PMID 12810900, 2003 Demakakos P Hacker E & Gjoncja E., Perceptions of ageing, 2001 Kunzmann Ute; Little, Todd I).: Smith Jacqui, Is age-related stability of.iuhjeclive well-being a paradox? Cross-sectional and longiludional evidence from the Berlin Aging Study Psychology and Aging 15 (3), pp 511 526, DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974 15.3.511,2000 36 TAP CHl TAM ly HOC, Sd' 12 (213), 12 - 2016 Idler E.L Discussion: Gender Differerures in Self-Rated Health, in Mortality and in the Relationship Berween the Two The Gerontologist 43 (3), pp 372 375, DOI: 10.1093'geronl 43.3.372 2003 The Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics Older Americans 2016: Key Indicators ofWell-Bemg (Older Americans 2016) tr 30, 2016 Le\y B.R., Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58 pp 203 - 211 DOI: IO.I093/geronb/58.4'p203 2003 10 Lev\ B.R Slade \LD., Kunkel SR and KasI S.V Longevity Increased by Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol 83 No 2, pp 261 -270 DOI: 10.1037 0022-3514.83.2.261.2002 11 liickenholT etal Perceptions of Aging across 26 Cultures and their Culture - Level Associates PMC 2010 Sep Psvchol Aging 2009 Dec, 24 (4) pp 941 - 954 DOI: 10.1037/ aOOI6901 12 Pew Research Center, Growing Old in America: Expectations vs Reality Mau chon 2.969 ngudi dai dien cho loan nude M> 2010 13 Pham T and Do T.K.H., Review of Elderly Healthcare Policies in Response lo Age Structure Changes in Vietnam, Hanoi: LNT PA, 2009 TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,Sdl2(213) 12-2016 37 ... eda ngudi cao ludi Chiing tdi de nghj "Trude hgt, xin hay nghT vg nhiing trai nghiem qua trinh gia hda ciia chinh minh Theo dng ba, nhtimg digu lich eye nhat ciia viec trd ngudi gia hon /cao ludi... dd hon 90,0% la benh man tinh Tudi thp cua ngudi Viet la cao so vdi ttinh dp phat trign kinh te (GDP) nhung tudi thp khde manh lai khdng cao (Pham and Do, 2009) Ndi each khae, ttong nghign ciiu... gia la mdi quan tam (va cd thg la lo ngai) Idn nhat vdi phan Idn ngudi cao tudi Tdi thdi digm thang 3/2016, ty le ngudi cao tudi ed bao higm y tg d Viet Nam mdi chi la 60,0%, mdt ty le "eye ky